Deck 12: Using Basic Descriptive Analysis Performing Population Estimates and Testing Hypotheses

Question 1

There are several measures of central tendency.Which of the following is NOT one of those measures?

A)Mean
B)Variance
C)Mode
D)Median

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The term ________ applies to any statistical measure used that somehow reflects a typical or frequent response.

A)central tendency
B)central statistic
C)frequent tendency
D)extreme average

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The ________ specifies the difference between the endpoints in a set of values arranged in order.

A)mean
B)standard deviation
C)mode
D)range

Answer 3

D

Question 4

When statistical procedures are used by marketing researchers to generalize the results of a sample to the target population that it represents,the process is referred to as:

A)Descriptive analysis.
B)Difference analysis.
C)Relationship analysis.
D)Inference analysis.

Question 5

When a researcher creates the raw percentages,then computes cumulative percentages and,by inspecting these,finds where the 50-50 break occurs,they are using which type of descriptive analysis?

A)Mode
B)Variance
C)Mean
D)Median

Question 6

Which of the following is a tabulation of the number of times that each different value appears in a particular set of values?

A)Mean
B)Range
C)Frequency distribution
D)Standard deviation

Question 7

A researcher may be investigating credit card usage and may want to see if high-income earners differ from moderate-income earners in how often they use American Express.What type of analysis might the researcher choose to compare expenditures by high-income earners versus moderate-income earners?

A)Difference analysis
B)Inference analysis
C)Relationship analysis
D)Association analysis

Question 8

A researcher who wants to see if variables,such as advertising recall scores,positively associate with intentions to buy the advertised brand would use:

A)Difference analysis.
B)Association analysis.
C)Inference analysis.
D)Relationship analysis.

Question 9

Commonly used ________ reveals central tendency(typical response)and variability(similarity of responses).

A)association analysis
B)relationships analysis
C)inference analysis
D)descriptive analysis

Question 10

The ________ is a descriptive analysis measure defined as that value in a string of numbers that occurs most often.

A)variable
B)mean
C)mode
D)median

Question 11

A researcher asks the question: "On a scale of 1 to 5,how does Starbucks rate on variety of its coffee drinks?"Which of the following descriptive statistic would the researcher likely use?

A)Range
B)Frequency and/or percentage distribution
C)Cumulative percentage distribution
D)Standard deviation

Question 12

A researcher accumulates the gender of each respondent.Which of the following descriptive statistic would he or she likely use?

A)Range
B)Frequency and/or percentage distribution
C)Cumulative percentage distribution
D)Standard deviation

Question 13

Statistical procedures and models are available to the marketing researcher to help make forecasts about future events;these fall under the category of:

A)Descriptive analysis.
B)Association analysis.
C)Relationship analysis.
D)Inference analysis.

Question 14

The problem confronting the marketing researcher when faced with a dataset is ________,which is defined as the process of describing a dataset by computing a small number of statistics that characterize various aspects of the dataset.

A)data analysis
B)data integrity
C)understanding the data book
D)choosing the data analytical software

Question 15

What is a measure of the differences of all observations from the mean,expressed as a single number?

A)Standard deviation
B)Median
C)Mode
D)Range

Question 16

Certain measures such as the mean,mode,standard deviation,and range are forms of ________ used by marketing researchers to describe the sample dataset in such a way as to portray the"typical"respondent and to reveal the general pattern of responses.

A)difference analysis
B)inference analysis
C)descriptive analysis
D)association analysis

Question 17

There are several measures of variability with each measure providing its own unique version of information that helps to describe the diversity of responses.Which of the following is NOT one of those measures of variability?

A)Frequency distribution
B)Mode
C)Range
D)Standard deviation

Question 18

The third measure of central tendency is the mean,sometimes referred to as the average.It differs from the mode and the median in that:

A)A computation is necessary.
B)A computation is unnecessary.
C)It is automatically computed.
D)It can be estimated.

Question 19

There are basic types of statistical analyses that can be used by marketing researchers to reduce a dataset.Which of the following is NOT one of those basic types of statistical analyses?

A)Descriptive analysis
B)Regression analysis
C)Inference analysis
D)Difference analysis

Question 20

A researcher asks the question: "Rank these five brands from your first choice to your fifth choice."Which of the following descriptive statistic would he or she likely use?

A)Range
B)Frequency and/or percentage distribution
C)Cumulative percentage distribution
D)Standard deviation

Question 21

What is the degree of accuracy desired by the researcher and stipulated as a level of confidence in the form of a range with a lower boundary and an upper boundary?

A)Confidence intervals
B)Sample intervals
C)Accuracy intervals
D)Statistic intervals

Question 22

What does statistical inference take into account?

A)That small random samples are more precise than are larger ones
B)That multiple small random samples are more accurate than a large one
C)That large random samples are more accurate than are small ones
D)That two large random samples are more accurate than a single small one

Question 23

Parameter estimation involves the use of three values.Which of the following is NOT one of the three values?

A)The sample statistic(such as the mean or the percentage)
B)The desired population
C)The standard error of the statistic
D)The desired level of confidence(usually 95% or 99%)

Question 24

Values that are computed from a complete census,which are considered to be precise and valid measures of the population,are referred to as:

A)Parameters.
B)Errors.
C)Variabilities.
D)Statistics.

Question 25

When presenting summarizations of data,the most useful tables are ones where a quick inspection will ________ of the findings.

A)reveal the basic pattern or patterns or the essence
B)reveal obvious outliers of the findings
C)reveal the complex patterns
D)reveal the need for more inspection

Question 26

The set of procedures in which the sample size and sample statistic are used to make an estimate of the corresponding population parameter is called:

A)Process inference.
B)Statistical inference.
C)Population inference.
D)Parameter inference.

Question 27

Nominal data are summarized with the following descriptive measures EXCEPT:

A)Percents.
B)Frequencies.
C)Variables.
D)Frequency distribution.

Question 28

The hypothesized population parameter value can be determined using:

A)A percentage and a mean.
B)A mean and a median.
C)Both a percentage and a median.
D)Either a percentage or a mean.

Question 29

The scaling assumptions underlying a question determine which ________ is appropriate.

A)inference measure
B)descriptive measure
C)difference measure
D)association measure

Question 30

A researcher asks the question: "About how many times did you buy fast food for lunch last week?"Which of the following descriptive statistic would he or she likely use?

A)Standard deviation
B)Range
C)Frequency and/or percentage distribution
D)Cumulative percentage distribution

Question 31

Researchers have two options when it comes to reporting confidence intervals to clients or readers of their marketing research reports.These options are:

A)The general case approach and the findings-specific confidence intervals approach.
B)The data analytics case approach and the general case approach.
C)The hypothesis approach and the findings-specific approach.
D)The general case approach and global findings confidence intervals approach.

Question 32

Values that are computed from information provided by a sample are referred to as the sample's:

A)parameters.
B)errors.
C)variabilities.
D)statistics.

Question 33

When using SPSS DESCRIPTIVES,always bear in mind the ________ being analyzed should be interval or ratio scaled.

A)mean
B)median
C)mode
D)variables

Question 34

With all hypothesis tests,the researcher should keep in mind that the ________ is the only source of current information about the population.

A)survey instrument
B)data analysis
C)sample
D)respondent

Question 35

There usually is some degree of variability in a sample(golfers do not use only Titleist balls;students do not always eat at Taco Bell).The ________ is a measure of the variability in a sampling distribution.

A)variability factor
B)sample statistic
C)parameter error
D)standard error

Question 36

The comparison of the sample statistic with what is believed to be the population value prior to undertaking the study is called:

A)Hypothesis testing.
B)Parameter testing.
C)Inference testing.
D)Population testing.

Question 37

With a nominal scale,the ________ is the appropriate measure of central tendency,and variation must be assessed by looking at the distribution of responses across the various response categories.

A)mean
B)median
C)mode
D)variable

Question 38

A researcher could be examining what percentage of golfers buy only Titleist balls,or might be looking at what percentage of high school students buy from Taco Bell between meals.In either case,the mean or percentage is derived from a sample,so it is:

A)The sample error.
B)The standard error.
C)The sample statistic.
D)The parameter.

Question 39

A ________ is used to approximate the population value(parameter)through the use of confidence intervals.

A)population estimate
B)statistical estimate
C)survey estimate
D)parameter estimate

Question 40

Beyond organization,there are guidelines that will ensure that the data presentation tables strongly imply that they are credible and should be taken very seriously.Which of the following is NOT one of those guidelines?

A)Use one decimal place unless convention demands otherwise.
B)Always use two-three colors in each table.
C)With scales,include a table footnote that describes the scale.
D)Only report findings that are meaningful or useful.

Question 41

The researcher uses difference analysis to determine the degree to which real but specific similarities exist in the population in order to help the manager make an enlightened decision.

Question 42

When ________ are encountered by marketing researchers,the marketing researcher performs the appropriate hypothesis test and interprets the findings.

A)implicit hypotheses
B)explicit hypotheses
C)concurrent hypotheses
D)exclusive hypotheses

Question 43

The five basic types of statistical analysis techniques are progressively more complex,but at the same time,they do not necessarily convert raw data into increasingly more useful information as they increase in complexity.

Question 44

________ is invariably more accurate than a hypothesis.

A)Respondent information
B)Sample information
C)Interviewer information
D)Test market information

Question 45

Descriptive measures are typically used early in the analysis process and become foundations for subsequent analysis.

Question 46

With a set of numbers,the mode is that number appearing least often.

Question 47

A ________ gives you the probability of support for your hypothesis based on your sample evidence and sample size.

A)market test
B)respondent test
C)hypothesis test
D)survey test

Question 48

Regression analysis is not the method of choice used by the marketing researcher to understand complex relationship connections.

Question 49

There are several guidelines in the presentation of hypothesis tests.Which of the following does not represent one of those guidelines?

A)Prepare hypothesis test results in both print and slide formats.
B)State the hypothesis.
C)Perform appropriate hypothesis test computations.
D)Determine if the hypothesis is supported or not supported by comparing the computed level of confidence

Question 50

Association analysis determines the strength and direction of relationships between two or more variables(questions in the survey).

Question 51

The basic data analysis goal involved in all measures of central tendency is to report a single piece of information that describes the most typical response to a question.

Question 52

Knowing the variability of data could greatly impact a marketing decision based on the data because it expresses how similar the respondents are to one another on the topic under examination.

Question 53

An alternative measure of central tendency is the median,which expresses the value whose occurrence lies in the middle of an ordered set of values.

Question 54

Important market segmentation information may come from difference analysis.

Question 55

Data analysis distills the dataset while retaining enough information so the client can mentally envision its salient characteristics.

Question 56

Frequencies themselves are not raw counts,and normally these frequencies cannot be converted into percentages for ease of comparison.

Question 57

Inferential statistics include hypothesis testing and estimating approximate population values without using confidence intervals.

Question 58

The ________ says that our sample is one of many theoretical samples that comprise a bell-shaped curve with the hypothesized value as the mean.

A)sampling distribution concept
B)distribution analysis concept
C)distribution percentage concept
D)theoretical percentage concept

Question 59

Measures of variability reveal the typical similarities between the values in a set of values.

Question 60

To ensure that sample information is more accurate than a hypothesis,a researcher must make sure that the sampling procedure:

A)Adheres strictly to probability sampling requirements.
B)Adheres strictly to quality requirements and assure representativeness.
C)Adheres strictly to survey instrument requirements and assure representativeness.
D)Adheres strictly to probability sampling requirements and assure representativeness.

Question 61

Typically,the researcher works with several variables or questions in the survey that are related either by the research objectives or logically.

Question 62

Population estimation is the process of using sample information to compute an interval that describes the range of a population such as the parameter mean(?)or the parameter percentage(?).

Question 63

A frequency distribution is an accounting of the occurrences of values in a set,quickly communicates all the different values in the set,and expresses how similar the values are.

Question 64

Non-scale data are summarized with the following descriptive measures: average,median,mode,standard deviation,minimum,and maximum.

Question 65

It is the researcher's responsibility to build tables or other presentation methods,such as graphs,to efficiently and effectively communicate the basic findings to a manager.

Question 66

In parameter estimation,the sample statistic is usually a mean or a percentage.

Question 67

All measures of variability are concerned with depicting the"typical"difference between the values in a set of values.

Question 68

Whenever a probability sample is drawn from a population,it is not enough to simply report the sample's descriptive statistics,for these measures contain a certain degree of error due to the sampling process.

Question 69

A frequency distribution and mode are inappropriate for nominal scales.

Question 70

Computer statistical programs cannot distinguish the level of measurement of various questions.Consequently,it is necessary for the analyst to discern the level of measurement and to select the correct procedure(s).

Question 71

Two types of statistical inference are parameter estimation and hypothesis tests.

Question 72

Marketing researchers often rely on the standard deviation when performing basic analyses,and never report it in their tables.

Question 73

The range also does not tell you how often the maximum and minimum occurred,but it does provide some information on the dispersion by indicating how far apart the extremes are found.

Question 74

Statistical inference is based on sample size and variability,which then will determine the amount of sampling error.

Question 75

The range provides the same amount of information supplied by a frequency distribution.

Question 76

The squaring operation in the standard deviation formula is used to enable the cancellation effect.

Question 77

The standard deviation embodies the properties of a bell-shaped distribution of values.

Question 78

As a general rule,statistical measures that communicate the most information should be used with scales that contain the most information;measures that communicate the least information should be used with scales that contain the least information.

Question 79

Statistics are population values,whereas parameters are corresponding sample values.

Question 80

If standard deviation is small,distribution is greatly compressed.With a large standard deviation value,the distribution is consequently stretched out at both ends.