Deck 6: Data Communication: Delivering Information Anywhere and Anytime

ملء الشاشة (f)
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سؤال
Ethernet is a standard communication protocol embedded in software and hardware devices used for building a local area network (LAN).
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سؤال
Wireless network traffic can be captured with sniffers.
سؤال
WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access)keys are longer than WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)keys, and are therefore more difficult to break.
سؤال
Protocols are devices that connect users to the Internet.
سؤال
Gigabit Ethernet is a LAN transmission standard capable of 1 Gbps and 10 Gbps data transfer speeds.
سؤال
Unlike the other disadvantages of wireless, throughput is expected to become a bigger problem in the future.
سؤال
Any packet-switching network can handle multimedia data.
سؤال
The data transfer speeds of local area networks (LANs)typically range from 100 Mbps to 10 Gbps.
سؤال
In the context of mobile networking, 3G networks have decreased the quality of Internet telephony or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP).
سؤال
A ring topology needs more cables to connect the nodes within a network than a star topology.
سؤال
An access point (AP)is the part of a wireless local area network (WLAN)that connects it to other networks.
سؤال
Data communication systems increase inventory costs.
سؤال
A company's BYOD strategy requires employees to use the organization's computers, tablets, smartphones, or other devices for work purposes.
سؤال
Data communication technologies make Web and video conferencing easier, which can reduce the costs of business travel.
سؤال
Distributed processing maintains decentralized control and centralized operations.
سؤال
The bus topology connects nodes along a network segment, with the ends connected in a manner similar to a ring topology.
سؤال
Terrestrial microwave systems use Earth-based transmitters and receivers for transmitting data.
سؤال
Narrowband is capable of transmitting a maximum of 60,000 bps.
سؤال
In a centralized processing system, processing power is distributed among several locations.
سؤال
EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol)keys are dynamically generated based on the user's SSID and password.
سؤال
Which statement is true of the different forms of sender and receiver devices?

A)Thin clients have processing power.
B)Smart terminals are full-featured computers.
C)Workstations serve as stand-alone systems.
D)Netbook computers are high-cost computers with disks.
سؤال
In the context of data communication, which of the following media is based on "line of sight"?

A)A terrestrial microwave
B)A mechanical wave
C)A coaxial cable
D)A fiber-optic cable
سؤال
_____ have the highest bandwidth of any communication medium.

A)Coaxial cables
B)Fiber-optic cables
C)Twisted pair copper cables
D)Ethernet cables
سؤال
Virtual meetings are not considered cost effective applications of data communication systems for managers.
سؤال
_____ is the electronic transfer of data from one location to another.

A)Data communication
B)Data interpretation
C)Data mining
D)Data exchange
سؤال
The Internet and data communication systems facilitate lifelong learning.
سؤال
Which problem is resolved by distributed processing?

A)Lack of coordination in centralized processing
B)Lack of responsiveness in centralized processing
C)Lack of security in decentralized processing
D)Lack of individuality in decentralized processing
سؤال
_____ is a high-speed carrier service that uses ordinary phone circuits to send and receive data.

A)An analog modem
B)Digital subscriber line
C)Code division multiple access
D)A cable modem
سؤال
Transmission of data across satellites is an example of data communication through _____.

A)conducted media
B)radiated media
C)induced media
D)uprooted media
سؤال
The _____ layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)model provides services that support users' tasks, such as file transfers, database access, and e-mail.

A)Application
B)Presentation
C)Network
D)Data Link
سؤال
Identify a true statement about the different forms of sender and receiver devices.

A)Thin clients have no processing power.
B)Smart terminals are full-featured computers.
C)Workstations are the same as supercomputers.
D)Netbook computers do not save data to servers.
سؤال
In _____ data transmission, multiple pieces of data are sent simultaneously to increase the transmission rate.

A)narrowband
B)baseband
C)broadband
D)sideband
سؤال
A(n)_____ is a device that connects a user to the Internet.

A)drafter
B)modem
C)cookie
D)applet
سؤال
_____ are glass tubes surrounded by concentric layers of glass, called "cladding," to form a light path through wire cables.

A)Twisted pair cables
B)Copper line cables
C)Air-spaced coaxial cables
D)Fiber-optic cables
سؤال
In the context of data communication, a _____ is based on "line of sight."

A)twisted pair wire
B)satellite
C)coaxial cable
D)fiber-optic cable
سؤال
In _____, each department has its own computer for performing processing tasks.

A)centralized processing
B)decentralized processing
C)distributed processing
D)modular processing
سؤال
The decrease in telecommuters is an example of how the boundaries between work and personal life are becoming less clear-cut as data communication becomes more available in both homes and businesses.
سؤال
Identify an advantage of centralized processing.

A)It helps in exercising tight control over system operations and applications.
B)It is highly responsive to users' needs.
C)It has the highest fault tolerance.
D)It is highly compatible with organizational growth because workstations can be added easily.
سؤال
_____ are conducted media that can be used for both data and voice transmissions.

A)Terrestrial microwaves
B)Broadcast radios
C)Coaxial cables
D)Satellite dishes
سؤال
_____ is the amount of data that can be transferred from one point to another in one second.

A)Bandwidth
B)Packet
C)Latency
D)Protocol
سؤال
Which layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)model specifies the electrical connections between computers and the transmission medium and is primarily concerned with transmitting binary data, or bits, over a communication network?

A)Application
B)Transport
C)Data Link
D)Physical
سؤال
The _____ of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)model generates the receiver's address and ensures the integrity of messages by making sure packets are delivered without error, in sequence, and with no loss or duplication.

A)Application layer
B)Presentation layer
C)Session layer
D)Transport layer
سؤال
_____ is the physical link between a network and a workstation.

A)The session layer
B)An adapter card
C)An html address
D)A network topology
سؤال
Which layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)model formats message packets?

A)Session
B)Application
C)Presentation
D)Network
سؤال
Internet Protocol (IP)operates at the _____ of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)model.

A)Transport layer
B)Physical layer
C)Data Link layer
D)Network layer
سؤال
_____ are used to connect computers, hubs, switches, and routers to a network in a local area network (LAN).

A)Fiber-optic cables
B)Satellites
C)Ethernet cables
D)Terrestrial microwaves
سؤال
The process of deciding which path data takes on a network is called _____.

A)converging
B)diverging
C)roaming
D)routing
سؤال
_____ allows the linking of devices running on many different platforms.

A)Time Division Multiple Access
B)Transmission Control Protocol\Internet Protocol
C)A mobile telephone switching office
D)A public switched telephone network
سؤال
A hierarchical topology is also called a _____ topology.

A)layered
B)mixed
C)tree
D)vertical
سؤال
Identify an advantage of the bus topology.

A)It makes fault diagnosis easy.
B)It detects problems easily due to its centralized control.
C)It handles steady traffic well.
D)It is effective even when network traffic is heavy.
سؤال
Transmission Control Protocol operates at the _____ of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)model.

A)Network layer
B)Physical layer
C)Transport layer
D)Data Link layer
سؤال
A network _____ represents a network's physical layout.

A)utility
B)packet
C)protocol
D)topology
سؤال
In the bus topology, a hardware device called a _____ is used at each end of the cable to absorb the transmitted signal.

A)emulator
B)terminator
C)stopper
D)node
سؤال
A network interface card (NIC)operates at the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)model's _____ layers.

A)Presentation and Application
B)Session and Presentation
C)Network and Transport
D)Physical and Data Link
سؤال
In a(n)_____ topology, if any link between nodes is severed, the entire network is affected, and failure of a single node disrupts the entire network.

A)star
B)ring
C)octagonal
D)mesh
سؤال
Local area networks (LANs)are used to _____.

A)integrate services to a single building or campus
B)link computers that are geographically far apart
C)connect various wide area networks in metropolitan areas
D)provide communication services spanning several cities or states
سؤال
Identify a topology used by traditional mainframe networks.

A)A ring topology
B)A star topology
C)A mesh topology
D)A hierarchical topology
سؤال
Compared with a star topology, a hierarchical topology:

A)allows network expansion more easily.
B)has cable layouts that are easy to modify.
C)offers a great deal of network control and lower cost.
D)is more effective at handling heavy but short bursts of traffic.
سؤال
A _____ is a hardware device that allows several nodes to share one communication channel.

A)multiplexer
B)controller
C)terminator
D)router
سؤال
_____ is responsible for packet forwarding.

A)Internet Protocol
B)Transmission Control Protocol
C)User Datagram Protocol
D)Extensible Authentication Protocol
سؤال
_____  is a voice-grade transmission channel capable of transmitting a maximum of 56,000 bps.

A)Narrowband
B)Baseband
C)Broadband
D)Sideband
سؤال
_____  is a set of rules that governs data communication, including error detection, message length, and transmission speed.

A)Throughput
B)Attenuation
C)A topology
D)A protocol
سؤال
In the context of communication media, _____ media  provide a physical path along which signals are transmitted, including twisted pair copper cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optics.

A)radiated
B)conducted
C)wireless
D)non-guided
سؤال
Which event takes place in the most basic client\server configuration?

A)The results of a query are sent to the server.
B)The server sends a request to the client over a network.
C)The client receives and processes a query.
D)The user creates a query by running client software.
سؤال
In the context of the technologies developed to improve the efficiency and quality of digital communications, _____ divides each channel into six time slots.

A)Time Division Multiple Access
B)time of observation
C)statistical time division multiplexing
D)Time Slot Allocation
سؤال
In data communication, the _____ is a packet-switching service that operates at 25 Mbps and 622 Mbps, with maximum speed of up to 10 Gbps.

A)4G network
B)Asynchronous Transfer Mode
C)3G network
D)IP multimedia subsystem
سؤال
_____ refers to using a cellular phone outside of a carrier's limited service area.

A)Routing
B)Teleprocessing
C)Roaming
D)Surfing
سؤال
A(n)_____ is a network connection device that can build tables that identify addresses on each network.

A)switch
B)adapter card
C)dynamic router
D)hub
سؤال
In the early days of computer technology, which   system was justified because data-processing personnel were in short supply, hardware and software were expensive, and only large organizations could afford computers?

A)Centralized processing
B)Decentralized processing
C)Distributed processing
D)Interconnected processing
سؤال
In the context of data communication, which is true of convergence?

A)It changes the path that data takes each time a connection is made.
B)It allows the transmission of a limited amount of information in a specific period of time.
C)It requires major network upgrades, because video requires much more bandwidth.
D)It synchronizes devices before establishing a communication link.
سؤال
_____  is the loss of power in a signal as it travels from the sending device to the receiving device.

A)Attenuation
B)Convergence
C)Throughput
D)Bandwidth
سؤال
The Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2)uses _____ to obtain a master key, which is in turn used to negotiate for a key that will be used for a session.

A)Internet Protocol
B)Service Set Identifier
C)Wired Equivalent Privacy
D)Extensible Authentication Protocol
سؤال
Which statement is true of the types of client\server architectures?

A)An n-tier architecture tests software easily.
B)An n-tier architecture helps improve network performance.
C)A two-tier architecture allows easy upgrades of applications.
D)A two-tier architecture requires minor modifications in case of any changes in application logic.
سؤال
A _____ is a network operating on a radio frequency (RF), consisting of radio cells, each served by a fixed transmitter.

A)dynamic network
B)mobile network
C)mesh network
D)wired network
سؤال
A routing table lists _____.

A)nodes on a network
B)the IP address of a router
C)the protocols that each node understands
D)packets to be sent
سؤال
Horizontal scaling of a client\server architecture means _____.

A)migrating the network to decentralized servers
B)migrating the network to a faster communication media
C)adding more proxy servers
D)adding more workstations
سؤال
In the context of security of wireless networks, which is true of Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)?

A)It is suitable for large networks with high bandwidths.
B)It is the most secure system for wireless networks.
C)In WEP, keys are dynamically generated based on the user's ID and password.
D)In WEP, a key must be entered manually into the access point and the client computer.
سؤال
Communication media that use an antenna for transmitting data through air or water are called _____ .

A)radiated media
B)conducted media
C)wired media
D)guided media
سؤال
In the two-tier architecture of the client\server model, _____.

A)the presentation logic is always on the client
B)the data management logic is always on the client
C)the application logic is always on the server
D)the application logic is always on the client
سؤال
In data communication, _____ refers to integrating voice, video, and data so that multimedia information can be used for decision making.

A)immersion
B)convergence
C)telepresence
D)integration
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ملء الشاشة (f)
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Deck 6: Data Communication: Delivering Information Anywhere and Anytime
1
Ethernet is a standard communication protocol embedded in software and hardware devices used for building a local area network (LAN).
True
2
Wireless network traffic can be captured with sniffers.
True
3
WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access)keys are longer than WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)keys, and are therefore more difficult to break.
True
4
Protocols are devices that connect users to the Internet.
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5
Gigabit Ethernet is a LAN transmission standard capable of 1 Gbps and 10 Gbps data transfer speeds.
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6
Unlike the other disadvantages of wireless, throughput is expected to become a bigger problem in the future.
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7
Any packet-switching network can handle multimedia data.
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8
The data transfer speeds of local area networks (LANs)typically range from 100 Mbps to 10 Gbps.
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9
In the context of mobile networking, 3G networks have decreased the quality of Internet telephony or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP).
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10
A ring topology needs more cables to connect the nodes within a network than a star topology.
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11
An access point (AP)is the part of a wireless local area network (WLAN)that connects it to other networks.
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12
Data communication systems increase inventory costs.
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13
A company's BYOD strategy requires employees to use the organization's computers, tablets, smartphones, or other devices for work purposes.
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14
Data communication technologies make Web and video conferencing easier, which can reduce the costs of business travel.
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15
Distributed processing maintains decentralized control and centralized operations.
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16
The bus topology connects nodes along a network segment, with the ends connected in a manner similar to a ring topology.
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17
Terrestrial microwave systems use Earth-based transmitters and receivers for transmitting data.
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18
Narrowband is capable of transmitting a maximum of 60,000 bps.
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19
In a centralized processing system, processing power is distributed among several locations.
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20
EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol)keys are dynamically generated based on the user's SSID and password.
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21
Which statement is true of the different forms of sender and receiver devices?

A)Thin clients have processing power.
B)Smart terminals are full-featured computers.
C)Workstations serve as stand-alone systems.
D)Netbook computers are high-cost computers with disks.
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22
In the context of data communication, which of the following media is based on "line of sight"?

A)A terrestrial microwave
B)A mechanical wave
C)A coaxial cable
D)A fiber-optic cable
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23
_____ have the highest bandwidth of any communication medium.

A)Coaxial cables
B)Fiber-optic cables
C)Twisted pair copper cables
D)Ethernet cables
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24
Virtual meetings are not considered cost effective applications of data communication systems for managers.
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25
_____ is the electronic transfer of data from one location to another.

A)Data communication
B)Data interpretation
C)Data mining
D)Data exchange
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26
The Internet and data communication systems facilitate lifelong learning.
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27
Which problem is resolved by distributed processing?

A)Lack of coordination in centralized processing
B)Lack of responsiveness in centralized processing
C)Lack of security in decentralized processing
D)Lack of individuality in decentralized processing
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28
_____ is a high-speed carrier service that uses ordinary phone circuits to send and receive data.

A)An analog modem
B)Digital subscriber line
C)Code division multiple access
D)A cable modem
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29
Transmission of data across satellites is an example of data communication through _____.

A)conducted media
B)radiated media
C)induced media
D)uprooted media
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30
The _____ layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)model provides services that support users' tasks, such as file transfers, database access, and e-mail.

A)Application
B)Presentation
C)Network
D)Data Link
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31
Identify a true statement about the different forms of sender and receiver devices.

A)Thin clients have no processing power.
B)Smart terminals are full-featured computers.
C)Workstations are the same as supercomputers.
D)Netbook computers do not save data to servers.
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32
In _____ data transmission, multiple pieces of data are sent simultaneously to increase the transmission rate.

A)narrowband
B)baseband
C)broadband
D)sideband
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33
A(n)_____ is a device that connects a user to the Internet.

A)drafter
B)modem
C)cookie
D)applet
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34
_____ are glass tubes surrounded by concentric layers of glass, called "cladding," to form a light path through wire cables.

A)Twisted pair cables
B)Copper line cables
C)Air-spaced coaxial cables
D)Fiber-optic cables
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35
In the context of data communication, a _____ is based on "line of sight."

A)twisted pair wire
B)satellite
C)coaxial cable
D)fiber-optic cable
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36
In _____, each department has its own computer for performing processing tasks.

A)centralized processing
B)decentralized processing
C)distributed processing
D)modular processing
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37
The decrease in telecommuters is an example of how the boundaries between work and personal life are becoming less clear-cut as data communication becomes more available in both homes and businesses.
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38
Identify an advantage of centralized processing.

A)It helps in exercising tight control over system operations and applications.
B)It is highly responsive to users' needs.
C)It has the highest fault tolerance.
D)It is highly compatible with organizational growth because workstations can be added easily.
فتح الحزمة
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39
_____ are conducted media that can be used for both data and voice transmissions.

A)Terrestrial microwaves
B)Broadcast radios
C)Coaxial cables
D)Satellite dishes
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40
_____ is the amount of data that can be transferred from one point to another in one second.

A)Bandwidth
B)Packet
C)Latency
D)Protocol
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41
Which layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)model specifies the electrical connections between computers and the transmission medium and is primarily concerned with transmitting binary data, or bits, over a communication network?

A)Application
B)Transport
C)Data Link
D)Physical
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42
The _____ of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)model generates the receiver's address and ensures the integrity of messages by making sure packets are delivered without error, in sequence, and with no loss or duplication.

A)Application layer
B)Presentation layer
C)Session layer
D)Transport layer
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43
_____ is the physical link between a network and a workstation.

A)The session layer
B)An adapter card
C)An html address
D)A network topology
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44
Which layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)model formats message packets?

A)Session
B)Application
C)Presentation
D)Network
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45
Internet Protocol (IP)operates at the _____ of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)model.

A)Transport layer
B)Physical layer
C)Data Link layer
D)Network layer
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46
_____ are used to connect computers, hubs, switches, and routers to a network in a local area network (LAN).

A)Fiber-optic cables
B)Satellites
C)Ethernet cables
D)Terrestrial microwaves
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47
The process of deciding which path data takes on a network is called _____.

A)converging
B)diverging
C)roaming
D)routing
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48
_____ allows the linking of devices running on many different platforms.

A)Time Division Multiple Access
B)Transmission Control Protocol\Internet Protocol
C)A mobile telephone switching office
D)A public switched telephone network
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49
A hierarchical topology is also called a _____ topology.

A)layered
B)mixed
C)tree
D)vertical
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50
Identify an advantage of the bus topology.

A)It makes fault diagnosis easy.
B)It detects problems easily due to its centralized control.
C)It handles steady traffic well.
D)It is effective even when network traffic is heavy.
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51
Transmission Control Protocol operates at the _____ of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)model.

A)Network layer
B)Physical layer
C)Transport layer
D)Data Link layer
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52
A network _____ represents a network's physical layout.

A)utility
B)packet
C)protocol
D)topology
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53
In the bus topology, a hardware device called a _____ is used at each end of the cable to absorb the transmitted signal.

A)emulator
B)terminator
C)stopper
D)node
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54
A network interface card (NIC)operates at the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)model's _____ layers.

A)Presentation and Application
B)Session and Presentation
C)Network and Transport
D)Physical and Data Link
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55
In a(n)_____ topology, if any link between nodes is severed, the entire network is affected, and failure of a single node disrupts the entire network.

A)star
B)ring
C)octagonal
D)mesh
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56
Local area networks (LANs)are used to _____.

A)integrate services to a single building or campus
B)link computers that are geographically far apart
C)connect various wide area networks in metropolitan areas
D)provide communication services spanning several cities or states
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57
Identify a topology used by traditional mainframe networks.

A)A ring topology
B)A star topology
C)A mesh topology
D)A hierarchical topology
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58
Compared with a star topology, a hierarchical topology:

A)allows network expansion more easily.
B)has cable layouts that are easy to modify.
C)offers a great deal of network control and lower cost.
D)is more effective at handling heavy but short bursts of traffic.
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59
A _____ is a hardware device that allows several nodes to share one communication channel.

A)multiplexer
B)controller
C)terminator
D)router
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60
_____ is responsible for packet forwarding.

A)Internet Protocol
B)Transmission Control Protocol
C)User Datagram Protocol
D)Extensible Authentication Protocol
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61
_____  is a voice-grade transmission channel capable of transmitting a maximum of 56,000 bps.

A)Narrowband
B)Baseband
C)Broadband
D)Sideband
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62
_____  is a set of rules that governs data communication, including error detection, message length, and transmission speed.

A)Throughput
B)Attenuation
C)A topology
D)A protocol
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63
In the context of communication media, _____ media  provide a physical path along which signals are transmitted, including twisted pair copper cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optics.

A)radiated
B)conducted
C)wireless
D)non-guided
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64
Which event takes place in the most basic client\server configuration?

A)The results of a query are sent to the server.
B)The server sends a request to the client over a network.
C)The client receives and processes a query.
D)The user creates a query by running client software.
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65
In the context of the technologies developed to improve the efficiency and quality of digital communications, _____ divides each channel into six time slots.

A)Time Division Multiple Access
B)time of observation
C)statistical time division multiplexing
D)Time Slot Allocation
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66
In data communication, the _____ is a packet-switching service that operates at 25 Mbps and 622 Mbps, with maximum speed of up to 10 Gbps.

A)4G network
B)Asynchronous Transfer Mode
C)3G network
D)IP multimedia subsystem
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67
_____ refers to using a cellular phone outside of a carrier's limited service area.

A)Routing
B)Teleprocessing
C)Roaming
D)Surfing
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68
A(n)_____ is a network connection device that can build tables that identify addresses on each network.

A)switch
B)adapter card
C)dynamic router
D)hub
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69
In the early days of computer technology, which   system was justified because data-processing personnel were in short supply, hardware and software were expensive, and only large organizations could afford computers?

A)Centralized processing
B)Decentralized processing
C)Distributed processing
D)Interconnected processing
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70
In the context of data communication, which is true of convergence?

A)It changes the path that data takes each time a connection is made.
B)It allows the transmission of a limited amount of information in a specific period of time.
C)It requires major network upgrades, because video requires much more bandwidth.
D)It synchronizes devices before establishing a communication link.
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71
_____  is the loss of power in a signal as it travels from the sending device to the receiving device.

A)Attenuation
B)Convergence
C)Throughput
D)Bandwidth
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72
The Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2)uses _____ to obtain a master key, which is in turn used to negotiate for a key that will be used for a session.

A)Internet Protocol
B)Service Set Identifier
C)Wired Equivalent Privacy
D)Extensible Authentication Protocol
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73
Which statement is true of the types of client\server architectures?

A)An n-tier architecture tests software easily.
B)An n-tier architecture helps improve network performance.
C)A two-tier architecture allows easy upgrades of applications.
D)A two-tier architecture requires minor modifications in case of any changes in application logic.
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74
A _____ is a network operating on a radio frequency (RF), consisting of radio cells, each served by a fixed transmitter.

A)dynamic network
B)mobile network
C)mesh network
D)wired network
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75
A routing table lists _____.

A)nodes on a network
B)the IP address of a router
C)the protocols that each node understands
D)packets to be sent
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76
Horizontal scaling of a client\server architecture means _____.

A)migrating the network to decentralized servers
B)migrating the network to a faster communication media
C)adding more proxy servers
D)adding more workstations
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77
In the context of security of wireless networks, which is true of Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)?

A)It is suitable for large networks with high bandwidths.
B)It is the most secure system for wireless networks.
C)In WEP, keys are dynamically generated based on the user's ID and password.
D)In WEP, a key must be entered manually into the access point and the client computer.
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78
Communication media that use an antenna for transmitting data through air or water are called _____ .

A)radiated media
B)conducted media
C)wired media
D)guided media
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79
In the two-tier architecture of the client\server model, _____.

A)the presentation logic is always on the client
B)the data management logic is always on the client
C)the application logic is always on the server
D)the application logic is always on the client
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80
In data communication, _____ refers to integrating voice, video, and data so that multimedia information can be used for decision making.

A)immersion
B)convergence
C)telepresence
D)integration
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