Deck 9: Peers and Delinquency: Juvenile Gangs and Groups

Question 1

When the peer group provides the social and emotional basis for antisocial activity, a clique is transformed into a gang.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Most gangs are located in urban areas, and most large urban areas have reported the presence of gangs.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The impact of globalization has been to create large economically depressed urban areas where gangs can flourish and export their influence.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Tossing or flashing gang signs in the presence of rivals often escalates into verbal or physical confrontation.

Question 5

Youths who report inadequate or strained peer relations are the ones most likely to become delinquent.

Question 6

It is more common to have female membership in predominately male gangs than to have single-sex, female-only gangs.

Question 7

Asian gang members are known for their distinctive dress codes.

Question 8

Gang members are increasingly getting older, due in part to a worsening economy.

Question 9

The Gang Prevention and Intervention Survey found that fully two-thirds of gang members reported having members in their gang whose parents are also active members.

Question 10

Asian gangs tend to be far less territorial and less openly visible than other ethnically centered groups.

Question 11

Gangs are a uniquely American phenomenon and do not exist outside the United States.

Question 12

Detached Street Workers was a program from the 1950s designed to remove prostitutes from their beats.

Question 13

Policymakers are encouraged to expand the use of evidence-based policies that are scientifically proven to reduce juvenile recidivism.

Question 14

The definition of a gang is a group of adolescents involved in delinquent behavior.

Question 15

According to control theory approach, articulated by Travis Hirschi, delinquents are very attached to their peers.

Question 16

An organized gang is involved in few delinquent activities and heavily involved in drug use and sales.

Question 17

Gangs are a recent phenomenon limited to the United States.

Question 18

The 18th Street Gang is believed by some experts to be the largest gang in the nation.

Question 19

A social gang is involved in few delinquent activities and little drug use other than alcohol and marijuana use.

Question 20

Romantic love may have a mitigating effect on gang involvement.

Question 21

Clusters of youth who seem unified but actually have limited cohesion are called _____.

A) near-groups
B)hustlers
C)Slangers
D)ballers

Question 22

Groups of youth who collectively engage in delinquent behaviors are called _____.

A)controversial status youth
B)gangs
C)Cliques
D)status groups

Question 23

_____are subgroups of same-aged youths in Hispanic gangs that remain together and have separate names and a unique identity in the gang.

A)Placasos
B)Controllos
C)Klikas
D)Locos

Question 24

According to _____ theory, delinquent youths are loners who do not form attachments to others.

A)rational choice
B)anomie/alienation
C)social disorganization
D)strain

Question 25

_____ are the individuals who control the drug distribution in hard-core drug gangs.

A)Homeboys
B)Hustlers
C)Slangers
D)Ballers

Question 26

Small groups of friends who share intimate knowledge and activities with each other are referred to as _____.

A)families
B)crowds
C)groups
D)cliques

Question 27

Frederick Thrasher did most of his research on gangs in the city of _____.

A)Pittsburgh
B)London
C)Los Angeles
D)Chicago

Question 28

_____ neighborhoods are inner-city areas of extreme poverty where the critical social control mechanisms have broken down.

A)Inefficient
B)Developmental
C)Disorganized
D)Alienated

Question 29

The federal government sponsors the _____ to measure gang activity within the United Sates.

A)Gang Victimization Survey
B)Delinquent Youth Report
C)National Youth Gang Survey
D)Gang and Delinquency Survey

Question 30

In a process called _____, close friends reinforce deviant behavior through talk and interaction.

A)deviancy training
B)social bonding
C)clique control
D)sports

Question 31

_____ refers to loosely organized groups of children who share interests and activities.

A)Cohorts
B)Crowds
C)Dyads
D)Cliques

Question 32

According to Jeffrey Fagan, the _____ gang is heavily involved in criminality; drug use and sales are related to other criminal acts.

A)social
B)party
C)serious delinquent
D)organized

Question 33

It is possible that ____ love can fill a void of lessening parental attachment, and therefore result in less delinquent behavior.

A)romantic
B)adolescent
C)conflictual
D)puppy

Question 34

According to the National Youth Gang Survey, the most recent survey of gang membership estimates that there are _____ gang members in the United States.

A)110,000
B)250,000
C)400,000
D)774,000

Question 35

Frederick Thrasher coined the term _____, to describe a group that fills a crack in the social fabric and maintains standard group practices.

A)criminal gang
B)interstitial group
C)gang banger
D)profit gang

Question 36

A friendship _____ is considered an association with a single "best friend."

A)clique
B)partnership
C)dyad
D)duo

Question 37

Reviews of research show that juvenile delinquent acts tend to be committed in small groups, rather than by youths acting alone. This is called _____.

A)gang banging
B)wilding
C)co-offending
D)group participation

Question 38

Research conducted by the National Gang Crime Research Center indicates that most youths join their first gang at age _____.

A)7
B)9
C)12
D)16

Question 39

According to Jeffrey Fagan, this type of gang concentrates on drug use and sales, forgoing most delinquent behavior except vandalism.

A)Social gang
B)Party gang
C)Serious delinquent gang
D)Organized gang

Question 40

Data gathered from the National Youth Gang Survey indicates that less than _____ of gang members are female.

A)4%
B)6%
C)8%
D)10%

Question 41

_____ pairs one probation officer with two police officers to make surprise visits to the homes, schools, and worksites of high-risk youth probationers during the nontraditional hours of 7 PM to midnight.

A)Operation Ceasefire
B)Operation Peacekeeper
C)Operation Night Light
D)Operation S.A.V.E.

Question 42

The three largest African American gangs are _____, _____, and _____. ​

Question 43

In Latino gang writings, the term "rifa" means _____.

Question 44

According to the _____ view, ganging can provide girls with a sense of security, at least from non-gang members.

A) social injury
B)sisterhood
C)rational choice
D)opportunistic

Question 45

A ____ is a member of a white supremacist gang, usually with Nazi of Ku Klux Klan markings.

Question 46

In regard to gang control, _____ refers to one or more police officers, usually from youth or detective units who are assigned exclusively to gang-control work.

A)gang details
B)youth services programs
C)gang units
D)gang breakers

Question 47

According to the _____ view, youths are encouraged to join gangs during periods of social, economic, and cultural turmoil.

A)socialization
B)rational choice
C)anomie/alienation
D)psychological

Question 48

Gang drawings or inscriptions written on a wall or structure and used for gang messages and turf definition are called _____.

A)message boards
B)codes
C)signaling
D)graffiti

Question 49

In _____ , the California Court of Appeal ruled that prosecutors must first prove through clear and convincing evidence that a person is a gang member before using an antigang injunction to restrict his or her right to engage in everyday activities.

Question 50

_____ is/are a method of enforcement in which police, armed with arrest and search warrants, enter a neighborhood in an operation to make as many arrests as possible.

Question 51

Female gang members begin to drift away from gangs when _____.

Question 52

According to the text, adolescent sexual activity _____ increases the likelihood of offending.

A)without the promise of love
B)with multiple partners
C)with unknown partners
D)without protection

Question 53

Today, about _____ law enforcement agencies with a gang problem operate a gang unit, including more than half of larger cities.

Question 54

Tossing or flashing gang signs in the presence of rivals, often escalating into a verbal or physical confrontation, is called ____.

A)posting
B)representing
C)signifying
D)identifying

Question 55

According to the _____ view of gang membership, youths join gangs for protection, fun, survival, and to enhance their lifestyle.

Question 56

_____ gangs tend to victimize members of their own ethnic group, are more organized than other types of gangs, have recognizable leaders, and tend to be secretive.

A)Hispanic
B)African American
C)Anglo
D)Asian

Question 57

_____ is a system of positions, facial expression, and body language used to convey a message.

Question 58

The _____ view of gang membership suggests that gangs appeal to adolescents' longing for the tribal process that sustained their ancestors.

A)social
B)psychological
C)cultural
D) anthropological

Question 59

The first mention of youth gangs in America occurred in the _____.

A)early 1900s
B)late 1780s
C)late 1860s
D)early 1820s

Question 60

_____ was a problem-oriented policing approach that was developed as part of the Youth Violence Strike Force in Boston.

Question 61

According to some researchers, gangs can be categorized by their dominant activity. Explain Fagan's four categories of gangs.

Question 62

Discuss the anthropological view of why youths join gangs.

Question 63

According to the _____ view, youths join gangs to satisfy a desire to be needed and to be a part of something.

Question 64

Small groups of friends who share intimate knowledge and confidences are called ____.

Question 65

Discuss the anomie/alienation view of why youths join gangs. Do you agree or disagree with this theory? Explain.

Question 66

Explain Hagedorn's belief that changing social and economic conditions in the post-globalization world has supported the spread of gang activity. Do you agree or disagree? Why or why not?

Question 67

Explain Thrasher's, Klein's, and Miller's definitions of gangs. Discuss their similarities or differences.

Question 68

Explain the elements of Spergel's Community Gang Control Program.

Question 69

Gang members are getting older and the majority of them are now legal adults. Explain why gang members are aging and how this affects gang activity.

Question 70

Discuss the relationship between peer relations and delinquency.

Question 71

A _____ is a method of enforcement in which police, armed with arrest warrants, enter a neighborhood in force in an operation to make as many arrests as possible.

Question 72

Traditionally, gangs have operated in _____ experiencing rapid population change.

Question 73

Discuss why gangs have reemerged. Do you agree that economic and social conditions are factors in gang formation? Explain.

Question 74

A treatment-oriented ______ approach seeks to rehabilitate youths as opposed to simply incarcerating them.

Question 75

_____ is inscriptions or drawings on walls and structures that convey gang messages and define turf.

Question 76

Explain the development of gangs from the 1600s in London, from the 1920s in the United States, to the development of contemporary gangs.

Question 77

According to the text, it is possible that _____ love discourages offending by strengthening the social bond.

Question 78

A  ______ strategy assigns police officers to keep peace in local neighborhoods.

Question 79

A system of positions, facial expressions, and body language used by gang members to convey a message is called _____.

Question 80

_____ is now regarded by law enforcement agencies as the nation's most dangerous gang.