Deck 12: Using Basic Descriptive Analysis, Performing Population Estimates, and Testing Hypotheses

Question 1

When the sample size is 30 or greater it requires the use of a ________.

A)p test
B)n test
C)z test
D)t test

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The notion of ________ underpins marketing research.

A)meaningful difference
B)meaningful significance
C)statistical significance
D)market differences

Answer 2

C

Question 3

To test whether a true difference exists between two group percentages,we test the:

A)Alternative hypothesis.
B)Causal hypothesis.
C)Null hypothesis.
D)Attributive hypothesis.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

________ means that a marketer can focus various marketing strategies and tactics,such as product design or advertising,on the market segments to accentuate the differences between the segments.

A)A measurable difference
B)A statistically significant difference
C)A meaningful difference
D)An actionable difference

Question 5

Differences are important,but a finding of statistical significance in no way guarantees which of the following?

A)Significant difference
B)Market difference
C)Meaningful difference
D)Actionable difference

Question 6

The output from statistical procedures in all software programs can be envisioned as:

A)"Green light"devices.
B)"Red light"devices.
C)"Yellow light"devices.
D)"Purple light"devices.

Question 7

________ requires that standard or innovative market segmentation bases are used,and that these bases uniquely identify the various groups so they can be analyzed and put in the marketer's targeting mechanisms.

A)Market targeting
B)Market research
C)Market planning
D)Market segmentation

Question 8

What is the marketing segmentation requirement where marketers are not working with a short-term or transitory set of differences?

A)Permanence
B)Longevity
C)Stability
D)Sustainability

Question 9

When a marketing researcher is interested in making comparisons between two groups of respondents to determine whether or not there are statistically significant differences between them,in concept,the researcher is considering them as:

A)Two potentially similar populations.
B)Two potentially different populations.
C)Two potentially different markets.
D)Two identical populations.

Question 10

A(n)________ is one that a marketing manager can potentially use as a basis for marketing decisions.

A)marginal difference
B)meaningful difference
C)suspected difference
D)unconfirmed difference

Question 11

Fundamental differences are based on all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Implied significance.
B)Statistical significance.
C)Meaningfulness.
D)Stability assessments.

Question 12

In order to be potentially useful for a marketing manager,differences must at minimum be:

A)At a ratio of 2 to 1.
B)Statistically significant.
C)New and not part of existing knowledge.
D)At a ratio of 10 to 1.

Question 13

The ________ is defined as the statistical inference test to be used with small samples sizes(n ? 30).

A)z test
B)t test
C)p test
D)n test

Question 14

A nominal variable requires that the researcher compare:

A)Means.
B)Medians.
C)Percentages.
D)Modes.

Question 15

Virtually every statistical test or procedure involves the computation of some critical statistic,and that statistic is used to determine what?

A)The measureable significance of the findings
B)The statistical significance of the findings
C)The actionable significance of the findings
D)The meaningful significance of the findings

Question 16

Meaningfulness,stability,and actionability are not statistical issues;rather,they are:

A)Marketing manager judgment calls.
B)Subject to market research validation
C)Market target issues.
D)Market differentiation issues.

Question 17

One commonly used basis for market segmentation is the discovery of all of the following differences EXCEPT for:

A)Economically viable.
B)Statistically significant.
C)Meaningful.
D)Stable.

Question 18

Statistical tests are used when a researcher wants to ________ of two different groups or samples.

A)compare the means or percentages
B)differentiate between the means or a percentage
C)compare medians or percentages
D)invalidate a means or percentage

Question 19

Most computer statistical programs report only the t value because it is:

A)Greater than the z value with large samples.
B)Smaller than the z value with small samples.
C)Less than the z value with large samples.
D)Identical to the z value with large samples.

Question 20

A scale variable requires comparing which of the following?

A)Medians
B)Percentages
C)Modes
D)Means

Question 21

The ________ in the ANOVA table indicates the level of significance.

A)Minus Sig.value
B)Sig.value
C)Null Sig.value
D)Positive Sig.value

Question 22

When a researcher wants to perform the test of significance of differences between two percentages,each representing a separate group(sample),what is the FIRST required step?

A)Subtracts the two percentages
B)Adds the two medians of the percentages
C)Divides each of the two percentages
D)A comparison of the two percentages

Question 23

ANOVA(analysis of variance)is an investigation of the differences between the group means to ascertain whether:

A)Sampling errors or true population differences explain their failure to be equal.
B)True population differences explain failure to be equal.
C)Sampling errors or true population differences explain their true equality.
D)Sampling errors explain the failure to be equal.

Question 24

When a researcher wants to compare the means of three,four,five,or more different groups,what type of analysis should be used to accomplish such multiple comparisons?

A)Multiple regression
B)Difference analysis
C)Comparison analysis
D)Analysis of variances

Question 25

A(n)__________ is that there is a true difference between two groups' population parameters.

A)null parameter
B)null hypothesis
C)alternative hypothesis
D)null alternative hypothesis

Question 26

If the Sig.value is greater than .05,what will the researcher inspect for differences?

A)The mode
B)The median
C)The means
D)The percentages

Question 27

One of the advantages of using ANOVA is that it ________,because all a researcher needs to do is to look at the Sig.value.

A)immediately notifies the researcher of potential problems
B)raises cautionary issues of concern regarding differences
C)allows the researcher to find similarities
D)immediately notifies the researcher if there is any significant difference

Question 28

When a researcher wants to perform the test of significance of differences between two percentages,each representing a separate group(sample),what is the SECOND required step?

A)The difference is translated into a number of standard errors away from the hypothesized value of zero.
B)The difference is translated into a number of standard errors closest to the hypothesized value of zero.
C)The percentage is translated into a number of standard errors away from the hypothesized value of zero.
D)The difference is translated into a number of standard errors away at the hypothesized value of zero.

Question 29

________ is the assumption of equal variances between two samples for differences testing.

A)The Test of Variances
B)Levene's Test for Equality of Variances
C)Levene's Test for Heterogeneity
D)The Staniklos-Shockley Test of Equal Common Variance

Question 30

A researcher can test the null hypothesis that no differences exist between the two group means(or percentages)by using what type of test?

A)Confidence interval test
B)Differences test
C)Chi-square test
D)Spearman correlation

Question 31

Options available to determine where the pair(s)of statistically significant differences between the means exist(s)are called?

A)Ad hoc tests
B)Hypotheses tests
C)Post hypothesis tests
D)Post hoc tests

Question 32

Using ANOVA is much more advantageous than running ________ of the significance of the difference between means.

A)multiple n tests
B)multiple z tests
C)multiple t tests
D)multiple p tests

Question 33

ANOVA is much more efficient and convenient than:

A)Performing successive independent sample similarities tests.
B)Performing successive dependent sample differences tests.
C)Performing successive independent sample differences tests.
D)Performing an independent sample differences test.

Question 34

A researcher has two percentages and wants to know if the percentages are statistically different.The researcher calculates the z value and finds that it is 4.21.This means that the two percentages:

A)Are the same.
B)Are not statistically different.
C)Have a 421 percent chance of not being different.
D)Are statistically different.

Question 35

________ is a preferred post hoc test because its presentation is easy to interpret.

A)Duncan's multiple range test
B)Scheffe's test
C)Tukey's test
D)Neuman-Keuls' test

Question 36

Markets are often comprised of a number of market segments,not just two,so ________ is a valuable tool for discovering differences between and among multiple market segments.

A)t tests
B)z tests
C)post hoc tests
D)analysis of variance

Question 37

Another advantage of using ANOVA is that it ________ so the significant differences can be located and interpreted easily.

A)arranges the means
B)arranges the medians
C)arranges the mode
D)arranges insignificant data

Question 38

The procedure for testing significance of difference between two means from two different groups(either two different samples or two different groups in the same sample)is ________ the procedure used in testing two percentages.

A)different from
B)the opposite of
C)identical to
D)similar to

Question 39

If the Sig.value is .05 or less,the researcher can use ________ to identify the pair or pairs of groups where the means are significantly different.

A)a null hypothesis for differences test
B)analysis of variance
C)paired samples test for the difference between two means
D)a post hoc procedure such as Duncan's multiple range test

Question 40

ANOVA is a"________"procedure that signals when at least one pair of means is significantly different.

A)red light
B)green light
C)yellow light
D)purple light

Question 41

Differences are important and one of the most useful marketing management concepts is market segmentation.

Question 42

To be useful to the marketing researcher or manager,differences must,if statistically significant,be measurable and actionable.

Question 43

The reporting of findings has ________ for the marketing researcher,as he or she cannot choose to report only"good news"to the client.

A)a significant ethical burden
B)a significant revenue burden
C)significant professional implications
D)significant career implications

Question 44

When using a paired samples test for the difference between two means,________;otherwise,the test would be analyzing differences.

A)the means must be measured independently
B)the variables should not be measured on the same scale
C)the variables must be measured on the same scale
D)the non-variables must be measured on the same scale

Question 45

Market differentiation is based on differences between groups of consumers.

Question 46

With the proliferation of data mining analysis due to scanner data with tens of thousands of records,online surveys that garner thousands of respondents,and other ways to capture very large samples,there is a very real danger of finding a great deal of statistical significance that is not meaningful.

Question 47

An actionable difference means that the marketer can focus various marketing strategies and tactics,such as product design or advertising,on the market segments to accentuate the differences between the segments.

Question 48

Statistically significant differences are the beginning point for market segmentation and savvy target marketing.Meaningfulness,stability,and actionability are not statistical issues;rather,they are ________.

A)marketing manager judgment calls
B)determined by outside market factors
C)sales management judgment calls
D)determined by internal corporate factors

Question 49

Marketing researchers usually construct a ________ that summarizes the significant differences in an efficient manner when reporting group differences.

A)comparison of means tables
B)comparison of significant findings
C)comparison table
D)group comparison table

Question 50

A finding of statistical significance in no way guarantees"meaningful"difference.

Question 51

A measurable difference is one that the marketing manager can potentially use as a basis for marketing decisions.

Question 52

When a researcher wants to determine if two means of two different questions using the same scale format and answered by the same respondents in the sample are significantly different,they would use what type of test?

A)Paired samples test for the difference between respondents
B)Paired samples test for the difference between two means
C)Paired samples test for the difference between two medians
D)Non-paired samples test for the difference between two means

Question 53

There is a clear-cut need to investigate differences among consumer groups for consumer marketers,but not as clear for business establishments for B2B(business-to-business)marketers.

Question 54

Apparent differences between and among market segments are not usually subjected to tests that assess their statistical significance.

Question 55

To be potentially useful to the marketing researcher or manager,differences must,at minimum,be statistically significant.

Question 56

One commonly used basis for market segmentation is the discovery of(1)statistically significant, (2)meaningful, (3)stable,and(4)actionable differences.

Question 57

Market segmentation holds that different types of consumers have different requirements,and these differences can be the bases of marketing strategies.

Question 58

Meaningfulness,stability,and actionability are statistical issues;they are not within the purview of a marketing manager.

Question 59

Even if differences are statistically significant and meaningful,they do not necessarily need to be stable.

Question 60

Market segmentation is very prevalent,and whenever significant differences are found,they may:

A)Result in sales strategy changes.
B)Enable global market entry.
C)Change marketing mix components.
D)Represent important market segmentation implications.

Question 61

SPSS will always determine the correct significance level whether it is a t or a z,you do not need to worry about which statistic to use.

Question 62

With a differences test,the null hypothesis states there are significant differences between the percentages(or means)being compared.

Question 63

Market segmentation requires that standard or innovative market segmentation bases are used,and that these bases uniquely identify the various groups so they can be analyzed and put in the marketer's targeting mechanisms.

Question 64

It is a simple matter to apply formulas to percentages to determine the significance of their differences,for all that is needed is the sample size of each group.

Question 65

Statistical tests are used when a researcher wants to compare the medians of two different groups or samples.

Question 66

Virtually every statistical test or procedure involves the computation of some critical statistic,and that statistic is used to determine the statistical significance of the findings.

Question 67

A researcher must fall back on statistical significance to determine whether the difference that is found between the two sample statistics is a true population difference.

Question 68

The procedure for testing significance of difference between two means from two different groups is identical to that used in testing two percentages.However,the equations differ because a scale variable is involved.

Question 69

SPSS does not perform tests of the significance of the difference between the percentages of two groups,but the researcher can use SPSS to generate the relevant information and perform a hand calculation.

Question 70

The computation of the z value makes the assumption that the raw data for most statistics under scrutiny have normal or bell-shaped distributions.

Question 71

ANOVA is used when comparing the means of three or more groups.

Question 72

Once the number of standard errors is known,knowledge of the area under the normal curve will yield an assessment of the probability of support for the null hypothesis.

Question 73

Statisticians have been able to show that the normal bell curve property also occurs when the sample size is 30 observations or fewer.

Question 74

With SPSS,the analyses of differences are referred to as Z tests.

Question 75

If the null hypothesis is true,when you subtract one group mean from the other,the result should be zero or a negative number.

Question 76

The t test is defined as the statistical inference test to be used with large samples sizes(n ? 30).

Question 77

With a differences test,the researcher tests the null hypothesis that no differences exist between the two group means(or percentages).

Question 78

Independent samples are treated as representing two potentially different populations.

Question 79

The sample size of 30 or greater requires the use of a z test.

Question 80

The second step in determining differences between percentages with two groups,requires that this difference be translated into a number of standard errors away from the hypothesized value of zero.