Deck 3: Individual Views of Delinquency

Question 1

Development of culturally sensitive explanations of human behavior in the 1930s led to the nature theory of intelligence.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Evidence linking food allergies to antisocial behaviors are inconclusive.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

After-school programs are designed to reduce criminal activity; research has found that these programs do in fact reduce crime rates.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

While shame can be a powerful deterrent, young offenders also seem to be influenced by forgiveness and acceptance.

Question 5

Male aggression may be more a matter of socialization or cultural patterns than genetic transfer.

Question 6

Specific deterrence strategies may work better with adult miscreants than with young, inexperienced juvenile offenders.

Question 7

It has been argued that low IQ increases the likelihood of delinquent behavior through its effect on school performance.

Question 8

Antisocial behavior allegedly peaks in the teenage years because hormonal activity is at its highest level during this period.

Question 9

According to Freud, the superego is the unrestrained, primitive, pleasure-seeking component of the human personality with which each child is born.

Question 10

Siblings living in a similar environment may develop similar types of friends; consequently, the critical influence toward delinquent behavior is that of peers rather than siblings.

Question 11

DZ twins are closer than MZ twins in level of aggression and verbal skills.

Question 12

According to deterrence theory, only the actual chance of punishment influences a youth's decision to engage in delinquency.

Question 13

Positivists believe that behavior is a function of often uncontrollable factors, such as mental illness.

Question 14

Cognitive theory focuses on the way people perceive and mentally represent the world around them as well as how they solve problems.

Question 15

Youth may be forced to choose delinquent behavior to help them solve problems; by engaging in antisocial behaviors some youth are able to exert control over their lives and destinies.

Question 16

Scarcity of resources increases the number of motivated offenders, which increases the delinquency rates.

Question 17

There is no relationship between adolescent aggression and disrupted dependency relations with parents.

Question 18

Traditionally, the juvenile court relied on parens patriae which mandated children be punished for their misdeeds.

Question 19

An adolescent's work experience may actually increase delinquency.

Question 20

Research has linked ADHD to the onset and sustenance of a delinquent career.

Question 21

Jill runs a group session for youth who demonstrate chronic behavioral problems, antisocial behaviors, impulsivity, and substance abuse.  For whom does Jill run a group?

A)Youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder
B)Youth with attention deficit disorder
C)Youth with conduct disorder
D)Youth with a learning disability

Question 22

Jill installed a camera at the front door of her boutique to dissuade shoplifting; after a month, she also found less loitering and graffiti on her storefront walls.  Which of the following describes the phenomenon Jill discovered-that a prevention method to cut back on one type of criminal activity also lowered the number of incidents of a different criminal behavior?

A)Target hardening
B)Specific deterrence
C)Community policing
D)Diffusion of benefits

Question 23

Itsey went to the ATM to withdraw cash for girls' night out; a man came out of the shadows and threatened her with bodily harm if she did not hand the cash over to him.  Itsey was the victim of what type of crime?

A)Conflict theft
B)Situational crime
C)Victim precipitated crime
D)Predatory crime

Question 24

What research is representative of the view that certain characteristics of delinquent youths increase the probability that they will be aggressive and antisocial and that their actions will involve them with agents of social control?

A)Personality research
B)Cognitive research
C)Nature and nurture research
D)Social learning research

Question 25

According to the text, regarding effective strategies for deterring delinquency, which strategy is described as seemingly working the best?

A)Focusing police activities on community problems
B)Focusing police activities on particular problems
C)Focusing police activities on reports from community watch programs
D)Focusing the police activities on reports from school resource officers

Question 26

Jack wanted a new iPad, but he did not want to spend the money he was saving for his ski trip.  He then considered stealing one from a local bookstore where security was lax.  Jack deliberated between the pros-new iPad and ski trip-and the cons- getting caught for stealing the iPad.  Given the slipshod security at the bookstore, Jack decided to steal an iPad.  Of the following theories of crime and delinquency, which one best explains Jack's behavior?

A)Rational choice
B)Neurological
C)Specific deterrence
D)Routine activities

Question 27

The idea that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically and physiologically similar to throwbacks of an earlier state in human evolution was formulated by Lombroso. What is the name of this concept?

A)Evolutionary theory
B)Criminal atavism
C)Eugenic movement
D)Morphism

Question 28

In August, Jack and Jill went on vacation.  They asked their neighbor, Cole, to keep an eye on their home and Sasha, their dog, while they were away.  Cole agreed but forgot to tell them that he would be out of town one of the days to attend a conference.  To relieve their boredom and as an end-of-summer back-to-school last hurrah, King, Itsey, and Drew, teenagers who live in the neighborhood, decided they would break into Jack and Jill's house to steal their sizeable collection of portable electronics.  In this scenario, who is/are the capable guardian(s)?

A)Jack and Jill
B)Cole
C)King, Itsey, and Drew
D)Sasha the dog

Question 29

Which of the following best describes Beccaria's position on punishment?

A)Severe and swift enough to deter crime
B)Sufficiently severe, certain, and swift
C)Certain and sufficiently severe
D)Swift and certain

Question 30

Your friend was given an assignment to research classical criminology.  Whose writings would your friend research to understand the core principles of this theory?

A)Marcus Felson
B)Travis Hirschi
C)Cesare Lombroso
D)Cesare Beccaria

Question 31

The juvenile court has been a revolving door where Jill is concerned.  The impulsivity in her decision-making is the driving force for her participation in delinquent activities and Jill's counselor remarked that at times she feels Jill's conduct is almost instinctual.  What theory best fits Jill's behaviors?

A)Biological theory
B)Routine activities theory
C)Choice theory
D)Trait theory

Question 32

What theory holds that low intelligence is generally determined and inherited?

A)Psychological
B)Nature
C)Realist
D)Nurture

Question 33

The city council wants a crime prevention method that will reduce opportunities to commit criminal acts; the method should make opportunities more difficult to take advantage of, with rewards reduced and risk increased.  Which of the following would be most appropriate to present to the council?

A) Problem-solving police procedures
B)Situational crime prevention
C)Conflict resolution
D)Community policing

Question 34

Which of the following is the correct amount for incarcerating one juvenile in some jurisdictions?

A)$30,000.00 / year
B)$45,000.00 / year
C)$50,000.00 / year
D)$65,000.00 / year

Question 35

A youth has difficulties with forming emotional bonds, trusting others, and demonstrating respectful behavior. Which theory applies here?

A)Attachment theory
B)Learning theory
C)Mood disorder theory
D)Psychodynamic theory

Question 36

The city council wants suggestions for crime prevention techniques such as installing unbreakable glass on storefronts to present to the businesses on Main Street. What is the name of this crime prevention technique?

A)Community policing
B)Situation prevention
C)Target hardening
D)Benefits diffusion

Question 37

If you wanted to study forms of retaliation in the drug trade, which form would you investigate to understand nonviolent revenge gained through resource confiscation without interaction between the retaliator and wrongdoer during the transfer?

A)Violent confiscation
B)Fraudulent retaliation
C)Stealth retaliation
D)Pure fight

Question 38

After reading about the crackdown on shoplifting at the local discount store by enforcing full criminal penalties allowed by law, Drew and Cole decided they would abandon their plan to steal CDs.  What crime control policy influenced their decision?

A)Specific deterrence
B)Retribution
C)General deterrence
D)Incapacitation

Question 39

Cohen and Felson posited that crimes against persons or crimes of theft are influenced by the interaction of three variables: capable guardian(s), suitable target(s), and motivated offender(s). What is the name of this theory?

A)Conflict theory
B)Social disorganization theory
C)Control theory
D)Routine activities

Question 40

Jack is susceptible to environmental influences; consequently, whenever Jack encounters adverse social environments he becomes aggressive.  Conversely, when Jack encounters supportive environments he is less aggressive than someone who is not susceptible to environmental influences.  Which of the following models best describes Jack?

A)Atavistic model
B)Vulnerability model
C)Biochemical model
D)Differential susceptibility model

Question 41

What crime prevention method relies on reducing the opportunity to commit criminal acts by making them more difficult to perform, reducing their reward, and increasing their risks?

Question 42

Itsey, a kindergarten student, watches her father tower over her mother, glaring at her; she then hears her father yelling at her mother.  At school, the teacher tells the students to sit on the carpet for story time.  Itsey does not want to sit down just yet; she is busy at one of the centers in the classroom. Her teacher again asks everyone to sit down and  everyone does, except for Itsey.  The teacher then directly asks Itsey to sit down.  Itsey looks at her teacher and says she doesn't want to sit down and she better stop asking her to sit down; the next time she does, Itsey will bring a knife to school and cut her.  What theory aligns to the exchange between Itsey and her teacher?

A)Psychodynamic theory
B)Cognitive learning theory
C)Personality theory
D)Social learning theory

Question 43

According to marketing research, youths in one particular age group watch violent horror movies at a higher rate than any other age group.  What is the age demographic to whom the marketing research is referring?

A)9-11
B)11-14
C)14-16
D)15-17

Question 44

What theory links delinquency to biological and psychological characteristics that control human development?

Question 45

What three individual-level factors have been linked to antisocial behavior?

Question 46

What theory explains the existence of aggression and violent behavior as positive adaptive behaviors in humans?

A)Neurological theory
B)Biochemical theory
C)Genetic theory
D)Evolutionary theory

Question 47

Drew was certified LD in reading; she is often frustrated with her studies and will often engage in inappropriate behaviors in school. What rationale assumes that Drew's frustration leads to a negative self-image and acting out problems?

A)Susceptibility rationale
B)Environmental rationale
C)School failure rationale
D)Cognitive learning rationale

Question 48

Which of the following completes this sentence?  According to Hirschi and Hindelang, there is a clear link between criminality and

A) low intelligence.
B)school attendance.
C)high intelligence.
D)number of suspensions.

Question 49

The first attempts to discover why criminal tendencies developed focused upon what characteristic(s)?

Question 50

Today, theorists focus attention on what two conditions that promote antisocial behavior?

Question 51

What theory holds that the more severely youthful offenders are punished the less likely they are to repeat their illegal acts?

A)Specific deterrence theory
B)Classical theory
C)General deterrence theory
D)Rational choice theory

Question 52

Jack and Joe are significantly similar in their personal characteristics such as intelligence, levels of aggression, and verbal skills.  Which of the following best describes Jack and Joe?

A)Monozygotic twins
B)Dizygotic twins
C)Polyzygotic multiples
D)Brothers close in age

Question 53

Violence can be used to achieve a number of specific goals; what type of goal would align with youths who take the law into their own hands if they do not trust the law?

Question 54

What is the name of the condition in which the prevailing emotional disposition is distorted or inappropriate to the circumstances?

Question 55

What, according to Freud, develops through the reality of living in the world and helps manage and restrain the individual's need for immediate gratification?

A)Superego
B)Ego
C)Id
D)Personality

Question 56

What crime prevention practice makes it more difficult for a would-be delinquent to carry out the illegal act; for example, installing a security device in a home?

Question 57

Leo and Lila, high school students, were bored and wanted some excitement; they abducted an 8-year-old child from the playground, later killing the child.  When Leo and Lila were arrested a few days later, they testified that killing the child was an "awesome thrill."  What theory best describes their actions?

A)Biosocial theory
B)Arousal theory
C)Environmental theory
D)Learning theory

Question 58

A youth who often feels threatened, overreacts to perceived slights, blames others for fights he initiates, and is overly defensive demonstrates which of the following?

A)Neurological trauma
B)Reactive aggression
C)Bad behavior
D)Hormonal imbalance

Question 59

What view holds that youths are in charge of their own destinies and are able to make personal behavior choices unencumbered by environmental factors?

Question 60

Prevention efforts should be directed at strengthening what two areas according to individual perspectives on delinquency?

Question 61

It is thought that some youths choose crime as a means of retaliation or to seek revenge for a real or perceived wrong.  Richard Felson states that violence can be used to achieve a number of specific goals. List and describe the four goals presented by Felson.  Critique Felson's goals.  Do you believe the goals may be limited or all encompassing?  Would you include additional goals?  If so, what would they be?  Provide a rationale for your views.

Question 62

Some children acquire an association between their use of aggression against others and the physical punishment they receive at home by what life stage?

Question 63

Identify and describe the delinquency control strategies based on rational choice; be sure to include applications and problems associated with prevention.  Of these strategies, which one would you identify as producing the best outcomes for decreasing delinquency?  Would you use the prevention as described or would you modify it in some manner?  If so, how would you modify the strategy?  If not, why not?  Provide a rationale for your view.

Question 64

Biosocial theories focus attention on biological and psychological conditions that promote antisocial behavior.  Identify and describe the four major biosocial theories, including the strengths of each of the four theories.  What is your opinion of biosocial theories?  Do you agree or disagree with the premise?  Explain your position.

Question 65

Experts argue that the key linkage between IQ and delinquency is the ability to manipulate what type of concepts?

Question 66

On what type of crimes does the threat of informal sanctions have the greatest influence?

Question 67

While there is evidence suggesting an association between mental disturbance and delinquency, there are intervening variables that may account for the association.  List and describe these factors.  Do you think these factors are enough to question the validity of the psychodynamic theory?  Support your position.

Question 68

On the surface, incapacitation may appear as a logical means to reduce juvenile offending.  However, strict incapacitation policies do not always produce the desired effects.  List four of the six arguments presented in the text that incapacitation may not actually reduce juvenile crime rates.  What is your position in regard to the arguments?  Do you agree or disagree?  Explain your position.

Question 69

Identify and define the two branches of individual-level theories of delinquency.  It is said these two theories, while independent of each other, do share some common ground. What are these commonalities?  It is reported that people must change as opposed to society changing.  Do you agree with this pronouncement?  Provide a rationale for your answer.

Question 70

Summarize contemporary research regarding the IQ and delinquency relationship.  What is your view of the relationship between intelligence and delinquency?  Support your view.

Question 71

Trait theorists recognize that delinquency involves two distinct traits; associated with these traits are two views or models that impact the interaction between the trait and delinquency.  Identify and describe these two views/models.  What are your thoughts on these models?  Does one stand out as more or less relevant, or are they equally compelling?  Support your position.

Question 72

Discuss trait theory: When did this school of thought originate, when and why was the theory abandoned, and what is the status of trait theory today?   Include in your discussion criminal atavism and its meaning.  What are your views on trait theory?  Include a rationale for your view.

Question 73

Representing the conscience and moral rules shared by most adults, what develops through interactions with parents and other significant people in a youth's life?

Question 74

This is said to be at play when delinquency spreads as youth copy the behavior of peers and siblings.

Question 75

According to direct association, social forces play a secondary role in the production of deviant behaviors; what then produces delinquency according to this concept?

Question 76

Violence-prone youth tend to see the world around them as filled with what type of people?

Question 77

Cohen and Felson posit that the interaction of three variables reflective of routine American lifestyles affects the volume and distribution of predatory crime. Cohen and Felson refer to this as routine activities theory.  Define this theory and list the three variables, providing at least three examples for each variable.  Would you agree or disagree with the premise of this theory?  Provide a rationale for your view.

Question 78

What syndrome has been suggested as resulting in chronic delinquency?

Question 79

Youths whose troubled family life leads them to seek immediate gratification without consideration of right and wrong or the feelings of others are referred to as what type of delinquents?