Deck 10: Race and Ethnicity

Question 1

People of various skin colors and cultures always experience the same social standing.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Once established, stereotypes are difficult to change because people often dismiss any evidence to the contrary as an exception.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Prejudiced nondiscriminators do not hire minorities and are disrespectful toward minorities in everyday interactions.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

De facto , or informal, segregation has replaced de jure segregation in the United States and many other countries.

Question 5

Discrimination, both individual and institutional, occurs within racial-ethnic groups.

Question 6

The United States is the least multicultural country in the world.

Question 7

In absolute numbers, poor Latinos outnumber those of other racial-ethnic groups.

Question 8

In the context of sociological explanations of racial-ethnic inequality, feminist scholars are criticized because they overemphasize women's participation in gendered racism.

Question 9

Prejudiced discriminators are unwilling to defy laws to express their beliefs.

Question 10

Minorities may be smaller in number than a dominant group, but they have more power, privilege, and social status.

Question 11

Contrary to the popular belief that race is socially constructed, it is determined biologically.

Question 12

In the context of racial-ethnic inequality, one of the criticisms of functionalism is that many whites-particularly middle-to-upper class men-assume that their privileged experiences are universal.

Question 13

Conflict theorists state that economic inequality eliminates racial-ethnic inequality.

Question 14

In the context of sociological explanations of racial-ethnic inequality, feminist scholars believe segregation of minority women is due to cultural relativism.

Question 15

A weakness of the symbolic interactionist view of racial-ethnic relations is that it does not clearly explain why labeling, selective perception, and racial bias are more common among some people than others, especially when they are similar on a number of variables such as social class and gender.

Question 16

Unprejudiced nondiscriminators believe in the American creed of freedom and equality for all and cherish egalitarian values.

Question 17

Whereas whites see racism as continuing, many blacks view it as a problem that has been pretty much solved.

Question 18

Children of immigrants are less likely than their U.S.-born peers to live in a two-parent household.

Question 19

A characteristic of dominant groups is that they are always the largest in number.

Question 20

Immigrants and their children-both legal and undocumented-outperform native-born Americans on a number of measures.

Question 21

Which of the following statements is true of race?

A) It is determined biologically.
B) It is a social construction.
C) It labels people based on religion.
D) It describes cultural characteristics that one learns.
E) It is conceptually similar to ethnicity.

Question 22

In the dominant-minority group relations continuum, which of the following has the highest level of intolerance?

A) Genocide
B) Acculturation
C) Segregation
D) Assimilation
E) Pluralism

Question 23

Which of the following statements is true of U.S. reactions to immigration?

A) American attitudes toward immigrants have grown more negative since the mid-1990s.
B) All residents of places with hostile immigrant laws believe that newcomers cause problems.
C) Americans unanimously support the tightening of immigration rules.
D) American attitudes toward immigrants are still mixed.
E) Americans unanimously support the increasing current immigration levels in the United States.

Question 24

In the context of dominant-minority group relations, which of the following statements best defines segregation?

A) It is the systematic effort to kill all members of a particular ethnic, religious, political, racial, or national group.
B) It is the process of adopting the language, values, beliefs, and other characteristics of the host culture.
C) It is the physical and social separation of dominant and minority groups.
D) It is the process of conforming to a dominant group's culture, adopting its language and values, and intermarrying with that group.
E) It is the process of maintaining many aspects of one's original culture while living peacefully with the host culture.

Question 25

Which of the following terms refers to informal segregation?

A) De dato segregation
B) De facto segregation
C) De jure segregation
D) De fideli segregation
E) De integro segregation

Question 26

Which of the following statements is true of dominant groups?

A) They can treat other groups as subordinate.
B) They are not culturally distinctive.
C) They are physically indistinguishable.
D) They have a lower social status than minority groups.
E) They have less political power than minority groups.

Question 27

Jackson's family is Jewish. He is proud of his heritage and identifies himself as a Jew. His self-identification is derived from his _____.

A) sexual identity
B) ethnicity
C) gender
D) social mobility
E) centricity

Question 28

Children of immigrants are less likely than their U.S.-born peers to:

A) attend religious services regularly.
B) live in a two-parent household.
C) have a parent with a secure job.
D) earn a college degree.
E) suffer from chronic illnesses.

Question 29

Children of immigrants are more likely than their U.S.-born peers to:

A) be obese.
B) have a parent with a secure job.
C) have nonmarital children.
D) be disabled.
E) suffer from chronic illnesses.

Question 30

Which of the following statements is true of U.S. racial and ethnic diversity?

A) The number of persons who identify themselves as being of two or more races is projected to decrease.
B) The foreign-born population in the United States is expected to shrink by 2050.
C) By 2025, more than 70 percent of the U.S. population is projected to be white.
D) By 2044, Latino and Asian populations are expected to double in size.
E) The United States is the least multicultural country in the world.

Question 31

Isaac's family is from Africa. They immigrated to the United States when Isaac was very young. Isaac identifies himself as black. His self-identification is derived from his _____.

A) race
B) sexual identity
C) gender
D) religion
E) sexual orientation

Question 32

In the United States, Puerto Ricans, Chinese, Serbs, Arabs, Swedes, and Hungarians are some examples of _____.

A) fusion groups
B) ethnic groups
C) majority groups
D) dysphoric groups
E) dominant groups

Question 33

The increase in intermarriage is due to many interrelated factors-both micro and macro level-that include everyday contact and changing attitudes.

Question 34

Which of the following statements is true of the presence of foreign-born people in the United States?

A) Today, the foreign born in the United States come primarily from Australia.
B) The United States has one of the lowest foreign-born rates in the world.
C) The United States admits more immigrants every year than any other nation.
D) Today, the number of undocumented immigrants in the United States has decreased drastically.
E) Today, the foreign born in the United States come primarily from Europe.

Question 35

Language, geographic roots, food, customs, traditions, and religion are all components of _____.

A) ethnicity
B) centricity
C) gender
D) sexual orientation
E) social mobility

Question 36

In 1851, the governor of California officially called for the extermination of all Indians in the state. This is an example of _____.

A) segregation
B) acculturation
C) pluralism
D) diaspora
E) genocide

Question 37

_____ was a formal system of racial segregation against black people in South Africa that was prevalent from the seventeenth century until 1994.

A) Pluralism
B) Acculturation
C) Apartheid
D) Self-fulfilling prophecy
E) Meritocracy

Question 38

Alan and Katie share physical attributes such as skin tone, hair texture, and eye shape. In this case, they most likely belong to the same _____.

A) racial group
B) fusion group
C) secondary group
D) reference group
E) centric group

Question 39

Which of the following terms refers to legal segregation?

A) De dato segregation
B) De facto segregation
C) De jure segregation
D) De fideli segregation
E) De integro segregation

Question 40

The term _____ refers to any group that may be treated differently and unequally because of its physical, cultural, or other characteristics.

A) elite group
B) fusion group
C) reference group
D) primary group
E) minority group

Question 41

_____ is an attitude that involves forming an opinion about people beforehand, usually in a negative way.

A) Prejudice
B) Acculturation
C) Genocide
D) Pluralism
E) Ethnocentrism

Question 42

Izzy, a white teenager, thinks that her friend, Lisa, has a low level of intelligence because Lisa belongs to a certain racial group. In this case, Izzy's belief illustra tes _____.

A) pluralism
B) acculturation
C) assimilation
D) apartheid
E) prejudice

Question 43

Pam organized a birthday party for her sister. She invited all of her neighbors except the new family, the Chos, because they were from South Korea. Which of the following did Pam exhibit by not inviting the Cho family?

A) Xenocentrism
B) Assimilation
C) Acculturation
D) Cultural relativism
E) Discrimination

Question 44

Danielle, the owner of an apartment , wants to rent out one of the rooms. She disregarded the application of Rita, an Asian, because Danielle wanted to rent her apartment only to whites. In this scenario, Danielle's action is an example of _____.

A) institutionalized discrimination
B) individual discrimination
C) reverse discrimination
D) structural discrimination
E) systemic discrimination

Question 45

Which of the following statements best defines acculturation?

A) It is the process of adopting the language, values, beliefs, and other characteristics of the host culture by minority groups.
B) It is behavior that treats people unequally or unfairly because of their group membership.
C) It is the physical and social separation of dominant and minority groups.
D) It is the process of conforming to a dominant group's culture, adopting its language and values, and intermarrying with that group.
E) It is the process of making oversimplified or exaggerated generalization about a group of people.

Question 46

In the dominant-minority group relations continuum, which of the following has the highest level of equality?

A) Genocide
B) Acculturation
C) Segregation
D) Assimilation
E) Pluralism

Question 47

Which of the following statements is true of stereotypes?

A) They are always positive.
B) They are always negative.
C) They distort reality.
D) They reinforce individualism.
E) They are easy to change once established.

Question 48

Which of the following statements is true of pluralism?

A) It has the lowest level of equality in the dominant-minority group continuum.
B) It has the highest level of intolerance in the dominant-minority group continuum.
C) It is especially evident in urban areas with large racial and ethnic communities.
D) It creates a lot of friction between minority groups and the host culture.
E) It involves the complete replacement of a minority group's language and customs with the host culture's language and customs.

Question 49

Which of the following statements best defines discrimination?

A) It is the process of maintaining many aspects of one's original culture while living peacefully with the host culture.
B) It is the process of adopting the language, values, and beliefs of the host culture.
C) It is a set of beliefs that one's own racial group is inherently superior to other groups.
D) It is behavior that treats people unequally or unfairly because of their group membership.
E) It is the systematic effort to kill all members of a particular ethnic, religious, political, racial, or national group.

Question 50

Which of the following statements is true of acculturation?

A) It does not include learning the language of the host culture.
B) It does not include adopting the values of the host culture.
C) It does not include adopting the beliefs of the host culture.
D) It does not include blending into the host culture.
E) It does not include intermarriage with a member of the host culture.

Question 51

Scapegoats are individuals or groups whom people:

A) treat differently because of their high social status.
B) hold responsible for paying taxes.
C) blame for their own shortcomings.
D) look up to for personal support.
E) emulate during the process of resocialization.

Question 52

U.S. minorities have numerous ethnic newspapers and radio stations, and the same constitutional rights as the dominant group. This is an example of _____.

A) ethnocentrism
B) imperialism
C) segregation
D) pluralism
E) genocide

Question 53

When Malakai, a black athlete, was on a vacation, he went to a local restaurant for lunch. Before he could sit down, the owner of the restaurant, a white, asked Malakai to leave because of Malakai's skin color. This scenario is an example of _____.

A) institutionalized discrimination
B) individual discrimination
C) reverse discrimination
D) structural discrimination
E) systemic discrimination

Question 54

Which of the following statements best describes assimilation?

A) It is behavior that treats people unequally or unfairly because of their group membership.
B) It involves conforming to the dominant group's culture, adopting its language and values, and intermarrying with that group.
C) It is the physical and social separation of dominant and minority groups.
D) It refers to the systematic effort to kill all members of a particular ethnic, religious, political, racial, or national group.
E) It is the process of making oversimplified or exaggerated generalization about a group of people.

Question 55

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies stereotypes?

A) Eric, a white, makes a generalization that Asians have strong academic backgrounds.
B) Jamal, an African American, marries his white girlfriend.
C) Mia, a Puerto Rican, prefers to live among other Puerto Ricans in the United States.
D) Nina, an Asian American, adopts the values and beliefs of the U.S. culture.
E) Fred, a white, believes that his race is superior to all other races.

Question 56

_____ is a set of beliefs that one's own racial group is inherently superior to other groups.

A) Racial acculturation
B) Racial socialization
C) Racism
D) Pluralism
E) Racial assimilation

Question 57

Anil, a professor of Indian origin, went to a community bank to apply for a home loan. The banker told Anil that he does not qualify for a loan. According to the bank's policy, it is risky to offer loans to minority group members because they are not likely to hold a steady job. This scenario illustrates _____.

A) cultural relativism
B) institutional discrimination
C) acculturation
D) assimilation
E) pluralism

Question 58

Jocelyn recently applied for an internship. When she did not get selected, Jocelyn complained to her friend, "They probably gave the internship to a student belonging to a minority group to fill a racial quota." Jocelyn's comment exemplifies _____.

A) ethnocentrism
B) pluralism
C) tracking
D) scapegoating
E) stereotyping

Question 59

Which of the following statements is true of de facto segregation?

A) It has been replaced by de jure segregation.
B) It is always voluntary in nature.
C) It is due to discrimination in most cases.
D) It is a formal form of separation.
E) It was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1954.

Question 60

Which of the following statements is true of scapegoats?

A) It is difficult to treat people from minorities as scapegoats because they have strong community ties.
B) Scapegoating arises as a result of acculturation.
C) In times of economic hardship, the dominant groups are the first to become scapegoats.
D) Minorities are easy targets of scapegoating because they typically differ in physical appearance.
E) Minorities usually strike back against scapegoating.

Question 61

What is a minority? Discuss the characteristics of a minority.

Question 62

Which of the following statements is true of Asian Americans?

A) Asian Indians are the largest Asian American group.
B) Asian Americans have the lowest education levels.
C) More than half of Asian Americans are employed in low-paying jobs.
D) Asian Americans have the highest median household income.
E) Asian Americans are the largest minority group in the United States.

Question 63

Laura disapproves of Sofia, a recent immigrant, because she cannot speak English fluently. Laura criticizes Sofia for not adopting the U.S. culture yet. In this case, Laura's attitude toward Sofia reflects a _____ view of racial-ethnic relations.

A) functionalist
B) radical
C) symbolic interactionist
D) fundamentalist
E) capitalist

Question 64

Describe institutional discrimination.

Question 65

Which of the following statements is true of Middle Eastern Americans?

A) Middle Eastern Americans tend to be better educated and wealthier than other Americans.
B) The median income of Arab American households is lower than that of all other U.S households.
C) Lebanese have lower median family incomes than Iraqis.
D) Middle Eastern Americans are a homogenous group.
E) Lebanese and Syrians have the highest poverty rates.

Question 66

In the context of the sociological explanations of racial-ethnic inequality, _____ see ongoing strife between dominant and minority groups.

A) functionalists
B) conflict theorists
C) symbolic interactionists
D) feminist theorists
E) exchange theorists

Question 67

Explain a racial-ethnic group.

Question 68

Which of the following statements best describes miscegenation?

A) It refers to a set of beliefs that one's own racial group is inherently superior to other groups.
B) It is an attitude that prejudges people, usually in a negative way.
C) It refers to an oversimplified or exaggerated generalization about a group of people.
D) It refers to marriage or sexual relations between a man and a woman of different races.
E) It refers to the physical and social separation of dominant and minority groups.

Question 69

What is individual discrimination?

Question 70

Which of the following statements is true of Latinos?

A) The Latino population is increasing this century due to recent immigration.
B) The median household income of Latinos is higher than the national median.
C) Latinos have the highest education levels in the United States.
D) The median household income of Latinos is lower than that of American Indians.
E) The median household income of Latinos is higher than that of African Americans.

Question 71

Which of the following statements is true of American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIANs)?

A) They are a homogeneous group.
B) They immigrated to the United States in the seventeenth century.
C) Their median household income is lower than that of African Americans.
D) Their education levels are lower than those of any other group.
E) They have been in what is now the United States longer than any other group.

Question 72

What is genocide? Provide historical examples of genocide.

Question 73

In the context of sociological explanations of racial-ethnic inequality, which of the following perspectives argues that people learn attitudes toward dominant and minority groups through labeling and selective perception?

A) Functionalist perspectives
B) Conflict perspectives
C) Feminist perspectives
D) Symbolic interactionist perspectives
E) Radical perspectives

Question 74

Briefly discuss pluralism.

Question 75

Santiago believes that social class does not always protect minorities from economic inequality, and Gary believes that minority women suffer from a double dose of inequality. In the context of sociological explanations of racial-ethnic inequality, which of the following statements is most likely to be true?

A) Both Santiago and Gary are functionalists.
B) Santiago is a conflict theorist, whereas Gary is a functionalist.
C) Santiago is a symbolic interactionist, whereas Gary is a feminist theorist.
D) Santiago is a conflict theorist, whereas Gary is a feminist theorist.
E) Both Santiago and Gary are symbolic interactionists.

Question 76

Briefly discuss prejudice with an example.

Question 77

Discuss de facto segregation.

Question 78

In the context of racial-ethnic inequality, which of the following is most likely to be stated by a functionalist?

A) Racial-ethnic inequality persists because it benefits minority groups.
B) If a society aims to eliminate racial-ethnic inequality, newcomers must retain their original cultural heritage and values in the host country.
C) Racial-ethnic inequality is dysfunctional, but much of the inequity can be attributed to individual failings and a lack of acculturation.
D) In a meritocratic society, people should be rewarded for their ethnicity rather than their accomplishments to minimize racial-ethnic inequality.
E) Immigration is dysfunctional for the host nation as it leads to racial-ethnic inequality.

Question 79

Which of the following statements is true of African Americans?

A) African Americans are the largest minority group in the United States.
B) The term African American refers to American residents with solely African ancestry .
C) African Americans have higher education levels than Asians.
D) The median family income of African Americans is the lowest of all racial-ethnic groups.
E) African Americans are members of the only group ever brought to the United States voluntarily.

Question 80

Which of the following statements is true of white Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs)?

A) They generally looked down on later waves of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe.
B) They viewed later waves of European immigrants as superior, hard-working, and civilized.
C) They had the same language and religion as that of later waves of European immigrants.
D) They were all affluent and had no criminal backgrounds.
E) They included immigrants from Australia and New Zealand.