Deck 14: Tectonism and Volcanism

Question 1

A structural downfold is known as a(n)____. ​

A)rift
B)anticline
C)overthrust
D)syncline
E)graben

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The many parallel ridges and valleys of the large Basin and Range region of the western United States are the result of normal faults. ​

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Exogenic processes, which originate at Earth's surface, tend to increase relief. ​

Answer 3

False

Question 4

An earthquake on a strike-slip fault could offset fence lines and roads on the surface. ​

Question 5

Strike-slip faults have primarily horizontal, rather than vertical, motion. ​

Question 6

Crustal folding is due to compressional tectonic forces. ​

Question 7

A fold in rocks can occupy anywhere from a few centimeters to multiple kilometers. ​

Question 8

The strike of a rock is the angle it is inclined from the horizontal. ​

Question 9

The eruption of molten rock material from Earth's subsurface to the exterior is called volcanism. ​

Question 10

Lower viscosity magmas will result in more explosive volcanic eruptions. ​

Question 11

The slippage or displacement of rocks along a fracture surface is ____. ​

A)jointing
B)plutonism
C)relief
D)faulting
E)folding

Question 12

The least explosive volcanic eruptions usually come from which type of volcano? ​

A)calderas
B)shield volcanoes
C)composite cones
D)cinder cones
E)plug domes

Question 13

Erosion, transportation, and deposition are all endogenic processes.

Question 14

Compressional forces can result in either normal faults or thrust faults. ​

Question 15

The East Coast of the United States has the highest risk of earthquakes. ​

Question 16

Inclination is always measured ______. ​

A)from the left based on the compass direction of the strike
B)from the right based on the compass direction of the strike
C)based on a 360 degree scale
D)at right angles to the dip
E)at right angles to the strike

Question 17

A lava flow is an example of an effusive volcanic eruption. ​

Question 18

Eruptions of volcanic ash are not considered hazardous to people. ​

Question 19

Faulting occurs when compressional forces are applied to rocks that are ductile rather than brittle. ​

Question 20

Laccoliths are made by ____.

A)pyroclastic flows
B)plug dome eruptions
C)compressional tectonic forces
D)shearing tectonic forces
E)igneous rock intrusions

Question 21

Compressional tectonic forces may result in the formation of ____. ​

A)normal faults
B)anticlines and synclines
C)horsts
D)strike-slip faults
E)grabens

Question 22

A dip-slip fault resulting from tensional forces is called a ____. ​

A)reverse fault
B)normal fault
C)lateral fault
D)joint
E)thrust fault

Question 23

Which type of volcano is composed of both lava flows and pyroclastic materials? ​

A)shield volcanoes
B)composite cones
C)cinder cones
D)fissures
E)stock

Question 24

Sills are ____. ​

A)composed of extrusive igneous rock
B)mushroom-shaped flows of basalt
C)vertical walls of intrusive igneous rock cutting across rock layers
D)horizontal sheets of intrusive igneous rock between rock layers
E)the largest type of igneous intrusion

Question 25

Normal faults are ____. ​

A)associated with forces that push rocks together
B)a type of strike-slip fault
C)associated with anticlines and synclines
D)produced by shearing tectonic forces
E)associated with tensional tectonic forces

Question 26

A fault along which rocks move up or down is called a ____.

A)joint-slip fault
B)strike-slip fault
C)dip-slip fault
D)down-slip fault
E)lateral fault

Question 27

The subsurface location where rock displacement and the resulting earthquake originate is the ____. ​

A)scarp
B)dip
C)epicenter
D)strike
E)focus

Question 28

An increase in earthquake moment magnitude by one whole number (for example, from 6 to 7)on the Richter scale means that the energy released has increased by a factor of about ____. ​

A)3
B)32
C)330
D)3,000
E)31,000

Question 29

The slow, subsurface cooling of magma into various types of intrusive igneous rock masses is called ____. ​

A)pahoehoe
B)pyroclastic
C)plutonism
D)effusive eruption
E)volcanism

Question 30

Relief refers specifically to a landscape's ____. ​

A)latitude
B)earthquake hazard potential
C)volcanic hazard potential
D)elevation difference between the highest and lowest points
E)population density

Question 31

An earthquake epicenter is the ____. ​

A)point where the seismograph is located
B)point in the subsurface where movement along the fault occurs
C)geographic center of a group of related earthquakes
D)point on the surface directly above where a fault rupture occurs
E)the strongest in a series of earthquake aftershocks

Question 32

Pahoehoe is best described as ____. ​

A)blocky and angular
B)ropy
C)intrusive
D)a type of columnar jointing
E)a volcanic fissure

Question 33

Endogenic processes ____. ​

A)originate on Earth's surface
B)decrease relief
C)include tectonic processes
D)include erosion
E)include weathering

Question 34

The steepest angle that a pile of loose material can maintain without rocks sliding or rolling downslope is called the ____. ​

A)dip-slip
B)angle of repose
C)sill
D)strike
E)scarp

Question 35

Explosive eruptions at Earth's surface produce ____. ​

A)batholiths
B)pyroclastic materials
C)shield volcanoes
D)low-viscosity lavas that can flow long distances before solidifying
E)effusive eruptions

Question 36

The modified Mercalli scale measures ____. ​

A)earthquake focus depth
B)earthquake damage
C)earthquake magnitude
D)eruption volume
E)eruption type

Question 37

Batholiths are ____. ​

A)the largest type of volcano
B)formed by tensional tectonic forces
C)composed of tephra
D)vertical walls of extrusive igneous rock
E)composed of intrusive igneous rock

Question 38

Crater Lake in Oregon occupies a(n)____. ​

A)graben
B)caldera
C)syncline
D)anticline
E)fissure

Question 39

Which type of volcano has the "classic volcano shape", with concave slopes that are gentle near the base and steep near the top? ​

A)shield volcanoes
B)composite cones
C)cinder cones
D)fissures
E)calderas

Question 40

Moment magnitude measures ____. ​

A)energy released in a volcanic eruption
B)energy released in an earthquake
C)distance between an earthquake's epicenter and focus
D)damage done by a volcanic eruption
E)damage done by an earthquake

Question 41

A medium (such as water)that picks up, moves, and eventually lays down pieces of broken or dissolved rock matter is called a geomorphic _______________. ​

Question 42

Tectonic forces that pull parts of the crust away from each other are known as _______________ tectonic forces. ​

Question 43

A structural upfold of rock is called a(n)_______________. ​

Question 44

Masses of igneous rock that cooled and solidified beneath the surface are called igneous _______________.

Question 45

Why are plug dome volcanoes considered dangerous? ​

Question 46

The _______________ of a rock layer is the compass direction of the line that would mark the intersection of a tilted rock layer and a horizontal plane. ​

Question 47

The bending or crumpling of ductile rock layers is called _______________. ​

Question 48

The San Andreas fault in California is a(n)_______________ fault.

Question 49

The study of the origin and development of landforms is specifically called _______________. ​

Question 50

Deep fractures from which lava erupts are called _______________. ​

Question 51

A cliff that results from movement along a fault is called a(n)_______________. ​

Question 52

A(n)_______________ is a thin, horizontal sheet of igneous rock that solidified between rock layers within the Earth. ​

Question 53

Wall-like igneous intrusions that cut across surrounding rocks are called _______________. ​

Question 54

A fault block that moves relatively upward (that is, actually moved upward or remained in place while adjacent blocks slid downward)between two normal faults is called a(n)_______________. ​

Question 55

What is the main factor that determines whether a volcanic eruption is explosive or effusive? How does that factor affect eruptions in this way? ​

Question 56

A large depression left after a huge volcanic eruption is called a(n)_______________. ​

Question 57

A(n)_______________ is a fault block that has been downdropped between two normal faults. ​

Question 58

Discuss multiple factors that can cause a less powerful earthquake (one that released less energy)to be more deadly and destructive than a more powerful earthquake. ​

Question 59

Explain, in general terms, how the moment magnitude earthquake scale works. For example, is a magnitude 2.0 earthquake slightly smaller than a magnitude 3.0, and half as energetic as a magnitude 4.0?

Question 60

Describe the composition of a cinder cone. ​