Deck 12: Families and Aging

Question 1

According to exchange theory, people seek through their social interactions to minimize their rewards and maximize their costs.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

In the United States, unlike most other nations, women control men's decisions about reproduction and access to abortion that, in turn, decreases unwanted pregnancies and nonmarital birth rates.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Marrying one's first cousins or second cousins is an example of homogamy.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

In an egalitarian family system, both partners share power and authority fairly equally.

Question 5

Every society has norms regarding who may engage in intimate physical relations, with whom, and under what circumstances. Which of the following functions fulfilled by a family does this statement refer to?

A) Sexual activity
B) Socialization
C) Emotional support
D) Social class placement
E) Economic security

Question 6

Although not as common as in some regions of Africa, South America, and the Middle East, polygyny is practiced in isolated groups in the United States.

Question 7

A common aspect of all kinds of monogamy is that one person is married exclusively to another person throughout his or her lifetime.

Question 8

Members of a family need to be in a committed relationship.

Question 9

In the context of sociological explanations of family and aging, functionalists are criticized for failing to recognize that families differ in structure.

Question 10

There are significant differences between the young-old, the old-old, and the oldest-old in their ability to live independently, to work, and in their health.

Question 11

Educated women are less likely than less-educated women to postpone parenthood.

Question 12

In the context of the conflict perspective of family and aging, an inheritance increases the likelihood that all families can compete for resources that include education, decent housing, and health care.

Question 13

Polyandry is an extinct cultural practice.

Question 14

In industrialized societies, married couples are typically neolocal.

Question 15

The social class of an individual is constant throughout his or her lifetime.

Question 16

In matriarchy, one man is married to two or more women.

Question 17

Both functionalism and symbolic interaction theories are micro-level perspectives of family and aging.

Question 18

Intimate partner violence (IPV) occurs exclusively among current spouses.

Question 19

The incest taboo forbids sexual activities among unmarried individuals.

Question 20

In a patriarchy, one woman is married to two or more men.

Question 21

Which of the following is true of social class?

A) One's social class is always higher than that of one's parents.
B) Social class affects all aspects of family life.
C) The social class of an individual is constant throughout his or her life.
D) Only families with biological children have a social class.
E) Same-sex couples do not have a social class.

Question 22

Which of the following family functions involves providing food, shelter, clothing, and other material resources for family members?

A) Sexual activity
B) Socialization
C) Procreation
D) Social class placement
E) Economic security

Question 23

In a(n) _____, a couple sets up their own residence.

A) patrilocal residence pattern
B) matrilocal residence pattern
C) neolocal residence pattern
D) ambilocal residence pattern
E) matriarchal residence pattern

Question 24

The cultural practice of marrying outside one's group is known as _____.

A) endogamy
B) polyamory
C) heterogamy
D) homogamy
E) polygyny

Question 25

Christina, a 29-year-old woman, joined a company in Texas in 2007 and worked there for a year. She got laid off due to recession. She moved back into her parents' home in California as she did not have enough money to cover her expenses. Christina's situation is characteristic of the:

A) lost generation.
B) silent generation.
C) boomerang generation.
D) baby boomer generation.
E) sandwich generation.

Question 26

Martha is in love with her first cousin Daniel, and they decide to get married. Their families are not happy with their decision because, traditionally, nobody in the family has married within the group. This cultural practice followed by Martha's and Daniel's families is known as _____.

A) exogamy
B) homogamy
C) polygamy
D) trigamy
E) bigamy

Question 27

The cultural practice of marrying within one's group is known as _____.

A) exogamy
B) polyamory
C) homogamy
D) hierogamy
E) monogamy

Question 28

Jai lives in an extended family consisting of his parents, brothers, and his sisters-in-law. Newly married male members in Jai's family are expected to continue to live in the same family along with their spouses and children. Jai, who recently got married, is expected to uphold this tradition. In the context of residence patterns, this is an example of a(n) _____.

A) patrilocal residence pattern
B) matrilocal residence pattern
C) neolocal residence pattern
D) egalitarian residence pattern
E) matriarchal residence pattern

Question 29

Which of the following statements is true of courtship and mate selection in the United States?

A) Parents or relatives choose the spouses for their children.
B) Mate selection is a family rather than an individual decision.
C) Open dating is discouraged and is considered a socially unacceptable way of pursuing love.
D) Sociologists often describe the U.S. dating process as a marriage market.
E) Arranged marriages are encouraged.

Question 30

Mary, a Catholic, is in a romantic relationship with Aaron, a Protestant. They plan on getting married. Mary's family is not happy about her relationship with Aaron because her family has a cultural practice of marrying only Catholics. This cultural practice followed by Mary's family is an example of _____.

A) exogamy
B) endogamy
C) polyandry
D) misandry
E) bigamy

Question 31

Which of the following forbids sexual intercourse between a brother and a sister?

A) Social epidemiology
B) Incest taboo
C) Social class placement
D) Misogyny
E) Exogamy

Question 32

It is a custom in Nina's family for newly married female members to continue living with their families, along with their husbands. Declan, who recently got married to Nina, moves into Nina's house to live with her and her family. In the context of residence patterns, this is an example of a(n) _____.

A) patrilocal residence pattern
B) matrilocal residence pattern
C) neolocal residence pattern
D) egalitarian residence pattern
E) patriarchal residence pattern

Question 33

In a(n) _____, the oldest males (grandfathers, fathers, and uncles) control cultural, political, and economic resources and, consequently, have power over females.

A) patriarchal family system
B) matriarchal family system
C) neolocal family system
D) interlocal family system
E) egalitarian family system

Question 34

Which of the following family functions involves the supply of nurturance and love that people need to be happy, healthy, and secure?

A) Sexual activity
B) Socialization
C) Procreation
D) Emotional support
E) Economic security

Question 35

Shaina and Ian, who recently got married, bought a new house in Florida and moved in together. In the context of residence patterns, this is an example of the _____.

A) patrilocal residence pattern
B) matrilocal residence pattern
C) neolocal residence pattern
D) virilocal residence pattern
E) patriarchal residence pattern

Question 36

Who among the following lives in an extended family?

A) Kaira, who lives with her married parents and siblings
B) Martha, who lives with her single mother
C) Joshua, who lives with his married parents, cousins, and grandparents
D) Jake, who lives with his biological father, stepmother, and stepbrother
E) Jamal, who lives with his foster parents

Question 37

In Western societies, the typical family form is:

A) the nuclear family.
B) composed of parents, children, and other kin.
C) the extended family.
D) composed of husband, wife, and the husband's family.
E) composed of husband, wife, and the wife's family.

Question 38

Around the world, the most common residence pattern is _____.

A) patrilocal
B) matrilocal
C) neolocal
D) matriarchal
E) egalitarian

Question 39

Daniel and Emily, a married couple, share equal power and authority in resolving family issues. They are both employed, and they take turns doing household chores. This is an example of a(n) _____.

A) patriarchal family system
B) matriarchal family system
C) neolocal family system
D) interlocal family system
E) egalitarian family system

Question 40

In the context of family functions, children acquire language; absorb the accumulated knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and values of their culture through _____.

A) social stratification
B) socialization
C) social class placement
D) social security
E) procreation

Question 41

Which of the following statements is true of child maltreatment?

A) U.S. child maltreatment rates have decreased since 2007.
B) Sexual abuse is the most common type of child maltreatment.
C) Physical abuse is the most common type of child maltreatment.
D) Child maltreatment is most common in two-parent households.
E) Child maltreatment differs significantly from child abuse.

Question 42

Based on studies by Kreider and Ellis in 2011 and Livingston in 2014, which of the following statements is true of divorce in the United States?

A) Despite the high divorce rate, most people are not disillusioned about marriage.
B) More than 95 percent of the divorcees do not remarry as they report having lost faith in the institution of marriage.
C) Divorce rates have increased since 1990.
D) By the age of 50, only 5 percent of U.S. adults are divorced.
E) The United States has one of the lowest marriage and divorce rates in the world.

Question 43

According to Black's study in 2011, which of the following is true of intimate partner violence (IPV)?

A) IPV is pervasive in U.S. society.
B) Men are more likely than women to have been victims of IPV over a lifetime.
C) IPV excludes psychological aggression by an intimate partner.
D) IPV rate has increased from 1994 to 2012.
E) IPV is not a criminal offence unless it leads to homicide or suicide.

Question 44

Which of the following functions is open dating most likely to fulfill in the United States?

A) Sexual experimentation
B) Sexual infidelity
C) Economic equality
D) Polyamory
E) Polygamy

Question 45

Which of the following statements best describes cohabitation?

A) It is an arrangement in which two unrelated people are not married but live together and are in a sexual relationship.
B) It is a marital union of a man and a woman who decide to be childless by choice.
C) It is an arrangement in which a married couple and their respective families stay together in the same house.
D) It is a relationship where a man or woman has more than one sexual partner and all of them live in the same house.
E) It is an arrangement in which two related people live together.

Question 46

James was married to Charlotte for two years. Recently, he married another woman, Jane, without divorcing Charlotte. He has sexual relationships with both his wives. This is an example of _____.

A) polyandry
B) polygyny
C) exogamy
D) heterogamy
E) homogamy

Question 47

Which of the following is a difference between polygyny and polyandry?

A) In polygyny, newly married couples live with the husband's family, whereas in polyandry, newly married couples live with the wife's family.
B) In polygyny, a newly married couple sets up their own residence, whereas in polyandry, a newly married couple moves into one of their parents' houses.
C) In polygyny, people marry those from the same sex, whereas in polyandry, people marry those from the opposite sex.
D) In polygyny, men have more power and authority than women, whereas in polyandry, women have more power and authority than men.
E) In polygyny, one man is married to two or more women, whereas in polyandry, one woman is married to two or more men.

Question 48

Which of the following is the most common micro-level reason for divorce in the United States?

A) Better education opportunities
B) Changed U.S. values
C) Premarital doubts
D) Economic factors
E) Demographic factors

Question 49

According to a study by Copen in 2013, which of the following is true of women's cohabitation?

A) Women's cohabitation rates have decreased.
B) The likelihood of women cohabiting increases as their educational levels increase.
C) College-educated women are more likely than those without college degrees to transition from cohabitation to marriage.
D) Asian women have high cohabitation rates, whereas Hispanics from Latin and Central America have low cohabitation rates.
E) Women who cohabit are more likely to divorce than those who did not cohabit if there is a commitment and cohabitation is short.

Question 50

_____ is defined as a courtship process in which prospective spouses compare the assets and liabilities of eligible partners, and choose the best available mate.

A) Neolocalization
B) Polygamy
C) Marriage market
D) Cohabitation
E) Monogamy

Question 51

Which of the following statements is true of marriage and divorce rates in the United States?

A) Those with a high school diploma or less are more likely to marry than cohabit.
B) Increasingly, the highly educated are marrying those with a high school diploma or less.
C) The median age at first marriage is 21 for men and almost 23 for women, down from 27 for men and 30 for women in 1970.
D) Americans with a bachelor's degree or higher have lower divorce rates than those without college degrees.
E) College graduates have high divorce rates because they marry early.

Question 52

Which of the following is a macro-level reason for declining marriage and divorce rates in the United States?

A) The effect of demographic variables
B) The effect of spousal abuse
C) Financial problems
D) Communication problems
E) Premarital doubts

Question 53

Which of the following statements is true of polyandry?

A) Polyandry is common in many societies, especially in some regions of Africa, South America, and the Middle East.
B) Polyandry serves no function or purpose.
C) Polyandry is legalized in Western and industrialized societies.
D) The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints supports polyandry, but not polygyny.
E) Although rare, there are pockets of polyandry in some remote and isolated parts of India.

Question 54

_____ refers to living with different unmarried sexual partners over time.

A) Serial cohabitation
B) Homogenous cohabitation
C) Premarital cohabitation
D) Polygyny
E) Polyandry

Question 55

Which of the following is preserved by arranged marriages?

A) Endogamy
B) Exogamy
C) Androgeny
D) Heterogamy
E) Gynandry

Question 56

Victoria and Patrick have been married for ten years. Victoria recently got married to Joshua while still being married to Patrick. She has romantic relationships with both her husbands. This is an example of _____.

A) polyandry
B) polygyny
C) exogamy
D) endogamy
E) homogamy

Question 57

According to a study by Wang and Parker in the year 2014, which of the following is true of marriages?

A) U.S marriage rates have increased since 1990.
B) By age 20, 95 percent of Americans have been married at least once.
C) On average, first marriages in the United States last about 2 years.
D) Marriage rates are expected to increase because the number of newlyweds has been increasing since 2012.
E) In 2012, 20 percent of U.S adults age 25 and older had never been married.

Question 58

Helen and Eric are in an intimate sexual relationship. They are loyal to each other and are living together but have no immediate plans to marry. Helen and Eric are _____.

A) cohabiting
B) monogamous
C) in an open relationship
D) polyandrous
E) in a familial relationship

Question 59

Which of the following is true of premarital cohabitation?

A) Couples in premarital cohabitation must be engaged for at least six months before cohabiting.
B) Couples in premarital cohabitation have a better quality of relationship and higher levels of happiness and satisfaction compared with married couples.
C) Premarital cohabitation may be attractive to partners who wonder if they can deal successfully with problems that arise from differences.
D) U.S. laws specify rights and responsibilities for cohabitants in premarital cohabitation.
E) Premarital cohabitation is legal only for same-sex partners.

Question 60

The phenomenon where individuals marry several people, but one at a time, is known as _____.

A) serial monogamy
B) polygamy
C) serial androgyny
D) exogamy
E) endogamy

Question 61

In the context of the sociological explanations of family and aging, which of the following is a limitation of conflict theories?

A) Conflict theory links family inequality to capitalism and social class, but there is also considerable family inequality in countries that are not capitalist.
B) Conflict theory discusses high-income brackets, but it does not consider the inheritance of property by the next generation.
C) Conflict theory focuses more on young people and their lives, and it seldom discusses the issues of older people.
D) Conflict theory tends to gloss over data that show that intimate partner violence (IPV) is often mutual and not one-sided.
E) Conflict theory is a micro-level perspective, and it fails to address macro-level constraints, such as structural factors.

Question 62

Briefly describe marriage.

Question 63

What are the three residence patterns?

Question 64

Briefly discuss dating cohabitation and premarital cohabitation.

Question 65

Discuss the various forms in which family conflict and violence occur.

Question 66

Outline the importance of procreation and socialization.

Question 67

People born between 1946 and 1964 are known as _____.

A) the silent generation
B) baby boomers
C) Generation X
D) millennials
E) the lost generation

Question 68

Give a brief definition of family.

Question 69

On a micro level, child mistreatment is most common in _____.

A) two-parent households and extended families
B) single-parent and stepparent households
C) households with a matrilocal residence pattern
D) an egalitarian family system
E) two-parent households with a matriarchal family system

Question 70

Enumerate the costs and benefits of cohabitation.

Question 71

Briefly discuss the reasons for elder abuse and neglect.

Question 72

People are considered young-old if they are _____ years old.

A) 45-54
B) 55-64
C) 65-74
D) 75-84
E) 85-94

Question 73

Martha, a 33-year-old working woman, financially supports her daughter, who is in college, and her aging mother. In this case, Martha most likely belongs to the _____ .

A) sandwich generation
B) lost generation
C) baby boomer generation
D) millennial generation
E) silent generation

Question 74

Which of the following perspectives uses exchange theory to explain mate selection and family roles?

A) Functionalism
B) Conflict theory
C) Symbolic Interaction
D) Feminism
E) Activity theory

Question 75

In the context of sociological explanations of family and aging, which of the following is a similarity between conflict theorists and feminist scholars?

A) Both emphasize the inequality of gender roles in families.
B) Both see marriage as critical in promoting social order and cohesion.
C) Both emphasize that families construct their everyday lives through interaction and subjective interpretations of family roles.
D) Both agree that there is considerable inequality between low-income and wealthy families in accessing necessary resources.
E) Both provide sociological explanations of families and aging at a micro-level.

Question 76

Briefly explain endogamy with an example.

Question 77

According to feminist scholars, families both mirror and perpetuate gender inequality and _____.

A) patriarchy
B) matriarchy
C) endogamy
D) exogamy
E) androgyny

Question 78

Jamal believes that families are important in maintaining societal stability, whereas Gina believes that families promote social inequality because of social class differences. In the context of sociological explanations of family and aging, which of the following statements is most likely to be true in this case?

A) Both Jamal and Gina are functionalists.
B) Both Jamal and Gina are feminists.
C) Jamal is a functionalist, whereas Gina is a conflict theorist.
D) Both Jamal and Gina are conflict theorists.
E) Jamal is a symbolic interactionist, whereas Gina is a feminist.

Question 79

On a micro level, which of the following is more than twice as likely among family caregivers who mistreat elders as among those who do not?

A) Shared residence
B) Abuse of alcohol and other drugs
C) High socioeconomic status
D) Economic hardship
E) Unemployment

Question 80

Explain exogamy with an example.