Deck 14: Making Use of Associations Tests

Question 1

________ are useful because they determine if there is a consistent and systematic relationship between the presence(label)or amount(level)of one variable and the presence(label)or amount(level)of another variable.

A)Systematic analysis processes
B)Strategic relationship models
C)Associative analysis procedures
D)Relational databases

Answer 1

C

Question 2

When the researcher determines that a true relationship does exist in the population by means of the correct statistical test,he or she then establishes its:

A)Direction or pattern.
B)Pattern and specificity.
C)Significance or pattern.
D)Direction or significance.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A ________ describes the situation in which knowledge of the amount of one variable will automatically yield knowledge of the amount of the other variable as a consequence.

A)linear relationship
B)monotonic relationship
C)curvilinear relationship
D)nonmonotonic relationship

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In a ________,the researcher can assign a general direction to the association between the two variables.

A)linear relationship
B)curvilinear relationship
C)monotonic relationship
D)nonmonotonic relationship

Question 5

________ often provide researchers with insights that lead to understanding even though they are not cause-and-effect relationships.

A)Non-statistical relationships
B)Statistical linkages or relationships
C)Strategic relationships
D)Relational databases

Question 6

There are statistical analyses beyond simple descriptive measures,statistical inference,and differences tests including ________,which determine whether a stable relationship exists between two variables.

A)associative analyses
B)analysis of variance analyses
C)regression analyses
D)predictive analyses

Question 7

When a researcher refers to finding that a systematic relationship exists between the two variables of interest in the population,he or she is referring to which relationship characteristic?

A)Absence
B)Presence
C)Direction
D)Strength of association

Question 8

An index number,constrained to fall between -1.0 and +1.0,that communicates both the strength and the direction of a linear relationship between two scale variables is a:

A)Standard deviation.
B)Correlation coefficient.
C)Covariant.
D)Standard error.

Question 9

Regardless of its absolute value,a correlation that is not statistically significant:

A)Has some perceptible meaning.
B)Has significant meaning.
C)Requires additional examination.
D)Has no meaning at all.

Question 10

When a researcher talks about the amount of change in one variable systematically associated with a change in another variable,he or she is speaking about:

A)Systematic association.
B)Standard deviation.
C)Covariation.
D)Correlation.

Question 11

There are four basic types of relationships between two variables.Which of the following is NOT one of those four basic types?

A)Linear
B)Curvilinear
C)Nonmonotonic
D)Elliptical

Question 12

Researchers may know whether the relationship between variables is positive or negative.However,when a researcher refers to ________,it means they know the general nature of the relationship.

A)pattern
B)essential
C)specificity
D)direction

Question 13

________,first determine the type of relationship,and then perform the appropriate statistical test.

A)Based on sample size
B)Based on type of software analysis
C)Based on research requirement
D)Based on scaling assumptions

Question 14

Depending on its type,a relationship can usually be characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Its absence.
B)Its presence.
C)Its direction.
D)Its strength of association.

Question 15

The situation in which one variable is associated with another variable,but in this case the relationship is described by a curve rather than a straight line describes what type of relationship?

A)A linear relationship
B)A curvilinear relationship
C)A semi-curvilinear relationship
D)A monotonic relationship

Question 16

________ means the researcher knows if the relationship between variables is positive or negative.

A)Significance
B)General
C)Pattern
D)Direction

Question 17

In the cases of ________,associations may be described with regard to direction.

A)nonmonotonic and linear relationships
B)nonmonotonic and curvilinear relationships
C)monotonic and linear relationships
D)elliptical and curvilinear relationships

Question 18

________ are those in which there is a high probability that the two variables will exhibit a dependable relationship,regardless of the type of relationship being analyzed.

A)High correlations
B)Strong associations
C)High variabilities
D)High dependencies

Question 19

A ________ is one in which the presence(or absence)of a label for one variable is systematically associated with the presence(or absence)of a label for another variable.

A)non-linear relationship
B)non-curvilinear relationship
C)non-elliptical relationship
D)nonmonotonic relationship

Question 20

A relationship which is described as one in which there is a low probability that two variables will exhibit a dependable relationship is referred to as:

A)A high degree of association.
B)A strong association.
C)A low degree of association.
D)Weak probability.

Question 21

If a Chi-square analysis yielded a .02 significance level for the null hypothesis,the researcher would conclude that only 2% of the time would he or she find evidence to support the null hypothesis.Since the null hypothesis is not supported,this means there:

A)Is no significant association.
B)Is a need to perform multiple Chi-square analyses.
C)Is a significant association.
D)There may be inaccurate conclusions regarding the calculation.

Question 22

What type of analysis includes the examination of frequencies for two nominally scaled variables in a cross-tabulation table to determine whether the variables have a statistically significant nonmonotonic relationship?

A)Two independent samples test
B)Chi-square test
C)Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test
D)Analysis of variables(ANOVA)

Question 23

With what type of diagram can covariation be examined?

A)Venn diagram
B)Scatter diagram
C)Cause and effect
D)Flowchart diagram

Question 24

To reveal the nonmonotonic relationships found to be significant in cross-tabulation tables,researchers often turn to ________,which show the relationships very adequately.

A)tabular presentations
B)real-life examples
C)side-by-side comparisons
D)graphical presentations

Question 25

If you found a significant correlation of .83 between years of education and hours spent attending San Francisco Giants' baseball games,it would mean that:

A)People with more education spend more time attending Giants' baseball games.
B)People with less education spend more time attending Giants' baseball games.
C)People with more education spend less time attending Giants' baseball games.
D)People with less education spend less time attending Giants' baseball games.

Question 26

________ are the actual cell counts in the cross-tabulation table.

A)Calculated frequencies
B)Non-observed frequencies
C)Observed frequencies
D)Estimated frequencies

Question 27

Any correlation that is ? absolute value of .20 is typically uninteresting to marketing researchers because it:

A)Never identifies a meaningful association between two variables.
B)Only raises additional issues that go beyond the scope of the calculations.
C)Raises issues related to validity and accuracy.
D)Rarely identifies a meaningful association between two variables.

Question 28

A cross-tabulation table is sometimes referred to as a(n):

A)r × c table.
B)t × n table.
C)c × x table.
D)z x t table.

Question 29

Correlations that fall between the absolute values of ________ generally indicate a"strong"association.

A)1.00 and .81
B).80 and .61
C).60 and .41
D).21 and .40

Question 30

________ indicates not only the degree of association but the direction as well-the sign of the correlation coefficient indicates the direction of the relationship.

A)Pearson product moment correlation
B)Kendall rank correlation
C)Spearman correlation
D)Rank-Biserial correlation

Question 31

The ________ contains the raw numbers determined from the preliminary tabulation.

A)cumulative standardized normal distribution table
B)t distribution table
C)binominal distribution table
D)frequencies table

Question 32

Losing sight of this step is entirely possible when a statistical analysis program issues a great many correlations often in a layout that is confusing to first-time data analysts:

A)Taking time to organize a visually cogent presentation.
B)Taking time to see if a significant correlation exists before reporting it.
C)Taking enough time to learn the datalytics and visualization.
D)Taking enough time to see if research results correlate with research objectives.

Question 33

Any correlation that falls between the absolute value range of ________ is usually considered indicative of a"weak"association between the variables.

A).80 and .61
B)1.00 and .81
C).21 and .40
D).60 and .41

Question 34

The degree to which the observed frequencies depart from the expected frequencies is expressed in a single number called the:

A)Chi-square test statistic.
B)t-test statistic.
C)z-test statistic.
D)Analysis of variable statistic.

Question 35

Correlation coefficients that fall between the absolute values of 1.00 and .81 are generally considered to be:

A)Very strong.
B)Somewhat strong.
C)Very weak.
D)Somewhat weak.

Question 36

What correlation coefficient measures the linear relationship between two interval- and/or ratio-scaled variables(scale variables)such as those depicted conceptually by scatter diagrams?

A)Kendall rank correlation
B)Spearman correlation
C)Pearson product moment correlation
D)Rank-Biserial correlation

Question 37

The Chi-square distribution's shape changes depending on:

A)The number of rows.
B)The number of degrees of freedom.
C)The number in the sample.
D)The number of restricted degrees.

Question 38

Observed frequencies are compared to ________,which are defined as the theoretical frequencies that are derived from this hypothesis of no association between the two variables.

A)calculated frequencies
B)non-observed frequencies
C)estimated frequencies
D)expected frequencies

Question 39

What is used to determine whether a nonmonotonic relationship exists between two nominal-scaled variables?

A)Tabulation analysis and t tests
B)Cross-tabulation and t tests
C)Cross-tabulation and Chi-square tests
D)Tabulation analysis and chi-square tests

Question 40

When a researcher uses the Pearson product moment correlation,two highly correlated variables will appear on a scatter diagram as what?

A)A tight hexagonal
B)A single small square
C)Two triangular patterns
D)A tight ellipse pattern

Question 41

Presence refers to the finding that a systematic relationship exists between the two variables of interest in the population,but is not a statistical issue.

Question 42

If two variables have nominal-scaling assumptions,a researcher would use what type of analysis?

A)Cross-tabulation analysis
B)Analysis of variance
C)Regression analysis
D)Multivariate analysis

Question 43

The greater the absolute size of the correlation coefficient,the greater is the covariation between the two variables,or the stronger is their relationship.

Question 44

Some associative analysis statistics,such as correlations,may not indicate the strength of the relationship in a straightforward manner-that is,just by their absolute size.

Question 45

A relationship is a consistent and systematic linkage between the levels for two scale variables or between the labels for two ordinal variables.

Question 46

Correlation will not detect ________ between variables.

A)nonlinear relationships
B)linear relationships
C)significant relationships between variables
D)parallel significance

Question 47

There is an orderly procedure for determining the presence,direction,and strength of a relationship,

Question 48

When a researcher ________,but still believes some relationship exists between two variables,he or she may resort to running a scatter plot.

A)finds an indication that there is an association
B)cannot calculate a significant association
C)does not find a significant or strong correlation
D)cannot justify more expensive research to find a significant correlation

Question 49

A ________ allows a researcher to visually inspect the plotted points and possibly to spot a systematic nonlinear relationship.

A)line graph
B)stacked bar chart
C)multiple line graph
D)scatter plot

Question 50

In a linear relationship,knowledge of the amount of one variable will automatically yield knowledge of the amount of the other variable as a consequence of applying the linear or straight-line formula that is known to exist between them.

Question 51

Associative analyses determine whether stable relationships exist between two variables.

Question 52

You might be tempted to believe that more company salespeople cause more company sales or that an increase in the competitor's salesforce in a territory takes away sales.Correlation should:

A)Reaffirm that cause-and-effect relationships exist.
B)Not be interpreted to demonstrate such cause-and-effect relationships.
C)Not be interpreted to demonstrate corporate revenue would be affected.
D)Confirm that relationships between two different sales variables exist.

Question 53

A curvilinear relationship means a very smooth curve pattern.However,it does not clearly describe the association.

Question 54

In a nonmonotonic relationship,only the general pattern of presence or absence is known.

Question 55

A monotonic relationship means the researcher knows the general direction(increasing or decreasing)of the relationship between two variables.

Question 56

A handy graphical tool that illustrates a nonmonotonic relationship is a ________ in which two variables are accommodated simultaneously.

A)stacked bar chart
B)horizontal bar chart
C)grouped bar chart
D)pie chart

Question 57

Strong associations are those in which there is a high probability that the two variables will exhibit independent relationships,regardless of the type of relationship being analyzed.

Question 58

There are five basic types of relationships between two variables: linear,curvilinear,elliptical,monotonic,and nonmonotonic.

Question 59

A correlational survey was repeated many,many times and computed the average for a correlation that was not significant across all of these surveys,however,eventually the researcher would get some statistical significance.

Question 60

With associative analysis,the null hypothesis states there is no association(relationship)present in the population and the appropriate statistical test is applied to test this hypothesis.

Question 61

The column percentages table divides the raw frequencies by the column total raw frequency.

Question 62

In reporting correlation findings,researchers should keep in mind that they must adhere to the marketing research industry standard on how to report statistically significant correlations to clients.

Question 63

The correlation coefficient that can be computed between two variables is a measure of the"separation"of the scatter points to the straight line.

Question 64

Researchers should follow a procedure for reporting correlation findings with one of the primary guidelines being that the researcher must test to determine that a significant correlation has been found before reporting it.

Question 65

The Pearson product moment correlation measures the circular relationship between two interval-and/or ratio-scaled variables(scale variables)such as those depicted conceptually by Venn diagrams.

Question 66

Any correlation that is equal to or greater than the absolute value of .20 is typically uninteresting to marketing researchers because it rarely identifies a meaningful association between two variables.

Question 67

Cross-tabulation can only be used for two variables;each variable must have well-defined labels.

Question 68

With correlation analysis,each correlation will have a unique significance level.

Question 69

Chi-square analysis assesses the statistical significance of monotonic associations in cross- tabulation tables.

Question 70

Pearson product moment correlation and other linear association correlation coefficients indicate not only the degree of association but the direction as well.

Question 71

Rules of thumb exist concerning the strength of a correlation based on its absolute size.

Question 72

Raw percentages are row frequencies divided by the grand total.

Question 73

In using the Pearson product moment correlation,positive correlation coefficients reveal that the relationship is increasing: Larger quantities of one variable are associated with larger quantities of another variable.

Question 74

It is important to note that the angle or the slope of an ellipse has everything to do with the size of the correlation coefficient.Everything hinges on the width of the ellipse.

Question 75

Within the guidelines on the reporting of correlation findings,marketing researchers usually have a"target"or a"focal"variable in mind,and they look at correlations of other variables of interest with this target variable.

Question 76

A cross-tabulation table is sometimes referred to as an"r × c"(r-by-c)table.

Question 77

The correlation for a ball-shaped scatter diagram is zero because there is no discernable linear relationship.

Question 78

In using the Pearson product moment correlation,negative correlation coefficients reveal that the relationship is opposite: As one variable increases,the other variable increases.

Question 79

A cross-classification table can have four types of numbers in each cell: frequency,raw percentage,column percentage,and row percentage.

Question 80

The frequencies table(often referred to as the observed frequencies table)contains calculated numbers determined from the completed tabulation.