Deck 9: Middle Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development

Question 1

Decentration refers to the principle that if A > B and B > C, then A > C.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Reaction time tends to increase through middle childhood and adolescence.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Bilingual children have less cognitive flexibility than monolingual children.
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Answer 3

False

Question 4

Children in the middle adulthood years have less trouble understanding passive sentences than preschoolers.

Question 5

One strategy for promoting memory is to emphasize the essential nature of words used to describe visual stimuli.

Question 6

Aptitude is that which is attained by one's efforts and presumed to be made possible by one's abilities.

Question 7

According to Piaget's theory of moral development, children in the stage of objective reality believe in the principle of immanent justice.

Question 8

Children in the preoperational period of development can focus on more than one dimension of a problem at a time.

Question 9

Growth spurt is the period during which growth advances at a dramatically rapid rate compared with other periods.

Question 10

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, children in the conventional level base their moral judgments on conformity to conventional standards of right and wrong.

Question 11

Activities like skipping, hopping, and jumping require the use of gross motor skills.

Question 12

Dyslexia is a reading disorder characterized by consistent and accurate reading, and increased comprehension of written material.

Question 13

In middle childhood, girls show less forearm strength than boys.

Question 14

In the phonetic method, children learn to associate written letters and letter combinations (such as "ph" or "sh") with the sounds they indicate.

Question 15

Preoperational children engaged in problem solving tend to focus on only one element of the problem at a time.

Question 16

Overweight children are usually poor at sports and are less likely to be considered attractive in adolescence.

Question 17

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a disorder characterized by excessive inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity.

Question 18

Cultural relativity refers to the factor hypothesized to be present in intelligence tests that provides an advantage for test takers from certain cultural backgrounds.

Question 19

Children's knowledge and control of their cognitive abilities is termed metacognition.

Question 20

The ability to focus one's attention and screen out distractions declines through middle childhood.
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Question 21

Which of the following chemicals promotes the brain's control over more primitive functions?

A) Serotonin
B) Melatonin
C) Dopamine
D) GABA

Question 22

Seven-year-old George, who possesses average academic ability, is a problematic student. He continuously disrupts the classroom decorum and talks to other children while they are working. He shows no interest in activities that require his attention for a length of time and usually acts on his impulses. In this scenario, George is most likely suffering from ____.

A) autism
B) dyslexia
C) Asperger's disorder
D) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Question 23

Which of the following statements is true of the impact of gender difference on growth through middle childhood?

A) Girls are better at swinging a bat than boys.
B) Boys show greater limb coordination than girls.
C) Girls are better at throwing a ball than boys.
D) Boys show greater forearm strength than girls.

Question 24

Learning disabilities are disorders characterized by ______.

A) inadequate development of specific academic, language, and speech skills.
B) social deficits and stereotyped behavior.
C) abnormal functioning and loss of previously acquired skills.
D) excessive inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity.

Question 25

Which of the following statements accurately describes the impact of gender differences on physical growth during the middle childhood years?

A) Girls are heavier and taller than boys through the age of nine or ten.
B) Boys surpass girls in height and weight until about the age of 13 or 14.
C) Beginning at about age 11, boys develop relatively more muscle, and girls develop relatively more fat.
D) Boys experience a steady weight gain through middle adulthood, whereas girls experience an overall weight loss.

Question 26

Stimulants used for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ______.

A) increase children's attention span.
B) degrade children's academic performance.
C) do not promote the activity of dopamine.
D) do not promote the activity of noradrenaline.

Question 27

Which of the following statements is accurate of growth patterns in the middle childhood years?

A) In middle childhood, the average child's body weight doubles.
B) Girls are heavier and taller than boys through the age of nine or ten.
C) From the age of 11, boys develop relatively more body fat than girls do.
D) Children in middle childhood experience an even, slow growth rate.

Question 28

Which of the following activities requires the use of gross motor skills?

A) Jumping up and down
B) Writing a letter
C) Tying shoelaces
D) Using a knife and fork

Question 29

Which of the following statements suggests that dyslexia has a genetic component to it?

A) Dyslexia affects anywhere from 5% to 17.5% of American children.
B) Dyslexic children understand sounds more acutely than other children do.
C) Most studies show that dyslexia is much more common in boys than in girls.
D) 25% to 65% of children who have one dyslexic parent are dyslexic themselves.

Question 30

Which of the following characteristics of children is most likely to decrease during the middle childhood years?

A) Weight
B) Height
C) Reaction time
D) Muscle strength

Question 31

Using a paintbrush to paint pictures requires the use of _______.

A) fine motor skills.
B) macro motor skills.
C) micro motor skills.
D) gross motor skills.

Question 32

Tying shoelaces is an example of a task that requires ______.

A) fine motor skills
B) gross motor skills
C) micro motor skills
D) macro motor skills

Question 33

Which of the following physiological changes occur during the middle childhood years?

A) Reaction time increases.
B) Muscles grow weaker.
C) Neural pathways become less myelinated.
D) Experience refines sensorimotor abilities.

Question 34

Which of the following sports is considered less apt to promote fitness?

A) Swimming
B) Bicycling
C) Football
D) Running

Question 35

John and Jean are taking notes in class. John can write faster than Jean when the teacher dictates the lesson. This is because John responds faster to auditory stimuli than Jean does. This illustrates the difference in John's and Jean's ______. gross motor skills.

A)   gross motor skills.
B) reaction time.
C) objective morality.
D) moral reasoning abilities.

Question 36

Which of the following is true of the stimulants used for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A) They reduce children's attention spans.
B) They improve children's academic performance.
C) They have zero addiction liability.
D) They degrade cognitive development.

Question 37

A drug that increases the activity of the nervous system is known as a ______.

A) depressant
B) stimulant
C) tranquillant
D) hallucinogen

Question 38

Which of the following statements is true of dyslexia?

A) It is caused by overexposure to food preservatives.
B) It is characterized by letter reversal, mirror reading, and reduced comprehension.
C) It is more common in girls than in boys.
D) It reflects the lack of executive control of the brain over motor and more primitive functions.

Question 39

Which of the following statements is true of children who are obese?

A) They are more likely to have low blood pressure and low cholesterol.
B) They are less likely to have diabetes.
C) They are more likely to have breathing problems and asthma.
D) They are less likely to be rejected by peers.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

A) It is caused by overexposure to food preservatives.
B) It occurs by age seven and is many times more common in boys than girls.
C) It is characterized by letter reversal, mirror reading, and reduced comprehension.
D) It is most widely treated by using suppressants.

Question 41

Steve is an eight-year-old boy. He faces trouble in reading exercises in school. He says that he finds it difficult to associate letters with sound. In this scenario, Steve most likely has problems with the _____.

A) angular gyrus
B) cerebellum
C) limbic lobe
D) hypothalamus

Question 42

Andrew and Jason are playing catch. While throwing the ball toward Jason, Andrew slipped and the ball accidently hits Jason on the head. Though Jason gets angry, he realizes that he was not in much pain and moreover, it was not intentional. He considers the situation and decides that Andrew's action was not wrong. According to Piaget's theory of moral development, Jason shows _____.

A) autonomous morality
B) seriation
C) objective morality
D) transitivity

Question 43

Piaget's theory of education can be applied in classrooms by ______.

A) promoting activities that encourage active discovery.
B) designing a uniform mode of instruction for children across age groups.
C) upholding and endorsing a single perspective on topics under consideration.
D) focusing on learning through rote-repetition.

Question 44

According to Piaget's theory of moral development, children in the stage of objective morality perceive morality as _____.

A) existing outside the cognitive functioning of people
B) being determined by the rules created by societies
C) a relative construct subject to change
D) exclusively associated with processes of reward and punishment

Question 45

Logan, a seven-year-old, suffers from dyslexia. He goes to a regular school which offers special provisions to help him in his studies. His teacher gives him extra attention to help him understand different letters and sounds associated with them. Logan is given extra time to finish his classwork. This scenario illustrates the process of _____.

A) bonding
B) mainstreaming
C) encoding
D) seriation

Question 46

Identify a true statement about concrete-operational children.

A) They do not exhibit transitivity.
B) They exclusively focus on abstract ideas.
C) They do not focus on multiple parts of a problem at once.
D) They engage in decentration.

Question 47

Concrete-operational children _______.

A) focus on tangible objects.
B) focus on abstract ideas.
C) do not engage in decentration.
D) do not exhibit transitivity.

Question 48

Matt, an eleven-year-old boy, got into a fight with his classmate and bruised his arm. He plans to lie to his parents about the bruise as he is afraid that they will scold him. However, he feels that good boys should not lie and decides to tell them the truth. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which of the following stages of development does Matt display?

A) Autonomous morality
B) Conventional level
C) Objective morality
D) Preconventional level

Question 49

Jennifer pushes her baby brother and lies to her father about doing it. Later, she falls on the sidewalk and scrapes her knee. She relates the two events and believes that her injury was the punishment for lying. According to Piaget's theory of moral development, which of the following stages of moral development does Jennifer fall under?

A) Autonomous morality
B) The postconventional level
C) The conventional level
D) Objective morality

Question 50

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, who among the following children is in the preconventional stage?

A) Caleb believes that school rules are instituted for the students' wellbeing.
B) Fred believes that good sons will obey their parents.
C) Dean believes that right and wrong are subjective and change with the situation.
D) Britney believes that she should always speak the truth so that she does not get punished.

Question 51

Which of the following is true of concrete-operational children?

A) They do not engage in decentration.
B) They are less egocentric than preoperational children.
C) They focus on abstract ideas rather than tangible objects.
D) They do not recognize that people may have different perspectives.

Question 52

Which of the following is an accommodation strategy for disabled children?

A) Conservation
B) Seriation
C) Assimilating
D) Mainstreaming

Question 53

The following children understand one concept each. In this context, who among the following children understands the principle of transitivity?

A) Kathy understands that the symbols used in a language are arbitrary.
B) Berry understands that if George is taller than Tina and Tina is taller than Gia, then George is taller than Gia.
C) Winny understands that the quantity of water does not change even when it is filled in containers of different shapes.
D) Sam understands that tulips belong to the category of flowers.

Question 54

Mark, a six-year-old boy, cannot discriminate between the sounds of b's, d's, and p's. This becomes a problem for him in class as it creates confusion and impairs his reading ability. In this scenario, Mark has problems with _____.

A) analytical reasoning
B) phonological processing
C) deductive reasoning
D) numerical cognition

Question 55

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which of the following is the period during which moral judgments largely reflect social rules and conventions?

A) The conventional level
B) The preoperational stage
C) The concrete-operational stage
D) The preconventional level

Question 56

Which of the following statements is true of concrete-operational children?

A) They are more egocentric than preoperational children.
B) They have the decentration capacity to allow them to seriate in two dimensions.
C) They fail to understand the principles of conservation and class inclusion.
D) They focus on intangible ideas instead of tangible objects.

Question 57

Which of the following refers to the principle that if A exceeds B in some property and B exceeds C, then A must also exceed C?

A) Transitivity
B) Decentration
C) Conservation
D) Extension

Question 58

Which of the following processes is used to assess whether a child understands the principle of transitivity?

A) Seriation
B) Mainstreaming
C) Encoding
D) Rehearsal

Question 59

Which of the following terms is of the view that retribution for wrongdoing is a direct consequence of the wrongdoing?

A) Moral realism
B) Convergent thinking
C) Immanent justice
D) Divergent thinking

Question 60

Sarah, an eight-year-old, is playing with her dolls. She notices that they are of different heights. After playing, she arranges them from left to right on a rack in increasing order of height. Which of the following processes does this scenario illustrate?

A) Encoding
B) Mainstreaming
C) Seriation
D) Rehearsing

Question 61

Which of the following is a useful strategy for promoting memory?

A) Seriation
B) Mainstreaming
C) Encoding
D) Decentration

Question 62

Which of the following statements is true of the information-processing capabilities of children in the middle years?

A) Memory function in middle childhood is undeveloped and shows qualitative improvement only during early adolescence.
B) As children's knowledge of concepts advances, the storehouse of their long-term memory becomes less organized according to categories.
C) Concrete-operational children use rote learning only when someone forces them to do so.
D) Concrete-operational children can attend to multiple aspects of a problem at once, permitting them to conserve number and volume.

Question 63

Which of the following statements is true of sensory memory?

A) It has unlimited capacity to store information.
B) It is used exclusively for visual stimuli.
C) It shows qualitative improvement through early adolescence.
D) It retains the trace of a stimuli for a fraction of a second.

Question 64

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which of the following statements is true of the postconventional level?

A) It is the period during which reasoning is based on the person's own moral standards.
B) It is characterized by a respect for authority and duty.
C) It is the period during which rules are perceived as the ultimate reality.
D) It is characterized by an orientation toward obedience and punishment.

Question 65

Intelligence quotient is the _______.

A) intellectual level at which a child functions, based on the typical performance of a child of a certain age.
B) ratio obtained by dividing a child's mental age on an intelligence test by his or her chronological age.
C) factor hypothesized to be present in intelligence tests that provides an advantage for test takers from certain cultural backgrounds.
D) descriptive result of an intelligence test in which cultural biases have been removed.

Question 66

Which of the following statements describes metacognition?

A) It is the faculty which is attained by one's efforts and presumed to be made possible by one's abilities.
B) It is the ability to react to a stimuli in a short amount of time.
C) It is the awareness of and control of one's cognitive abilities.
D) It is the perception of morality as existing outside the cognitive functioning of people.

Question 67

Which of the following statements is true of long-term memory?

A) It is the first type of stimuli encountered by sensory input.
B) It has an unlimited capacity to store information.
C) It retains stimuli up to 30 seconds after the trace decays.
D) It retains auditory stimuli but cannot retain visual stimuli.

Question 68

Which of the following terms refers to the strategy of repeating sounds mentally?

A) Seriation
B) Rehearsal
C) Decentration
D) Mainstreaming

Question 69

Which of the following statements is true of mildly disabled children?

A) Their intelligence quotient scores are 130 or above.
B) Their biological growth is normal but they do not develop age-appropriate behavior at the normal pace.
C) They do not acquire speech and self-help skills and remain dependent on others for survival.
D) They are the most capable among students with special needs of adjusting to the demands of educational institutions.

Question 70

Down's syndrome is caused due to _______.

A) racial and ethnic differences.
B) impoverished home environments.
C) neonatal brain damage.
D) chromosomal abnormalities.

Question 71

According to Wechsler, intelligence refers to the ______.

A) capacity to understand the world and the resourcefulness to cope with its challenges.
B) ability to find free and fluent association to the elements of a problem.
C) trait characterized by flexibility, ingenuity, and originality.
D) thought process that attempts to focus on the single best solution to a problem.

Question 72

Which of the following is a factor hypothesized to be present in intelligence tests that provides an advantage for test takers from certain cultural backgrounds?

A) Cultural bias
B) Cultural heritability
C) Cultural hypocrisy
D) Cultural transitivity

Question 73

Which of the following terms refers to a person's actual age?

A) Mental age
B) Critical age
C) Chronological age
D) Intellectual age

Question 74

Which of the following statements is true of children in the middle years regarding their metacognitive abilities?

A) They show more knowledge of strategies that can be used to facilitate memory than younger children.
B) They are less likely than younger children to accurately assess their knowledge.
C) They use rote learning only when someone compels them to do so.
D) They are less likely than younger children to use selective rehearsal to remember important information.

Question 75

A test in which cultural biases have been removed can be termed ______.

A) culture-free
B) culture-biased
C) culture-relative
D) culture-consistent

Question 76

Which of the following is a difference between judgments made at the preconventional level and judgments made at the postconventional level of reasoning?

A) Unlike judgments made at the preconventional level, judgments made at the postconventional level are based on the consequences of behavior.
B) Unlike judgments made at the preconventional level, judgments made at the postconventional level are found in adolescents and adults.
C) Unlike judgments made at the postconventional level, judgments made at the preconventional level are based on a person's own moral standards.
D) Unlike judgments made at the postconventional level, judgments made at the preconventional level are mostly found in children above 10 years of age.

Question 77

Which of the following statements is true of elaborative strategy?

A) It is a more effective method than rote rehearsal to remember information.
B) It operates on a limited level and is ineffective for younger children.
C) It is useful for retaining stimuli in sensory memory.
D) It focuses on arriving at a single solution to a problem.

Question 78

Which of the following refers to the substandard intellectual performance stemming from the lack of opportunity to acquire knowledge and skills?

A) Learning disability
B) Cognitive disability
C) Cultural-familial disability
D) Physical disability

Question 79

Sean's mental age is 15 and his chronological age is 10. Which of the following values will be his intelligence quotient (IQ)?

A) 140
B) 150
C) 155
D) 135

Question 80

Which of the following statements is true of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?

A) It groups test questions into subtests that measure different motor skills.
B) It suggests children's strengths and weaknesses as well as provides overall measures of cognitive functioning.
C) It yields a score called the intelligence quotient and can be used with children from the age of two up to adults.
D) It is a culture-free intelligence test and can be used for anyone irrespective of their cultural background.