Deck 7: Deviance, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System

Question 1

Deviance does not vary in terms of time, situation, group, or culture.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Primary deviance is the initial act of breaking a rule.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of informal deviance?

A) Molestation
B) Belching loudly
C) Murder
D) Prostitution
E) Cyber theft

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is a characteristic of deviance?

A) Perceptions of deviance remain the same across all human beings irrespective of age, caste, ethnicity, gender, or religion.
B) Traits and beliefs are not considered as deviance.
C) Perceptions of deviance are defined by every individual instead of being defined or influenced by laws.
D) Perceptions of deviance can change over time.
E) Public attitudes and perception of deviance are independent of each other.

Question 5

Which of the following is true of stigmatized individuals?

A) They have an aversion toward music, sports, and other lifestyle activities.
B) They are kept in mental asylums for the safety of others.
C) They are kept in separate prisons designed especially for them.
D) They hide information about some aspect of their deviance.
E) They are respected in the society as they are changed individuals.

Question 6

It is usually easy for powerful people to hide their deviance.

Question 7

Hate crimes are also known as public order crimes.

Question 8

Measuring criminal deviance is simple and straightforward.

Question 9

The term anomie was introduced to describe the condition in which people are completely sure of how to behave in front of other people.

Question 10

Suicide is the most common criminal deviance.

Question 11

Deviance is universal because it exists in every society.

Question 12

Deviance is dysfunctional because it increases confidence in institutions.

Question 13

Rehabilitation, one of the approaches to controlling deviance, maintains that appropriate treatment can change offenders into productive, law-abiding citizens.

Question 14

One of the reasons for female victimization is the effect of culture on gender roles.

Question 15

White-collar crimes do not involve violence.

Question 16

Deviance is independent of social stigmas.

Question 17

Dressing inappropriately is an example of formal deviance.

Question 18

Deviance cannot be considered a crime.

Question 19

People become deviant, according to sociologist Edwin Sutherland, if they have more contact with significant others who violate laws than with those who are law-abiding.

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of normalization of deviance?

A) Accepting same-sex marriage in some countries
B) Banning smoking in all public places
C) Altering appearances due to stigmatization
D) Subjugating women in society
E) Stigmatizing obesity in teenagers

Question 21

Which of the following is a similarity between the FBI's Uniform Crime Report (UCR) and the U.S. Department of Justice's National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?

A) Both interview people about being crime victims.
B) Both include offenses such as corporate crime, kidnapping, and Internet crimes.
C) Both include data of reported and unreported crime.
D) Both are not affected by police discretion in deciding whether to arrest an offender.
E) Both provide only estimates of U.S. crime and not the actual figures.

Question 22

_____ are primarily middle-class crimes that include offenses such as software piracy, bootlegging musical recordings and movies, selling company trade secrets, and copyright violations.

A) Hate crimes
B) Blue-collar crimes
C) Corporate crimes
D) Intellectual property thefts
E) Informal deviances

Question 23

Which of the following is an example of an intellectual property theft?

A) Joan has a bias toward her classmate Rafia's ethnicity and bullies and steals from her.
B) Shaina steals clothes and accessories from the local flea market and sells them online through her Facebook page.
C) Jack, an auto mechanic, uses his customers' cars without their knowledge.
D) Dave, a sales manager, sells some of his company's classified reports to a competitor.
E) Daniel steals his classmate Cavin's chemistry textbook and uses it to pass the final exam.

Question 24

Which of the following is true of the U.S. Department of Justice's National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?

A) It includes data of only reported crimes.
B) It does not include offenses such as corporate crime, kidnapping, and Internet crimes.
C) It offers a lesser accurate picture of many offenses than other reports.
D) It does not represent the actual crime rate in the U.S. as it is affected by police discretion in deciding whether to arrest an offender.
E) It uses data collected by interviewing crime victims.

Question 25

_____ include a vast array of illicit activities such as conspiracies to stifle free market competition, price-fixing, tax evasion, and false advertising.

A) Informal deviances
B) Cybercrimes
C) Blue-collar crimes
D) Intellectual property thefts
E) Corporate crimes

Question 26

Which of the following crimes is considered a criminal deviance?

A) Adult pornography
B) Alcoholism
C) Suicide
D) Mental illness
E) Intellectual property theft

Question 27

One of the shortcomings of the FBI's Uniform Crime Report (UCR) is that it does not include:

A) corporate crime, kidnapping, and Internet crimes.
B) crimes against women.
C) crimes reported to police.
D) crimes committed by black American offenders.
E) non-violent crimes.

Question 28

Which of the following is true of white-collar crimes?

A) They cause significant public harm.
B) They are not as serious as property crimes.
C) They involve a lot of violence.
D) They are primarily middle-class crimes.
E) They are not lucrative as most offenders are caught easily.

Question 29

_____ include defrauding consumers with bogus financial investments, embezzling, sabotaging computer systems, hacking, and stealing confidential personal and business information.

A) Informal deviances
B) Cybercrimes
C) Victimless crimes
D) Intellectual property thefts
E) Violent crimes

Question 30

Aaron and his friends engage in illegal activities online. They sell cars online for a full or partial payment but do not deliver the vehicle. At times, they also ask for the Social Security numbers of unassuming buyers in the pretense of verifying their credibility. In this case, Aaron and his friends are engaged in _____.

A) computer crime
B) victimless crime
C) violent crime
D) corporate crime
E) organizational crime

Question 31

Sociologists are especially interested in criminal deviance, behavior that violates laws, because it:

A) is easy to measure.
B) threatens people's lives or property.
C) is ignored by other theorists.
D) has consistent statistics, unlike noncriminal deviances.
E) always follows a synchronous pattern.

Question 32

Which of the following crimes is considered a noncriminal deviance?

A) Human trafficking
B) Molestation
C) Suicide
D) Cyber crime
E) Intellectual property theft

Question 33

Which of the following is true of the FBI's Uniform Crime Report (UCR)?

A) It includes crimes reported to the police and arrests made each year.
B) It primarily deals with corporate crime, kidnapping, and Internet crimes.
C) It offers a more accurate picture of many offenses than other reports.
D) It contains an exhaustive list of property crimes.
E) It overcomes the limitations of victimization surveys.

Question 34

Which of the following crimes involves a practice known as e-fencing?

A) White-collar crime
B) Violent crime
C) Corporate crime
D) Victimless crime
E) Organized retail crime

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of a violent crime?

A) Robbery
B) Motor-vehicle theft
C) Arson
D) Intellectual property theft
E) Cybercrime

Question 36

Which of the following is true of street crimes?

A) Offenders of street crimes are easily caught.
B) Street crimes are random.
C) Street crimes are committed by ordinary people.
D) Street crimes do not involve violence.
E) Most offenders of street crimes are above the age of 55.

Question 37

Which of the following is true of intellectual property thefts?

A) They are primarily middle-class crimes.
B) The offenders are easy to catch.
C) They are seldom reported to the police.
D) The offenders are always high-status people.
E) They are obsolete since the year 2000.

Question 38

Which of the following is true of cybercrime?

A) Cybercrime and cyber espionage cost the United States about $10 million a year.
B) Cybercrime offenders are limited to high-status people.
C) Dealing with cybercrime decreases a business's operating costs.
D) Preventing cybercrime slows research and development in a company.
E) Dealing with cybercrime increases a company's revenue significantly.

Question 39

Which of the following is an example of a property crime?

A) Aggravated assault
B) Burglary
C) Trafficking
D) Kidnapping
E) Rape

Question 40

Corporate crimes are also known as _____.

A) organizational crimes
B) hate crimes
C) white-collar crimes
D) victimless crimes
E) cybercrimes

Question 41

Which of the following is an example of Robert Merton's institutionalized means to achieve economic success?

A) Completing college
B) Creating diversity
C) Having cultural strain
D) Being unemployed
E) Being non-adjusting

Question 42

According to functionalists, deviance is dysfunctional because it:

A) bolsters the economy.
B) is cheap and inexpensive.
C) decreases confidence in institutions.
D) provides permanent safety valves.
E) destroys social unity.

Question 43

According to functionalists, deviance is functional because it:

A) bolsters the economy.
B) increases trust in personal and formal relationships.
C) increases confidence in institutions.
D) reduces tension and insecurity.
E) impedes social change.

Question 44

In the context of Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance, _____ is a mode of adaptation in which people do not expect to be rich but get the necessary education and experience to obtain or keep a job.

A) conformity
B) innovation
C) ritualism
D) retreatism
E) rebellion

Question 45

Victimless crimes are also known as _____.

A) organized retail crimes
B) organizational crimes
C) white-collar crimes
D) property crimes
E) public order crimes

Question 46

In the context of Robert Merton's strain theory, identify one of the institutionalized means to achieve economic success.

A) Seeking quick gratification
B) Creating diversity
C) Respecting women
D) Being unemployed
E) Saving money

Question 47

According to Robert Merton, Americans are taught to strive toward the American dream of economic success. He termed these aspirations as _____.

A) institutionalized goals
B) institutionalized results
C) cultural strains
D) cultural means
E) cultural goals

Question 48

Identify a statement that is true of high-status people according to conflict theorists.

A) They are not detained by the police.
B) Most of their crimes are criminalized.
C) They have lesser opportunities for deviance.
D) It is hard for them to hide their deviance.
E) The crimes they commit usually have few penalties.

Question 49

Two of the most influential explanations of deviance offered by functionalists are:

A) anomie and strain theories.
B) symbiotic and dysfunctional theories.
C) probability and nonprobability theories.
D) formal and informal theories.
E) stratification and causation theories.

Question 50

According to Robert Merton, one of the institutionalized means for achieving the cultural goal of economic success is to:

A) emphasize seeking quick gratification.
B) follow shortcuts to economic success.
C) be introverts at the workplace.
D) make sacrifices.
E) quit education and start working.

Question 51

_____ causes inequality and such inequality diminishes women's control over their lives and increases their invisibility as victims.

A) Feminism
B) Patriarchy
C) Matriarchy
D) Egalitarianism
E) Democracy

Question 52

Which of the following is a victimless crime?

A) Lending money as loans at illegal rates
B) Hacking into an organization's server
C) Impersonating the FBI to get personal and financial data of online customers
D) Persuading unassuming people to send money and gifts
E) Offering sexual services to people for money

Question 53

In the context of Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance, _____ is a mode of adaptation in which people feel so alienated that they want to change the social structure entirely by substituting new goals and means for the current ones.

A) conformity
B) innovation
C) ritualism
D) retreatism
E) rebellion

Question 54

Clara, a student of sociology, is studying the effects of industrialization in the nineteenth century. She notices that a lot of people from rural areas settled down in cities to take up industrial jobs in that era. This, however, led to a breakdown of societal rules and people became unsure of how to behave because of absent, conflicting, or confusing social norms. In this scenario, Clara is most likely studying the concept of _____.

A) sanctioning
B) anomie
C) alienation
D) obedience
E) strain

Question 55

In the context of Robert Merton's strain theory, which of the following modes of adaptation do most people use to resolve their social strain?

A) Conformity
B) Innovation
C) Ritualism
D) Retreatism
E) Rebellion

Question 56

Damion moved with his family to a new urban neighborhood. In his old neighborhood in the countryside, he used to greet people on the road while walking, whereas in his new neighborhood, this behavior is considered inappropriate. Damion is confused by this difference in social norms and is unsure of how to react. In this case, Damion is most likely to have experienced _____.

A) sanctioning
B) anomie
C) deviance
D) obedience
E) strain

Question 57

Which of the following groups is most likely to focus on capitalism, social inequality, and power differences?

A) Functionalists
B) Conflict theorists
C) Feminists
D) Symbolic interactionists
E) Rational choice theorists

Question 58

In the context of arrests of females, the gender gap is lowest for:

A) property crime.
B) prostitution.
C) forgery and counterfeiting.
D) fraud.
E) embezzlement.

Question 59

In the context of Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance, people in the _____ mode reject both the goals and the means for success.

A) conformity
B) innovation
C) ritualism
D) retreatism
E) rebellion

Question 60

Which of the following is a primary characteristic of functionalists' perspective on deviance?

A) Functionalists argue that anomie decreases the likelihood of deviance.
B) Functionalists view deviance as purely functional.
C) Functionalists consider deviance as a normal part of society.
D) Functionalists draw a strong association between capitalism and deviance.
E) Functionalists consider deviance as a socially constructed behavior.

Question 61

Give an example of a situation where corporate crimes are profitable.

Question 62

What are victimless crimes?

Question 63

Explain in detail Émile Durkheim's concept of anomie.

Question 64

According to differential association theory, which of the following is true?

A) Children who grew up in an environment that taught conformity rather than deviance later rebel and become deviant.
B) There is a strong association between capitalism, social inequality, power, and deviance.
C) People are products of socialization.
D) People are deviant when they experience blocked opportunities to achieve the culturally approved goal of economic success.
E) Only a minority of children who grow up in poor, urban, disadvantaged communities join gangs and/or commit crimes.

Question 65

A college dean threatens a student with suspension. Which of the following does this exemplify?

A) Positive sanction
B) Primary deviance
C) Secondary deviance
D) Formal social control
E) Informal social control

Question 66

According to conflict theorists, why do so many high-status people commit crimes? Give at least one reason.

Question 67

Which of the following does a police officer arresting someone exemplify?

A) Positive sanction
B) Formal social control
C) Informal social control
D) Primary deviance
E) Secondary deviance

Question 68

Give at least three reasons why deviance is considered dysfunctional by functionalists.

Question 69

Bryan's mother taught him to be kind and honest. Even when faced with the opportunity to be dishonest for personal gain, Bryan chooses to follow his mother's words and be honest. In this case, Bryan's behavior illustrates:

A) informal social control.
B) formal social control.
C) positive sanction.
D) negative sanction.
E) primary deviance.

Question 70

Explain the two most important sources of crime statistics.

Question 71

Explain why white-collar crimes are lucrative.

Question 72

Can perceptions of deviance change over time? Justify your answer.

Question 73

Discuss the weaknesses of differential association theory.

Question 74

Summarize the critical evaluation of feminist perspectives on deviance.

Question 75

Identify a criticism of differential association theory.

A) It is not supported by considerable research.
B) It does not explain impulsive crimes triggered by rage or fear.
C) It emphasizes that differential association occurs overnight.
D) It ignores the possibility that people learn deviance through interaction.
E) It fails to observe children who grew up in an environment that taught deviance rather than conformity.

Question 76

Two of the best known explanations of deviance offered by _____ are differential association theory and labeling theory.

A) functionalists
B) conflict theorists
C) feminist theorists
D) symbolic interactionists
E) rational choice theorists

Question 77

Deviant behavior is behavior that people so label. From a symbolic interaction perspective, justify this statement.

Question 78

Deviance is accompanied by social stigmas. Justify this statement.

Question 79

Public attitudes and behavior affect definitions of deviance. Justify this statement with examples.

Question 80

Deviance is dysfunctional because it erodes trust in personal and formal relationships. Justify this statement.