Deck 7: Early Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development

Question 1

Bed-wetting tends to occur during the deepest stage of sleep.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Children reared in poverty are at a greater risk for school failure than children of higher socioeconomic status.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

In developing countries, measles is considered a minor illness.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

At two years of age, the brain already has attained 95% of its adult weight.

Question 5

Skipping is a fine motor skill and develops after all gross motor skills.

Question 6

In the context of the zone of proximal development, caring for young children helps older children and adults develop child-rearing capabilities.

Question 7

Parental responsiveness is a minor factor in children's cognitive development.

Question 8

Automobile accidents are the leading cause of death in early childhood.

Question 9

Egocentrism is characterized by multi-dimensional thinking.

Question 10

Boys significantly outgrow girls in height during the preschool years.

Question 11

Environmental enrichment enhances the cognitive development of economically disadvantaged children.

Question 12

American children between the ages of one and three average two to four minor illnesses a year.

Question 13

Four-year-olds think dreams are real because of artificialism.

Question 14

Children of higher socioeconomic statuses generally perform better on standardized intelligence tests than children reared in poverty.

Question 15

Sprouting refers to the development of new memories.

Question 16

Two-to-three-year-olds need 1,600-2,000 calories of food per day.

Question 17

Sleep terrors usually occur during deep sleep.

Question 18

Infants and young toddlers find it easier to recover from brain damage than adults because their brain's plasticity is already at its greatest.

Question 19

Encopresis is more likely to happen during the day than at night.

Question 20

It is an open question whether handedness is associated with cognitive advantages and disadvantages.

Question 21

In right-handed individuals, the right hemisphere of the brain is usually superior in _____.

A) logical analysis
B) visual-spatial functions
C) computation
D) problem-solving functions

Question 22

All TV programs fail to promote intellectual growth.

Question 23

Language and cognitive development are exclusive of each other.

Question 24

Pragmatics is easier when children are egocentric.

Question 25

The integration of logical and emotional functioning is primarily due to ________.

A) the development of the cerebellum
B) processes of brain plasticity
C) increased activity among structures in the limbic system
D) the myelination of the corpus callosum

Question 26

Increase in brain weight during the preschool years is due to the ______. increase in thickness of the skull.

A) increase in thickness of the skull.
B) continuing myelination of nerve fibers.
C) increase in size of the spinal cord.
D) continuing of growth of the medulla.

Question 27

A child's brain has reached 90% of its adult weight by age ______.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 28

Fast mapping allows children to quickly attach a new word to its appropriate concept.

Question 29

American children spend less time watching television than they do in school.

Question 30

Young children are able to use retrieval cues provided to them by adults to remember things.

Question 31

Which of the following is true of the corpus callosum?

A) It starts developing only after the age of five.
B) Its use is limited to processing visual information.
C) It connects the brain stem to the frontal regions of the brain.
D) Its myelination is largely complete by the age of eight.

Question 32

It has been established that preoperational children are capable of developing a theory of mind.

Question 33

Children understand passive sentences before active ones.

Question 34

The corpus callosum refers to ______.

A) the center of emotional processing located near the front of the brain
B) the thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain
C) the area responsible for regulating balance located near the rear of the brain
D) the brain structure that controls heartbeat and respiration in the center of the brain

Question 35

The left hemisphere of the brain is relatively more involved in problem-solving functions among ______.

A) right-handed individuals
B) left-handed individuals
C) ambidextrous individuals
D) all individuals

Question 36

Which of the following is a difference between growth during preschool years and growth during infancy?

A) Growth during preschool years is significantly slower than growth during infancy.
B) Growth during preschool years develops only motor skills, whereas growth during infancy develops only cognitive skills.
C) Growth during preschool years is significantly faster than growth during infancy.
D) Growth during preschool years develops only cognitive skills, whereas growth during infancy only develops only skills.

Question 37

In the context of height and weight gains during early childhood, as compared with infancy, _____.

A) boys and girls gain some more baby fat
B) boys and girls become more slender
C) girls as a group become heavier and taller than boys
D) girls as a group outgrow boys significantly

Question 38

Myelination of neural pathways linking the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex ______.

A) accounts for the decrease in memory abilities of a child.
B) accounts for the increase in fine motor skills, balance, and coordination of a child.
C) is linked to poor verbal skills in a developing child.
D) is linked to dramatic increase in a child's ability to imagine and be creative.

Question 39

Unlike the left hemisphere of the brain, the right hemisphere is relatively more involved in ______.

A) intellectual undertakings that require logical analysis in right-handed individuals.
B) aesthetic and emotional responses in right-handed individuals.
C) problem-solving and computation in left-handed individuals.
D) processing visual information in left-handed individuals.

Question 40

During preschool years, _____.

A) girls as a group outgrow boys significantly
B) boys as a group become more intelligent than girls
C) boys as a group become slightly taller and heavier than girls
D) girls as a group are better than boys in physical challenges

Question 41

Skills that are used in locomotion that involve large muscle groups are known as ______.

A) fine motor skills
B) gross motor skills
C) motivated motor skills
D) complex motor skills

Question 42

Physical play is more common among ______.

A) toddlers
B) early primary schoolers
C) younger preschoolers
D) older preschoolers

Question 43

Which of the following activities involves fine motor skills?

A) Walking upstairs, two feet to a step
B) Kicking a large ball
C) Hopping on one foot
D) Placing simple shapes in the correct holes

Question 44

In preschoolers, plasticity enables other areas of the brain to ______.

A) respond to brain trauma in the same way as the area that was damaged
B) speed the recovery of the damaged area of the brain
C) recover more rapidly from injuries
D) compensate for injuries to particular areas of the brain

Question 45

Which of the following is an example of a gross motor skill?

A) Four-year-old Betty solving simple mathematical calculations
B) Jon, a two-year-old, walking up the stairs, two feet to a step
C) Mia, a three-year-old, drawing vertical and horizontal lines
D) Five-year-old Paul tying his shoelaces without help

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true of the development of motor skills in early childhood?

A) Girls are significantly better at tasks requiring gross motor skills than boys.
B) Boys are significantly better at tasks requiring precise movements than girls.
C) Motor skills of boys develop at a slower rate than that of girls.
D) Motor skills are very similar in boys and girls.

Question 47

Which of the following is true of motor activity in early childhood?

A) Motor activity begins to decline after two or three years of age.
B) High motor activity ensures high intelligence quotient.
C) Boys show an increase in motor activity compared to that of girls.
D) Children become more restless with decrease in motor activity level.

Question 48

Which of the following is true of handedness?

A) Some infants show no hand preference during infancy.
B) It is not influenced by genetics.
C) Identical twins have identical hand preference.
D) It is exclusively associated with emotional development.

Question 49

Which of the following is true of gross motor skills in preschoolers?

A) They are acquired by imitating other children.
B) They are acquired most commonly through adult instruction.
C) They are acquired faster by girls than by boys.
D) They are acquired by the virtue of gender differences.

Question 50

Which of the following activities involves gross motor skills?

A) Painting a picture using a paintbrush
B) Stringing four beads using a large needle
C) Riding a bicycle with training wheels
D) Building a tower with six cubes

Question 51

Skills that involve the small muscles used in manipulation and coordination are called ______.

A) Micro motor skills
B) Gross motor skills
C) Simple motor skills
D) Fine motor skills

Question 52

Plasticity of the brain is greatest at about _____.

A) four to five years of age
B) one to two years of age
C) six to seven years of age
D) eight to nine years of age

Question 53

The growth of new dendrites and redundancy of neural connections are neurological factors that enable ______.

A) elasticity
B) plasticity
C) responsivity
D) cursivity

Question 54

Which of the following statements is true of two-year-olds?

A) They typically have a more erratic appetite.
B) They need about 2,300 calories per day.
C) They need more calories per day than an infant.
D) They typically have an increased appetite for salty foods.

Question 55

Nathan and Joseph are chasing each other around the park and wrestling in the grass. Which of the following forms of play are the children involved in?

A) Sociodramatic play
B) Cooperative play
C) Creative play
D) Rough-and-tumble play

Question 56

During a recent parent-teacher meeting, the teacher explains to the parents of 3-year-old Cameron that he is in the design stage of artistic development. According to the teacher, Cameron should be able to draw _____.

A) basic geometric shapes
B) artistic pictures of landscapes
C) combinations of the basic shapes
D) recognizable objects like houses and airplanes

Question 57

Children's artistic development is linked to the development of _____.

A) social and sensory skills
B) conservative and redundant skills
C) emotional and behavioral skills
D) motor and cognitive skills

Question 58

Which of the following holds true for children moving from infancy into their second and third years?

A) They need to consume more carbohydrates.
B) They need a significantly less intake of vitamin.
C) They need a significantly high intake of fat.
D) They need to consume fewer calories.

Question 59

Brendan is a one-year-old boy and recently suffered an injury to the part of the brain that controls language. On examining him, the neurologist says that other areas of the brain will assume functions of the damaged part and he will not lose the ability to speak or understand a language. The neurologist bases this diagnosis on Brendan's brain's ________.

A) plasticity
B) homogeneity
C) elasticity
D) heterogeneity

Question 60

Which of the following is an example of a child showing fine motor skills?

A) Five-year-old Leah throwing a ball forcefully
B) Two-year-old Kyron pushing and pulling large toys
C) Four-year-old Farah riding a tricycle very well
D) Three-year-old Dana building a tower with nine cubes

Question 61

Which of the following is true of somnambulism?

A) It usually occurs more commonly in adults than children.
B) It usually occurs during light rapid-eye-movement sleep.
C) It causes violent agitation in children if awakened during an episode.
D) It tends to occur during deep sleep.

Question 62

Which of the following is a similarity between enuresis and encopresis?

A) Both are elimination disorders.
B) Both are sleep disorders.
C) Both usually become more frequent with age.
D) Both usually occur during the day.

Question 63

Which of the following is a similarity between sleep terrors and somnambulism?

A) Both take place during lighter rapid-eye-movement sleep.
B) Both involve violent agitation when awakened during an episode.
C) Both intensify as children develop.
D) Both occur during deep sleep.

Question 64

According to Piaget, the preoperational stage of cognitive development _______.

A) lasts from approximately age eight to age eleven.
B) involves the use of abstract reasoning.
C) lasts from approximately age two to age seven.
D) involves a growing mastery of formal logic.

Question 65

Which of the following statements is true of accidents?

A) Girls are more likely than boys to incur accidental injuries.
B) Poor children are more likely to die from fires than other children.
C) Poor children are less likely to die in motor vehicle accidents than other children.
D) Accidents cause less deaths than any other causes of deaths.

Question 66

Which of the following is an example of a minor illness?

A) Tuberculosis
B) Measles
C) Pneumonia
D) Diarrhea

Question 67

Which of the following is true of childhood immunizations?

A) They are used to eliminate diseases like arthritis and diabetes.
B) They are still unavailable for diseases like rubella and diphtheria.
C) They have greatly reduced the incidence of serious childhood illnesses.
D) They have completely eliminated major childhood illnesses.

Question 68

Which of the following is true of sleep terrors?

A) They are outgrown by early adolescence.
B) They wane as children develop.
C) They occur during lighter rapid-eye-movement sleep.
D) They are less severe than nightmares.

Question 69

Somnambulism is also known as _____.

A) bed-wetting
B) sleepwalking
C) soiling
D) sleep apnea

Question 70

In a 24-hour period, most preschoolers sleep ______.

A) 15 to 16 hours at night and two hours during the day.
B) three to four hours at night and take two naps of three hours each.
C) nine to ten hours at night and take a nap of one to two hours.
D) 11 to 12 hours at night and four hours during the day.

Question 71

Which of the following statements is true of sleep terrors?

A) They usually occur during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep.
B) They usually occur during deep sleep.
C) They occur more often among boys than girls.
D) They occur more often among girls than boys.

Question 72

Immaturity of the nervous system is a major factor in _______.

A) sleepwalking
B) nightmares
C) dreaming
D) sleeptalking

Question 73

Harsh punishment in response to encopresis _______.

A) aggravates the problem and causes anxiety.
B) causes the problem to stop immediately.
C) appears to work for boys but not for girls.
D) teaches self-control.

Question 74

Which of the following is true of bed-wetting?

A) Bed-wetting is a sign of poor parenting.
B) Bed-wetting increases in occurrence with age.
C) Bed-wetting is more common among girls than boys.
D) Bed-wetting occurs more often during deep sleep.

Question 75

Enuresis may be caused by ______.

A) hyperactivity of the prefrontal cortex.
B) an immature motor cortex.
C) lack of specific neurotransmitters needed to achieve physical control.
D) a pathological connection in the diencephalon.

Question 76

The ability to pretend involves _______.

A) the use and recollection of symbols.
B) the ability to use language.
C) concrete operational thought.
D) mental representation of things that children have never heard of.

Question 77

Sleep terrors differ from nightmares in that ______.

A) nightmares are more frightening.
B) sleep terrors occur during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep.
C) nightmares are usually outgrown.
D) sleep terrors occur during a deeper sleep stage.

Question 78

Preschoolers who engage in violent pretend play demonstrate _______.

A) higher levels of paranoia than other children.
B) less antisocial behavior in later childhood.
C) more helping behavior toward other children.
D) lower levels of empathy than other children.

Question 79

Which of the following is an example of a major childhood illness in developing countries?

A) Cold
B) Vomiting
C) Tetanus
D) Nausea

Question 80

Which of the following is true of imaginary friends?

A) They are a sign of serious cognitive problems.
B) They are an indication of the child having problems with real relationships.
C) They are companions for 95% of preschoolers.
D) They are most commonly found among firstborn and only children.