Deck 16: The Nation Industrializes, 1865-1900

Question 1

Henry Bessemer and William Kelly contributed to industrial development by

A)developing new ways to organize business.
B)standardizing the railroad gauge.
C)inventing a new process for making steel.
D)forming the first American labor union.

Answer 1

inventing a new process for making steel.

Question 2

All of the following statements about John D. Rockefeller are accurate, EXCEPT:

A)He recruited experts to make Standard oil the most efficient refiner.
B)He secured favorable treatment from railroads by offering a heavy volume of traffic on a steady basis.
C)He persuaded competitors to join his cartel.
D)He pursued horizontal integration and had little interest in the vertical integration of oil fields and transportation facilities.

Answer 2

He pursued horizontal integration and had little interest in the vertical integration of oil fields and transportation facilities.

Question 3

The goal of the tariff passed in 1861 was to

A)lower prices on agricultural products.
B)increase government revenue during the Civil War.
C)promote overseas investment.
D)protect American industry.

Answer 3

protect American industry.

Question 4

Which of the following was not a crucial ingredient to the rapid industrialization of the United States after the Civil War?

A)a wealth of natural resources
B)a capable workforce
C)a large agricultural base
D)a large navy.

Question 5

American farms increased their output after the Civil War in part because

A)American birthrates increased, creating a larger labor force.
B)emancipation meant former slaves could earn more money by working harder.
C)new machines increased the amount of land an individual farmer could till.
D)population shifted from cities to the countryside, creating more farm workers.

Question 6

In the 25 years following the Civil War all of the following changes occurred in the railroad industry, EXCEPT:

A)A transcontinental line connected California to Omaha, Nebraska, and ultimately eastern cities.
B)Railroads grew from 35,000 miles of track to 167,000 miles.
C)Iron rails had been replaced with steel rails.
D)Railroad companies had expanded the number of gauges on which to transport their goods.

Question 7

In the Pacific Railway Act of 1862, Congress

A)exempted transcontinental railroads from antitrust prosecution.
B)raised the tax rate on large railroad companies.
C)allowed railroad companies to bring in cheap immigrant labor.
D)gave subsidies of federal lands to railroad companies.

Question 8

The Gospel of Wealth maintained that

A)the wealthy should give back to their community.
B)only those who are righteous will enjoy economic success.
C)the wealthy should control the behavior of the lower classes.
D)government, religion, and business should cooperate to establish a national culture.

Question 9

Railroad pools

A)were popular with consumers.
B)cut rates by combining operations.
C)usually functioned for a long time.
D)were agreements among companies to keep prices high through not competing for business.

Question 10

Which statement about nineteenth-century industrialists is most accurate?

A)They were nothing more than "robber barons" ⎯ unscrupulous, greedy, and exploitative.
B)They typically started out as struggling members of the working class.
C)They generally treated their workers much better than their predecessors.
D)Their values about wealth and their desire for material gain were widely shared by Americans.

Question 11

What was NOT an industry that emerged in Chicago as a result of the city's transportation network?

A)Meatpacking
B)Automobile manufacturing
C)Steel
D)Mail-order sales

Question 12

John Pierpont Morgan forced companies to reduce risk in order to

A)provide safe investments for his clients.
B)prevent hostile takeovers.
C)limit calls for government regulation.
D)reduce corporate corruption.

Question 13

After he left the steel business, what did Andrew Carnegie do with his money?

A)He invested it in oil.
B)He supported candidates for high office who agreed with his views.
C)He gave it away.
D)He hid most of it in Swiss banks to avoid paying taxes.

Question 14

The biggest contributor to lower farm prices after the Civil War was

A)shrinking overseas markets.
B)overproduction.
C)a lack of transportation.
D)excessive food imports.

Question 15

The idea that competition in human society produced "the survival of the fittest" was embodied in

A)positivism.
B)the Gospel of Wealth.
C)the Social Gospel.
D)Social Darwinism.

Question 16

Railroads used the lands granted to them by governments to

A)finance operations by selling the land to settlers.
B)underwrite corporate bonds.
C)secure loans from banks.
D)compensate employees.

Question 17

How did Andrew Carnegie help to transform the organizational structure of manufacturing?

A)He helped develop vertical integration.
B)He employed a network of industrial spies.
C)He treated his workers so well that many men would not work for other companies.
D)He had inside connections in the government and was able to get contracts.

Question 18

The Homestead Act of 1862 was designed to

A)encourage the settlement of abandoned southern plantations.
B)encourage miners to develop the coal regions of Pennsylvania.
C)speed up economic development of the West.
D)create markets for the eastern textile industry.

Question 19

What made Chicago grow so rapidly?

A)It was a central hub for railroads.
B)It was the first stop for most immigrants.
C)Powerful politicians from Illinois ensured that the city got more than its share of federal contracts.
D)Its location on Lake Michigan gave it good access to shipping.

Question 20

The Social Darwinist philosophy of Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner claimed that

A)workers, who were fitter than businessmen, would eventually triumph.
B)communities need to band together and eliminate slums.
C)human progress depends on an active government that protects the weak from the powerful.
D)powerful entrepreneurs benefit humanity by their accomplishments.

Question 21

Thomas Edison's most important legacy was

A)the light bulb.
B)the phonograph.
C)the modern research laboratory.
D)the microphone.

Question 22

The 1867 conference at Medicine Lodge Creek

A)led to a renewed outbreak of war between Plains tribes and the government.
B)produced an agreement that provided part-Indian ownership of railroads.
C)produced treaties by which southern Plains tribes accepted reservations in Oklahoma.
D)established a Homestead Act for southern Plains tribes.

Question 23

With the passing of the first generation of industrial empire builders,

A)management lost sight of cost analysis.
B)management began to ignore shareholder dividends.
C)ownership grew increasingly apart from management.
D)the managers' concern for the individual worker made a comeback.

Question 24

Which statement best describes the construction of western railroads?

A)Western communities pooled their resources and paid to have track laid near their towns.
B)The federal government subsidized construction.
C)As part of the price for returning to the Union, southern states demanded a railroad link with markets in the West.
D)All that was necessary for getting railroads built was to have the government get out of the way by eliminating senseless regulations.

Question 25

Why did advertising emerge as a centerpiece of business activity?

A)The introduction of the trademark restricted production.
B)Antitrust legislation forced competition.
C)It simplified the marketing of goods for manufacturers.
D)The costs of producing many items were virtually the same.

Question 26

Which factor was most responsible for the eventual defeat of the Indians in the West?

A)The migration of whites to the region was overwhelming.
B)The whites possessed superior horsemanship skills.
C)The U.S. Army had superior numbers and technology.
D)The U.S. Army received significant help from the Mexican government.

Question 27

In California, the successor to the Central Pacific, the Southern Pacific Railroad Company

A)became known as the "Octopus."
B)Blocked the economic development of the West.
C)Took valuable resources from cattle, mining, and farming industries.
D)Had a reputation for charging the cheapest possible rates.

Question 28

Which of the following new consumer retail businesses was typical for large urban areas in the late nineteenth century?

A)specialty stores
B)door-to-door peddlers
C)department stores
D)mail-order catalogs

Question 29

What happened at Promontory Summit, Utah, in 1869?

A)Whites and Indians signed a historic treaty.
B)Gold was discovered.
C)The eastern half of the transcontinental railroad joined the western half.
D)Mormon leaders formally abandoned polygamy.

Question 30

Among most of the Plains Indians, how did a person achieve high social standing?

A)By sharing
B)By selling land
C)By accumulating possessions
D)By raiding parties of white settlers

Question 31

Standard Oil's monopoly

A)depended entirely on the company's domination of the Asian, African, and Latin American export markets.
B)increased the price of petroleum products by more than two thirds.
C)grew even bigger with oil discoveries in Texas at the turn of the century.
D)had the legal form of a holding company in the state of New Jersey.

Question 32

Companies rushed to develop brands and logos to distinguish their products from identical rivals after

A)the federal Patent Office registered the first trademark in 1870.
B)mail-order catalog companies began to copy and steal their product ideas.
C)the cigarette industry demonstrated the value of trademark advertising.
D)the Supreme Court declared product names the private property of the manufacturing company.

Question 33

The term New South refers to

A)A South committed to civil rights and racial equality.
B)The southwestern states of New Mexico and Arizona.
C)a post-reconstruction South committed to industrialization and modernization.
D)a revival of the Confederacy.

Question 34

The treaties signed at Fort Laramie i n 1868

A)provided titles to all Indians owning land.
B)guaranteed extensive territory to the northern Plains tribes.
C)established a Homestead Act for Native Americans.
D)protected Indian religions and customs.

Question 35

A market in which a small number of firms dominate an industry is called a(n)

A)oligopoly.
B)trust.
C)holding company.
D)monopoly.

Question 36

The Ghost Dance

A)promised to return the land to the Indians and sweep away whites.
B)at first was tolerated by whites because it was protected under the Dawes Act.
C)was a religious practice in which both whites and Indians participated.
D)was started by Chief Joseph.

Question 37

Which statement best describes the development of mining throughout the West?

A)Westerners adapted Indian practices to meet their own needs.
B)Most boomtowns adapted to the changing economy and became stable places of commerce.
C)Mining was an environmentally friendly activity that helped the West preserve its natural beauty.
D)Mining required a large amount of expensive technology, financed by outside capital.

Question 38

Sitting Bull differed from most Lakotas in 1868 by

A)marrying a white woman.
B)converting to Christianity.
C)refusing to negotiate with whites.
D)refusing to move to a reservation.

Question 39

Open range

A)was the way Mexican ranchers grazed their cattle on unfenced grasslands.
B)Was the label for a struggling railroad company ready to "shake down."
C)Was a marketing ploy of beef producers, hoping to convince urban shoppers that beef was best when raised outside a barn.
D)Was the slogan of Plains Indians in protest against federal reservation policies.

Question 40

Known as "soddies," poor homesteaders in the arid plains often depended on ____ for heating fuel.

A)animal bones
B)fallen leaves
C)dried Cow Dung
D)peet

Question 41

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the cycles of growth and depression in the 1870s and 1880s?

A)While boom periods were pronounced, the contractions during that time period were mild and brief.
B)The duration and timing of expansion and contraction had become regular and predictable in this time.
C)Economic booms happened mostly because of aggressive federal intervention in the economy.
D)Americans living in the late nineteenth century came to expect that hard times were likely in the future, regardless of how prosperous life seemed at the moment.

Question 42

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
public domain

Question 43

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
Pacific Railway Act

Question 44

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
lobby

Question 45

Under the terms of the Reclamation Act (1902), the federal government:

A)financed irrigation projects in the West.
B)allowed Indians to return to their birthplaces.
C)kept large portions of the West in a state of pristine wilderness.
D)paid farmers to stop planting crops on land that was unsuitable for agriculture.

Question 46

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
John D. Rockefeller

Question 47

The Red River Valley in the Dakotas and the San Joaquin Valley in California were well known for their

A)gold mines.
B)oil reserves.
C)large-scale commercial agriculture.
D)Indian reservations.

Question 48

The key to the growth of agribusiness in the West was

A)the abundance of water.
B)intensive use of heavy machinery.
C)high land prices.
D)the extension of existing agribusiness operations from the East.

Question 49

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
Land-Grant College Act

Question 50

Bank failures significantly delayed recovery in the depression from 1873 to 1879 because

A)The number of unemployed bank clerks significantly added to the number of jobless.
B)Banks took years to build and establish.
C)Banks played a crucial role as a source of credit for industry and agriculture.
D)Bank failures only worsened the problem of inflation.

Question 51

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
pool

Question 52

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
mail-order sales

Question 53

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
fixed costs

Question 54

The most important natural resource for the development of the West was

A)water.
B)gold.
C)timber.
D)oil.

Question 55

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
Homestead Act

Question 56

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
John Pierpont Morgan

Question 57

Which statement best describes the development of logging in the Pacific Northwest?

A)It nearly destroyed the economy of Seattle.
B)Industry leaders took great care to preserve the environment.
C)It was one of the few industries not to be affected by the railroad boom.
D)It was a vertically integrated industry, with firms owning mills, transportation, and lumber yards.

Question 58

Western farmers were better able to cope with the region's lack of rain, thanks to all of the following EXCEPT

A)a shallow water table.
B)hardier strains of wheat.
C)improved dry farming methods.
D)better irrigation.

Question 59

Which of the following statements about the Merger Movement of the late nineteenth century is most accurate?

A)Investment bankers played an insignificant role in the mergers that created enormous new corporations.
B)The merger movement resulted partly from economic weaknesses, partly in response to the threat of vicious competition among reviving manufacturing companies.
C)Andrew Carnegie successfully fought off J.P. Morgan's hostile bid on this United States Steel Corporation.
D)In their organization of mergers, J.P. Morgan and other investment bankers were looking for short term gains at the cost of long-term stability.

Question 60

All of the following statements are true about the economic depression from 1893 to 1897, EXCEPT:

A)Thanks to careful record keeping in the federal government, we know that the unemployment rate in the manufacturing sector in 1893-1894 was 32 percent.
B)Railroad construction had driven the industrial economy in the 1880s and had slowed by half between 1893 and 1895.
C)With insufficient traffic to pay their fixed costs, railway companies went bankrupt, and so did many of their creditors − banks and bondholders.
D)The agricultural expansion of the 1880s had slowed down in the 1890s.

Question 61

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
Gospel of Wealth

Question 62

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
Thomas A. Edison

Question 63

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
horizontal integration

Question 64

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
trademark

Question 65

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
Social Darwinism

Question 66

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
open range

Question 67

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
Vertical integration

Question 68

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
financial panic

Question 69

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
Great Plains

Question 70

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
Sierra Club

Question 71

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
Andrew Carnegie

Question 72

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
New South

Question 73

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
Lakotas

Question 74

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
Wounded Knee Creek

Question 75

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
trust

Question 76

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
Reclamation Act

Question 77

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
combine

Question 78

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
agribusiness

Question 79

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
Little Big Horn

Question 80

Instructions: Identify the following terms:
Great Sioux War