Deck 7: Gender and Delinquency

Question 1

Jill's research project for her juvenile justice class found that males and females were basically more alike than they were different on a number of critical psychological variables.  What hypothesis did Jill use?

A)Gender ideation
B)Gender links
C)Gender-schema
D)Gender similarities

Answer 1

D

Question 2

It is reported that according to Messerschmidt, males in every culture try to emulate ideal masculine behaviors.  In what culture, according to the text, are masculine behaviors considered authoritative, in charge, combative, and controlling? ​

A)Western
B)Asian
C)Middle Eastern
D)European

Answer 2

A

Question 3

If you wanted to investigate the view that women who commit crime have biological and psychological traits similar to those of men, which of the following would you investigate? ​

A)Masculinity hypothesis
B)Femininity hypothesis
C)Biosocial theory
D)Feminine perspective

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Ronda was happy that she had found the love of her life.  She and Davida were going to the prom in a month and needed to go shopping. Thinking she would surprise her, Ronda bought flowers and went to Davida's house.  Ronda caught Davida in bed with another girl from school; Ronda became enraged.  Before she knew what she was doing, she killed Davida and the other girl; what did Ronda more than likely use to kill the two girls?

A)Handgun
B)Knife
C)Blunt instrument
D)Shotgun

Question 5

Liberal feminism asserts that females are less delinquent than males.  What do they assert provides females fewer opportunities to commit crimes?

A)Economic position
B)Maternal roles
C) Biological development ​
D)Social roles

Question 6

Which of the following best describe why girls fight in schools?

A)Strike back at overly controlling structure, gain status
B)Teacher labeling, strike back at overly controlling structure
C)Teacher labeling, gain status
D)Teacher labeling, general sense of hopelessness

Question 7

Rosalind wants to research the theory that asserts our culture polarizes males and females, thereby forcing them into exclusive gender roles of "feminine" or "masculine."  Which of the following would Rosalind research?

A) Chivalry theory
B)Role theory
C)Gender-schema theory
D)Power-control theory

Question 8

Alicia suggested that girls are socialized to be passive, which helps explain their low crime rate.  What type of theorist is Alicia? ​

A)Critical
B)Social
C)Biosocial
D)Psychodynamic

Question 9

Scholars who are concerned with gender differences in crime are interested in what distinction between males and females?

A)Lifestyles
B)Psychosocial
C)Aggression level
D)Religiosity

Question 10

According to the text, the explanation for the increase in female criminality is a function of some aspect of our society.  What is that function? ​

A)Changing role of women
B)Cultural changes
C)Political movements
D)Feminist arguments

Question 11

Once in the system, what do females receive differently compared with their male counterparts? ​

A) More space
B)More equipment
C)More benefits and services
D)Fewer benefits and services

Question 12

Throughout the history of the juvenile justice system, what behaviors were girls more likely to be punished for as opposed to actual delinquency? ​

A)Running away
B)Cursing
C)Immorality
D)Substance abuse

Question 13

What theory holds the view that lower female crime and delinquency rates are a reflection of the leniency with which police treat female offenders?

A)Power-control theory
B)Chivalry hypothesis
C)Masculinity hypothesis
D)Gender-schema theory

Question 14

Ronda was happy that she had found the love of her life.  She and Davida were going to the prom in a month and needed to go shopping. Thinking she would surprise her, Ronda bought flowers and went to Davida's house.  Ronda caught Davida in bed with another girl from school; Ronda became enraged.  Before she knew what she was doing, she killed Davida and the other girl.  Ronda's attorney requested several psychological and medical examinations be conducted prior to trial.  It was reported to the attorney that Ronda had an exceedingly high level of a particular hormone that has been linked to aggression in young women. High levels of which of the following hormones would probably NOT be linked to Ronda's aggression? ​

A)Androgen
B)Cortisol
C)Testosterone
D)Estrogen

Question 15

On what is the development process for gender differences based, according to Maccoby?

A)Biology differences combined with individual personalities
B)Socialization of youth within families
C)Individual personalities
D)The manner in which youth socialize and how relationships are structured

Question 16

Of the following, which was reported as helping to protect girls at high risk for delinquency from engaging in violent behavior?

A)School counselors
B)Religiosity
C)Mentors
D)Safe Harbor Program

Question 17

According to critical feminists, what triggers the onset of female delinquency and deviant behavior? ​

A)Capitalism
B)Abusive upbringing
C)Exploitation
D)Changing role of women

Question 18

Males self-report more engagement in hunting than do females.  How many more times did males report hunting than did females according to the self-report studies?

A)Three
B)Five
C)Six
D)Ten

Question 19

What do some experts suggest regarding the differences in brain organization in males and females?

A)Females are more left brain-oriented and males are more right brain-oriented
B)Males are more left brain-oriented and females are more right brain-oriented
C)Males and females are equally left brain-oriented
D)Males and females are equally right brain-oriented

Question 20

Yamill was researching early maturation in girls; some of the information she gathered regarded early puberty in girls and girls who were abandoned by their fathers.  What was the link between paternal abandonment and early puberty in girls Yamill found in her research?

A)Psychosocial
B)Psychological
C)Genetic
D)Unfounded

Question 21

Trixie is assigned to research a theory for her juvenile delinquency class; she is also interested in gender and class structure.  She decides she should look for a theory holding the view that gender differences in the delinquency rate are a function of class differences and economic conditions that influence the structure of family life.  Which of the following should Trixie research?

A)Gender-schema
B)Critical feminism
C)Power-control
D)Critical-power

Question 22

When compared to males, in what three areas do female juvenile homicide offenders have higher rates?

A)Reported childhood abuse, serious substance abuse, mental health problems
B)Serious substance abuse, reported childhood abuse, academic failure
C)Academic failure, serious substance abuse, reported childhood abuse
D)Mental health problems, academic failure, serious substance abuse

Question 23

What theory asserts that our culture polarizes males and females, forcing them into exclusive gender roles of "feminine" and "masculine?" ​

Question 24

Females are more likely than males to respond to anger with what type of feeling? ​

Question 25

What two status offenses are girls more likely to be arrested for than boys? ​

Question 26

On what are socialization views based? ​

Question 27

What, according to contemporary socialization views, is the key to understanding female delinquency? ​

A)Male-female social development
B)Family interaction
C)Family structure
D)Female social development

Question 28

Families in which the husband and wife share similar positions of power at home are indicative of what family type? ​

Question 29

Which of the following completes this sentence:  It has been suggested that females are more likely to engage in aggressive behavior later in life if in utero they ​

A)were exposed to male hormones.
B)ingested crack.
C)were not provided proper nutrition.
D)ingested large quantities of alcohol.

Question 30

Between what ages did gender differences in aggression become noticeable when children were socialized into organized groups? ​

A)2, and 4
B)2 and 5
C)3 and 4
D)3 and 6

Question 31

According to the text, Messerschmidt argues that capitalist society is defined by what two areas?

Question 32

The interplay of what three relationships shapes the direction and content of adolescent personal relationships? ​

A)Attachment, conflict, gender
B)Gender, power, conflict
C)Power, attachment, gender
D)Conflict, attachment, power

Question 33

One view of gender differences lies in the interaction of three relationships.  What are these relationships? ​

A)Enculturation, physicality, socialization
B)Physicality, socialization, enculturation
C)Socialization, enculturation, learning
D)Learning, socialization, physicality

Question 34

What theory holds that gender differences in the delinquency rate are a function of class differences and economic conditions that influence the structure of family life? ​

Question 35

During what period of time have researchers found that cognitive differences between males and females appear?

A)Preschool
B)Childhood
C)Adolescence
D)Teenage

Question 36

According to the text, what did Haynie and Piquero find increased for both boys and girls who reached puberty at an early age? ​

Question 37

What do psychologists believe is affected by the way females and males are socialized? ​

Question 38

What system values the work of men and devalues the work of women? ​

A)Socialist
B)Patriarchal
C)Authoritarian
D)Capitalist

Question 39

Critical feminists also focus on forces that shape women's lives and experiences to explain female delinquency.  What are these forces? ​

A)Economic
B)Political
C)Social
D)Academic

Question 40

What factor related to criminality is displayed by more males than females? ​

Question 41

As a general rule, males who are involved in the justice system are sanctioned more severely than females.

Question 42

Katharina Dalton concluded that females are more likely to commit suicide and be aggressive and otherwise antisocial before or during menstruation. ​

Question 43

Discuss the development of interest in female delinquency.  Explain your view. As you read through the chapter, did you find that there is a need for a separate interest in female delinquency, that a specific interest in female delinquency will assist in the overall reduction of juvenile delinquency, etc.? ​

Question 44

Early biotheorists suspected that premenstrual syndrome was a direct cause of the relatively rare instances of female violence. ​

Question 45

In the contemporary era, the correctional focus remains on the control and micromanagement of girls' bodies and sexuality. ​

Question 46

The chivalry hypothesis suggests that women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to those of men. ​

Question 47

What is precocious sexuality? ​

Question 48

The text suggests that various gender differences in development (e.g., socialization, cognition, and personality) may pave the way for future differences in misbehaving.  Discuss personality differences.  Explain why you agree or disagree with this premise. ​

Question 49

What involves violence against women and girls, including such acts as beating, battering, or killing, by a family member or relative to preserve cultural beliefs? ​

Question 50

According to the text, what does research indicate about gender differences in cognitive performances?

Question 51

Discuss the association between religiosity and female delinquency.   Explain why you agree or disagree with this view. ​

Question 52

Girls who experience an early onset of physical maturity are most likely to engage in antisocial behavior. ​

Question 53

What program for girls ages 11 to 14 develops girls' skills to resist pressure to use harmful substances as well as develop healthy ways to manage stress? ​

Question 54

Gender differences are a result of the interaction of socialization and learning, but not enculturation. ​

Question 55

Males do better in tasks that require retrieval from long-term memory while females excel in tasks that require visual image manipulation. ​

Question 56

According to some biosocial theorists, gender differences in the delinquency rate can be explained by inborn differences in aggression. ​

Question 57

Describe the policy shifts that may have escalated girls' proneness to arrest.  Explain why you agree or disagree with the view that policy shifts may have affected girls' proneness to arrest.

Question 58

Men from wealthy nations engage in sexual activities with trafficked individuals by traveling to destinations where women and children are prostituted.  What is this called? ​

Question 59

Lombroso maintained that women were lower on the evolutionary scale than men. ​

Question 60

Discuss the early biological explanations of female delinquency, including an example.  What is your opinion of this view? ​

Question 61

What gender patterns did researchers begin to focus on in the 1950s? ​

Question 62

Discuss how gender differences affect the way youth are treated by the juvenile justice system.  Explain why you agree or disagree with this premise.

Question 63

Males view aggression as an appropriate means to gain status. ​

Question 64

What does the socialization approach hold is likely to have an even more damaging effect on females than on males? ​

Question 65

Physical and sexual abuse and the toll it takes on young girls are more unique to Western culture. ​

Question 66

What two differences are magnified when children internalize gender-specific behaviors? ​

Question 67

At whom is the majority of girls' violence directed? ​

Question 68

Describe the power-control theory.  Who developed this view?   Explain why you agree or disagree with this theory. ​

Question 69

Discuss how liberal feminism has influenced thinking about delinquency.   Explain why you agree or disagree with the view that feminism has influenced thoughts on delinquency. ​

Question 70

Patriarchy has been and continues to be supported by capitalists. ​

Question 71

Males and females join gangs in relatively equal numbers. ​

Question 72

The female delinquency gap between early and late bloomers narrows when the latter group reaches sexual maturity and has increased exposure to boys. ​

Question 73

Discuss the possible relationship between early puberty and victimization.  Explain why you agree or disagree with this theory that such a relationship exists. ​

Question 74

When girls are aggressive, they are just as likely as boys to hide their behavior from adults. ​

Question 75

What rates for women decline as they are empowered socially, economically, and legally? ​

Question 76

Incarcerated adolescent female offenders have fewer acute mental health symptoms and psychological disturbances than male offenders. ​

Question 77

Males and females are taught to value independence.

Question 78

Identify and describe the patterns and trends in female violence.  Explain your view on female violence. ​

Question 79

The typical female is as likely to kill a family member as an acquaintance and is more likely to use a knife. ​

Question 80

Research indicates that a gender difference exists in how risk-taking behaviors in adolescence affect marital outcomes in adulthood. ​