Deck 2: Heredity and Prenatal Development

Question 1

Genotypes reflect both genetic and environmental influences.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Amniocentesis is a procedure used in abortion.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

A blastocyst gains mass only when it receives nourishment from outside.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The mother usually feels the first fetal movements during the last two months of pregnancy.

Question 5

Typical human cells contain 50 chromosomes organized into 25 pairs.

Question 6

Genetic factors may contribute to infertility in men.

Question 7

Sperm are much larger than ova.

Question 8

Monozygotic (MZ) twins are known as identical twins.

Question 9

Rh incompatibility occurs when an Rh-positive woman is carrying an Rh-negative fetus.

Question 10

Babies with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) are often larger than normal, and so are their brains.

Question 11

Diabetes is a sex-linked abnormality.

Question 12

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a sex-linked abnormality.

Question 13

The probability of having a child with Down's syndrome increases with the age of the parents.

Question 14

The actual sets of traits that people exhibit are called their phenotypes.

Question 15

Dizygotic (DZ) twins run in families.

Question 16

Mitosis is responsible for the production of sperm and ova.

Question 17

Sebaceous glands cause a developing organism to grow arms or wings, skin or scales.

Question 18

Neural tube defects cause an elevation in the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level in the mother's blood.

Question 19

As women reach the end of their childbearing years, ovulation becomes less regular.

Question 20

The fetus begins to turn and respond to external stimulation at about the second or third week.

Question 21

The determination of a child's sex depends on the:

A) presence of teratogens at the time of conception.
B) sex chromosome received from the mother.
C) presence of teratogens at the time of ovulation.
D) sex chromosome received from the father.

Question 22

Which of the following pairs of bases is present in the rungs of the ladder-like structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?

A) Cytosine with guanine
B) Rhodamine with biotin
C) Diaminopurine with ribozyme
D) Serine with tyrosine

Question 23

The typical sex chromosome pattern for females is _____.

A) XX
B) XYY
C) XY
D) XXY

Question 24

How do differences in genetics contribute to variations among individuals?

A) They are responsible for the presence and expression of different traits.
B) They prevent bacteria from overtaking the immune system.
C) They work together with ghrelin to influence development.
D) They transfer electrical impulses throughout the body.

Question 25

Which of the following statements is true of fertility drugs?

A) They enhance the chances of multiple births.
B) They stop ova from ripening.
C) They should be taken orally and not injected.
D) They suppress the process of hormone secretion.

Question 26

Which of the following processes happen during mitosis?

A) Strands of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) break apart.
B) Adenine combines with its appropriate partner, cytosine.
C) Mitochondria are exchanged between cells.
D) Twenty-three chromosomes are created.

Question 27

The typical sex chromosome pattern for males is _____.

A) XX
B) XYY
C) XY
D) XXY

Question 28

The term "double-helix" best describes the fundamental structure of

A) RNA.
B) DNA.
C) chromosomes.
D) mitochondria.

Question 29

Each new cell contains 23 chromosomes after a process known as ______.

A) autolysis
B) mitosis
C) meiosis
D) catalysis

Question 30

Genetics is a field of biology that studies:

A) illnesses.
B) neurons.
C) heredity.
D) growth.

Question 31

Humans begin life as a single cell that divides repeatedly. This cell is known as a(n) ______.

A) zygote.
B) gonadotrope.
C) embryo.
D) chromaffin.

Question 32

Which of the following statements is true of mutations?

A) Mutations can only occur by chance.
B) Mutations produce sperm and ova cells.
C) Mutations occur through radiation or other environmental influences.
D) Mutations help adenine combine with guanine to form the single spiral structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Question 33

The chances of a couple having twins ______.

A) increases when a woman conceives before she is 21.
B) increases with parental age.
C) decreases with the number of times couples have sex before conception.
D) decreases with the use of fertility drugs.

Question 34

Chromosomes contain thousands of segments called

A) nuclei.
B) nodes.
C) capillaries.
D) genes.

Question 35

How many pairs of autosomes does a human zygote contain?

A) 46
B) 44
C) 23
D) 22

Question 36

What kind of structure do chromosomes have?

A) rod-shaped
B) circular
C) cone-shaped
D) Octagonal

Question 37

Twins that derive from a single zygote that has split into two are called _______.

A) monozygotic (MZ) twins.
B) non-identical twins.
C) fraternal twins.
D) dizygotic (DZ) twins.

Question 38

In the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which of the following bases combines with guanine?

A) Cytosine
B) Adenine
C) Rhodamine
D) Serine

Question 39

Polygenic traits are those that are______.

A) developed during adolescence.
B) transmitted by the mother.
C) uncommon in humans.
D) determined by several pairs of genes.

Question 40

The chances that a woman will bear twins rises if:

A) her siblings have twins.
B) she is under the age of 27.
C) she was a twin herself.
D) she has a large number of siblings.

Question 41

Individuals with Klinefelter syndrome have:

A) an XY chromosomal pattern.
B) an XXY chromosomal pattern.
C) an XYY chromosomal pattern.
D) an YY chromosomal pattern.

Question 42

Individuals who have an extra chromosome on the 21^st chromosomal pair usually develop signs of:

A) Vrolik syndrome.
B) Klinefelter syndrome.
C) Down's syndrome.
D) Turner syndrome.

Question 43

Females with Turner syndrome have:

A) an XXY chromosomal pattern.
B) an XYY chromosomal pattern.
C) a single X chromosome.
D) an XY chromosomal pattern.

Question 44

Matt is a 36-year-old male. In the past year, he has noticed that his limbs sometimes move on their own, and he has also started having trouble remembering things and doing simple calculations. Matt's father and grandfather were also known to have similar problems during their adulthood. Matt is most likely suffering from:

A) phenylketonuria (PKU).
B) cystic fibrosis.
C) Turner syndrome.
D) Huntington's disease (HD).

Question 45

Which of the following genetic abnormalities is considered a multifactorial problem?

A) Cystic fibrosis
B) Down's syndrome
C) Diabetes mellitus
D) XYY syndrome

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true of sickle cell?

A) It is typically treated with testosterone replacement therapy.
B) Children with this problem cannot metabolize an amino acid called phenylalanine.
C) It leads to the obstruction of small blood vessels and decreased oxygen supply.
D) Females with this problem are shorter than average and infertile.

Question 47

Twenty-year-old Jack is extremely tall and has very thick facial hair. Most of his male secondary sex characteristics are also more pronounced than men of his age. In this scenario, Jack is most likely:

A) an XYY male.
B) to be diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome.
C) an XXY male.
D) to be diagnosed with Down's syndrome.

Question 48

Who among the following is most likely to have gynecomastia?

A) Jennifer, a dancer, who has Down's syndrome
B) Frank, a teacher, who is diagnosed with XYY syndrome
C) Peter, a fashion designer, who has Klinefelter syndrome
D) Ria, a gym instructor, who is diagnosed with Turner syndrome

Question 49

Tim, a 27-year-old man, has unusually narrow shoulders, low muscle mass, and has no facial and body hair. His doctor recently prescribed testosterone replacement therapy to him. Tim is most likely suffering from:

A) phenylketonuria (PKU).
B) cystic fibrosis.
C) Klinefelter syndrome.
D) Huntington's disease (HD).

Question 50

Daisy was always unusually short for her age. She was unable to conceive a child after marriage, and upon visiting a doctor, she was prescribed estrogen replacement therapy. Daisy is most likely suffering from:

A) phenylketonuria (PKU).
B) cystic fibrosis.
C) Turner syndrome.
D) Huntington's disease (HD).

Question 51

Which of the following statements describes a deficit often encountered by supermales?

A) They suffer from mildly delayed language development.
B) Their facial hair growth is minimal when compared to normal males.
C) They suffer from gynecomastia.
D) They are typically impotent.

Question 52

When the effects of both alleles are shown, there is said to be ______.

A) codominance.
B) preponderance.
C) ascendance.
D) concurrence.

Question 53

Individuals with Down's syndrome ______.

A) are unlikely to die from cardiovascular problems by middle age.
B) have no specific characteristic features.
C) show deficits in cognitive development.
D) are likely to have only 46 chromosomes.

Question 54

Pairs of chromosomes that look alike and possess genetic information concerning the same set of traits are termed _____.

A) alleles
B) zygotes
C) autosomes
D) nodes

Question 55

Jill bears the genetic code for Von Willebrand disease, but she has never developed the illness herself. Jill would be considered ______.

A) a carrier of the recessive gene that causes the disease.
B) susceptible to the disease after adolescence.
C) an acceptor of the recessive gene that causes the disease.
D) susceptible to the disease at late adulthood.

Question 56

A recessive gene is the main cause of:

A) Huntington's disease.
B) Turner syndrome.
C) Sickle cell.
D) Down's syndrome.

Question 57

When both alleles for a trait are different, the person is said to be _____.

A) monozygotic
B) dizygotic
C) heterozygous
D) homozygous

Question 58

Rico is a man who has enlarged breasts and suffers from mild intellectually disability. He has a problem learning languages, and his body produces less of the male sex hormone testosterone than normal males. Rico is most likely suffering from:

A) Klinefelter syndrome.
B) Tay-Sachs disease.
C) Turner syndrome.
D) Down's syndrome.

Question 59

If an individual gets a dominant gene for eye color from one parent, and a recessive gene from another, the ______.

A) gender of the child will determine if that trait is shown.
B) recessive trait will develop in the child.
C) recessive trait will develop 50% of the time.
D) recessive trait will be suppressed, and the dominant trait will be expressed.

Question 60

Which of the following statements is true of Down's syndrome?

A) Down's syndrome is usually caused by a defect in the sex chromosomes of an individual.
B) The symptoms of Down's syndrome are similar to those of Sickle cell.
C) Down's syndrome is caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI) during conception.
D) The probability of having a child with Down's syndrome increases with the age of the parents.

Question 61

Which of the following explanations describes the cause of Tay-Sachs disease?

A) A recessive gene
B) An extra sex-linked chromosome
C) A cardiovascular defect
D) A missing sex-linked chromosome

Question 62

A(n) _____ uses sound waves that are too high in frequency to be heard by the human ear to obtain information about a fetus.

A) phenotype
B) ultrasound
C) genotype
D) alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) assay

Question 63

Which of the following statements is true of a sperm cell?

A) A sperm cell is significantly larger than an egg cell.
B) A sperm cell contains two Y chromosomes.
C) A sperm cell travels randomly inside a woman's reproductive tract.
D) A sperm cell is one of the smallest types of cells in the body.

Question 64

Which of the following statements is a symptom of cystic fibrosis in children?

A) They suffer from a genetic disorder that decreases the blood's capacity to carry oxygen.
B) They suffer from excessive production of thick mucus that clogs the pancreas and lungs.
C) They suffer from a loss of intellectual functioning and personality change.
D) They produce less of the male sex hormone testosterone than normal children.

Question 65

After meiosis, a sperm cell:

A) contains 23 chromosomes.
B) contains two X chromosomes.
C) is significantly larger than an egg cell.
D) contains both an X and a Y chromosome.

Question 66

Who among the following share 50% of their genes?

A) First-cousins
B) Half-siblings
C) Dizygotic (DZ) twins
D) Monozygotic (MZ) twins

Question 67

Cystic fibrosis is caused by a(n):

A) sex-linked abnormality.
B) abnormality in the 21st pair of chromosomes.
C) recessive gene.
D) single segment found only on the Y chromosome.

Question 68

Once the testes have developed in the embryo, they begin to produce male sex hormones, or _____.

A) androgens
B) genotypes
C) blastocysts
D) teratogens

Question 69

_____ is used to detect neural tube defects such as spina bifida and certain chromosomal abnormalities.

A) Artificial insemination
B) Amniocentesis
C) Endometriosis
D) Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) assay

Question 70

Which of the following statements is true about Tay-Sachs disease?

A) it is most commonly found among children in Jewish families of Eastern European background.
B) Children who have this disease suffer from excessive production of mucus in the lungs and pancreas.
C) It is most commonly found among children in Asian American families.
D) Children who have this disease suffer from muscular dystrophy characterized by a weakening of the muscles.

Question 71

At birth, women have:

A) close to 100,000 ova.
B) around 300,000 to 400,000 ova.
C) around 100 to 200 ova.
D) only 500 ova.

Question 72

From which layer of the embryo do the lungs and digestive system develop?

A) Outer
B) Middle
C) Inner
D) Thicker

Question 73

Excessive production of thick mucus that clogs the pancreas and lungs is a central feature of which genetic abnormality?

A) Huntington's disease
B) Cystic fibrosis
C) Sickle cell
D) Tay-Sach's disease

Question 74

When children who are reared by adoptive parents are nonetheless more similar to their biological parents in a trait, it can be concluded that:

A) the genetic characteristics of the children change over time.
B) heredity is solely responsible for how a child grows.
C) the environment is solely responsible in the development of those characteristics.
D) genetics play a role in the development of those characteristics.

Question 75

The _____ is the central layer of the embryo from which the bones and muscles develop.

A) neural tube
B) mesoderm
C) ectoderm
D) umbilical cord

Question 76

Genetic and environmental influences are reflected in an individual's _______.

A) phenotype
B) chromosome
C) allele
D) genotype

Question 77

Which of the following statements describes the purpose of menstruation from the perspective of conception?

A) To discharge the placenta.
B) To discharge unfertilized eggs.
C) To discharge the uterus.
D) To discharge the amniotic sac.

Question 78

Most victims of which hereditary abnormality die of respiratory infections in their 20s?

A) Tay-Sachs disease
B) Cystic fibrosis
C) Turner syndrome
D) Klinefelter syndrome

Question 79

Which of the following statements about the progression of sperm from the male's ejaculate to the female's ovum is true?

A) The average count of sperm in the ejaculate is 150 million.
B) Sperm in the ejaculate find the ovum by following the current of the fluid coming from the cervix.
C) Only 1 in 10,000 sperm in the ejaculate will ever approach an ovum.
D) Most of the sperm in the ejaculate move about in a random pattern in the vagina.

Question 80

Which of the following is most likely to develop sickle cell?

A) European American.
B) Native American.
C) African American.
D) Asian American.