Deck 10: Middle Childhood: Social and Emotional Developmeny

Question 1

Children between ages 8 and 11 are able to recognize the importance of friends meeting each other's needs.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Children with high self-esteem are more likely to have authoritative parents.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Children with conduct disorders have a low tolerance for frustration.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Children and parents spend less time together in middle childhood than in the preschool years.

Question 5

As children undergo the cognitive developments of middle childhood, their self-concepts focus exclusively on concrete external traits, such as appearance, activities, and living situations.

Question 6

In middle childhood, children depend less on external rewards and punishments and increasingly regulate their own behavior.

Question 7

According to Freud, children in the middle years are in the latency stage.

Question 8

Most children live with their fathers after a divorce.

Question 9

Separation anxiety disorder is characterized by anxiety about separating from parents and may be expressed as school phobia.

Question 10

When children share troubling ideas and experiences with peers, they realize they are normal and not alone.

Question 11

Certain attributional styles can contribute to helplessness and hopelessness and hence to depression.

Question 12

Separation anxiety disorder usually becomes a significant problem in early childhood because that is when children are expected to adjust to school.

Question 13

Children of working mothers tend to be flexible in their gender role stereotypes.

Question 14

The development of children's understanding of the relationship between the self and others is called social cognition.

Question 15

Conflicts among friends in middle childhood tend to be less intense and get resolved in positive ways.

Question 16

Students do not perform well when teachers rely heavily on criticism, ridicule, threats, or punishment.

Question 17

Lesbians and gay men are as likely to sustain positive family relationships as heterosexual men.

Question 18

The children of divorce are more likely to have conduct disorders, to abuse drugs, and to have poor grades in school.

Question 19

Researchers have found that even when girls perform as well as boys in math and science, they have less confidence in their ability.

Question 20

Teachers, like parents, set limits, make demands, communicate values, and foster development.

Question 21

Children with a favorable self-image tend to have parents who are _____.

A) authoritative
B) cold
C) negligent
D) authoritarian

Question 22

Samuel is a nine-year-old boy with a favorable self-image and has confidence in his abilities. He believes that hard work is the key to success. Samuel's parents are most likely to be _______.

A) authoritarian, dominating, and strict.
B) lenient, ignorant, and negligent.
C) negligent, rejecting, and rigid.
D) restrictive, involved, and loving.

Question 23

According to the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood as described by Robert Selman, children in level 2 _______.

A) realize that mutual perspective taking does not always lead to agreement.
B) understand that people may think or feel differently because they have different values or ideas.
C) are egocentric and do not realize that other people have perspectives different from their own.
D) do not understand that people in different situations may have different perspectives.

Question 24

Identify a true statement about children in middle childhood.

A) By middle childhood, children can compare themselves with other children and, unlike preschoolers, can arrive at a more honest and critical self-appraisal.
B) Children's self-esteem rises throughout middle childhood, reaching a peak at 12 or 13.
C) Children with low self-esteem tend to have parents who are restrictive, while children with a favorable self-image are more likely to have authoritarian parents.
D) During middle childhood, girls tend to have more positive self-concepts in math and physical appearance than boys.

Question 25

According to Piaget, middle childhood is partly characterized by ______.

A) a decline in egocentrism.
B) failure to acknowledge others' perspectives.
C) suppression of sexual feelings.
D) anxiety about separation from parents.

Question 26

According to the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood as described by Robert Selman, children in level 0 _______.

A) realize that mutual perspective taking does not always lead to agreement.
B) understand that people may think or feel differently because they have different values or ideas.
C) are egocentric and do not realize that other people have perspectives different from their own.
D) understand that people in different situations may have different perspectives.

Question 27

Emily is an 11-year-old girl with an inferiority complex. She believes herself to be a good-for-nothing and views the world as cold and unfair. Emily's parents are most likely to be _______.

A) nurturing.
B) authoritarian.
C) protective.
D) restrictive.

Question 28

Isabel is an 11-year-old girl. Her parents are loving and nurturing, and they encourage her to study as well as pursue her hobbies. They also allow her to ask questions and try their best to answer them. However, Isabel is expected to follow certain rules set by her parents. Isabel is most likely to have _____.

A) a low intelligence quotient
B) high self-esteem
C) totalitarian parents
D) authoritarian parents

Question 29

Compared to boys, in middle childhood, girls tend to have more positive self-concept regarding _____.

A) physical appearance
B) social skills
C) athletic abilities
D) general academics

Question 30

According to the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood as described by Robert Selman, children in level 1 _______.

A) realize that mutual perspective taking does not always lead to agreement.
B) understand that more than one perspective can be correct.
C) are egocentric and do not realize that other people have perspectives different from their own.
D) understand that people in different situations may have different perspectives.

Question 31

According to social cognitive theory, in middle childhood, children _______.

A) concentrate on external traits and not on abstract internal traits.
B) are exposed to an increasing variety of models.
C) fail to regulate their own behavior.
D) depend more on external rewards and punishments.

Question 32

Rashida, an 11-year-old girl, has not completed her math homework. She anticipates a reprimand from the teacher but believes that if she told the teacher that she was busy playing with her new toy and forgot all about her homework, the teacher would understand and forgive her. According to Robert Selman, this scenario illustrates _____.

A) level 0 of perspective-taking skills in childhood
B) the phallic stage
C) the latency stage
D) level 1 of perspective-taking skills in childhood

Question 33

Jack, a seven-year-old, did not eat his lunch at school. He knew that his mother will be angry if he did not explain why he did not eat his lunch. However, Jack believed that his mother will understand if he told her that the food was stale. According to Robert Selman, this scenario illustrates _____.

A) level 0 of perspective-taking skills in childhood
B) level 1 of perspective-taking skills in childhood
C) the latency stage
D) the oral stage

Question 34

Which of the following theories focuses on the importance of rewards and modeling in middle childhood?

A) Gender schema theory
B) Psychoanalytic theory
C) Cognitive-dissonance theory
D) Social cognitive theory

Question 35

Compared to girls, in middle childhood, boys tend to have more positive self-concept regarding _____.

A) empathy
B) social studies
C) general academics
D) physical appearance

Question 36

In which of the following perspective-taking levels described by Robert Selman does a child begin to value the perspectives of the larger social group?

A) Level 1
B) Level 2
C) Level 3
D) Level 4

Question 37

Juan, a nine-year-old boy, wanders away from his father during a visit to the supermarket. After being found 30 minutes later, he tells his father that he wanted to look at the Halloween decorations a little longer. Although he expects his father to be angry with him, he believes that his father would stop being upset if he saw the decorations were attractive. He fails to consider that his father might feel differently. According to Robert Selman, this scenario illustrates _____.

A) level 1 of perspective-taking skills in childhood
B) the phallic stage
C) the latency stage
D) level 0 of perspective-taking skills in childhood

Question 38

Social cognition most broadly refers to the development of children's understanding of ______.

A) the relationship between the self and parents
B) the relationship between the self and peers
C) the relationship between the self and environment
D) the relationship between the self and others

Question 39

Andrew is a 10-year-old boy. His parents often scold and humiliate him. They also expect Andrew to obey strict rules without asking questions. In this scenario, Andrew is most likely to have _____.

A) no emotional quotient
B) confidence in his abilities
C) low self-esteem
D) positive self-concepts

Question 40

Children with low self-esteem are likely to have _____.

A) permissive-indulgent parents
B) authoritarian parents
C) involved parents
D) authoritative parents

Question 41

Jerome is 10 years old. When he was younger, his mother cooked healthy food for him at home and chose healthy meals at restaurants as well. Jerome now picks healthy meals and snacks as taught by his mother. In this scenario, Jerome is involved in _______.

A) social stratification.
B) coregulation.
C) learned helplessness.
D) resocialization.

Question 42

A difference between children in middle childhood and children in their preschool years is that _______.

A) children and parents spend less time together in middle childhood than in the preschool years.
B) children evaluate their parents less harshly in middle childhood than they did in preschool years.
C) parents provide more direct feedback in middle childhood than they did in the preschool years.
D) parents do more monitoring of children's activities in middle childhood than they did in the preschool years.

Question 43

Children who quit following failure tend to have _______.

A) poor emotion regulation skills
B) poor empathy skills
C) low academic self-esteem
D) low social self-esteem

Question 44

Children who believe that success is based on ability are most likely to experience _______.

A) consistent success
B) learned helplessness
C) approval from parents and teachers
D) flexibility in their behavior

Question 45

Ginny's mother accompanied her to parks and playgrounds when she was younger. Now that Ginny is 11 years old, her mother allows her to go out alone. Ginny remembers to follow safety rules taught by her mother. In this scenario, Ginny is involved in _____.

A) learned helplessness
B) resocialization
C) coregulation
D) social stratification

Question 46

Charlene was born a girl, but she feels that she should have been a boy as she prefers to engage in activities for boys. She is considering undergoing sex reassignment surgery and plastic surgery. Charlene belongs to the category of _____.

A) homosexual people
B) transgendered people
C) heterosexual people
D) bisexual people

Question 47

Ross is 14 years old and plays great soccer. He likes to practice with his team and loves to coach younger boys. He is known to help out around the neighborhood, especially senior citizens. He is always surrounded by friends. Which of the following descriptions best suits Ross?

A) Egocentric
B) Introvert
C) Sentimental
D) Popular

Question 48

The children of divorce are ______.

A) more likely to have good grades in school.
B) more likely to have conduct disorders.
C) less likely to abuse drugs.
D) unlikely to rebound even after many years.

Question 49

Daughters of employed women _______.

A) exhibit strong delinquent behavior.
B) have more rigid views of gender role stereotypes.
C) have higher goals for themselves.
D) tend to be less prosocial and more anxious.

Question 50

Roger was born a boy, but he feels trapped in the male body and longs to be a girl. He likes and engages in feminine activities like dressing up and applying makeup. He is considering undergoing sex reassignment surgery and plastic surgery to become a girl. Roger belongs to the category of _____.

A) homosexual people
B) transgendered people
C) heterosexual people
D) bisexual people

Question 51

When children are exposed to adult or marital conflict, they display a biological "alarm reaction," ______.

A) their heart rate rises sharply.
B) their blood pressure decreases drastically.
C) their bodies stop producing dopamine.
D) their bodies stop producing norepinephrine.

Question 52

Which of the following is true of parent-child relationships in middle childhood?

A) Children spend more time with their mothers than with their fathers.
B) Children and parents spend more time together in middle childhood than in the preschool years.
C) Parents provide more direct feedback than they did in the preschool years.
D) Parents monitor their children's activities most closely during middle childhood.

Question 53

Because of their developing cognitive ability, 10- to 12-year-olds _______.

A) are more receptive to direct feedback from parents than they did in the preschool years.
B) rate their peers as their best source of emotional support.
C) evaluate their parents more harshly than they did in early childhood.
D) seek to spend more time with their fathers than with their mothers.

Question 54

Children of working mothers tend to be ______.

A) less prosocial and more anxious.
B) strongly delinquent in their behavior.
C) less achievement oriented.
D) flexible in their gender role stereotypes.

Question 55

Which of the following statements is true of peer relationships?

A) Acceptance or rejection by peers is unlikely to be important in childhood.
B) As children move into middle childhood, peers become less influential.
C) Peers afford practice in cooperating, relating to leaders, and coping with aggressive impulses.
D) Peers exert the most powerful influence on a child during his or her first few years.

Question 56

Socially speaking, popular children _______.

A) have low self-esteem.
B) are nurturant, cooperative, and helpful.
C) are more likely to be rejected by their peers.
D) remain on the fringes of peer groups.

Question 57

The gradual transfer of control from parent to child during middle childhood is known as _____.

A) regression
B) social cognition
C) coregulation
D) learned helplessness

Question 58

Which of the following is true of middle childhood?

A) Mothers' interactions with school-age children continue to revolve exclusively around recreation.
B) Parent-child interactions focus on assignment of chores and peer activities.
C) Parents provide more direct feedback than they did in the preschool years.
D) Children evaluate their parents less harshly than they did in early childhood.

Question 59

In the context of socialization influences during childhood, peers, _____.

A) like parents, set limits, make demands, communicate values, and foster development.
B) like parents, help children learn what types of impulses they can express safely.
C) unlike parents, do not reject children who are aggressive.
D) unlike parents, can be important influences in matters related to one's career.

Question 60

Ameena is a 14-year-old girl with many friends in school and in the neighborhood. She easily strikes up conversations with peers and is known to be very helpful. Her friends admire and emulate her. Which of the following descriptions best suits Ameena?

A) Coy
B) Emotional
C) Popular
D) Introvert

Question 61

Which of the following examples illustrates an external attribution style?

A) Ron gives up efforts to lose excess weight after repeated setbacks in his diet and exercise plan.
B) Miguel realizes he lacks the talent to become a successful guitar player and discontinues his guitar lessons.
C) Cynthia collects rare and exotic animal figurines and shows off to friends and family.
D) Maria loses the inter-school swimming competition and agrees that she lost because the competition was challenging and resolves to work harder.

Question 62

Sarah is a middle school teacher. She believes that Aaron, a fifth grader, is a bright student even though his performance so far has been average. Sarah pays more attention to Aaron, mentors him, and helps him with his lab experiments. As a result, Aaron gets better grades toward the end of the year. This scenario exemplifies _____.

A) the Pygmalion effect
B) learned helplessness
C) classical conditioning
D) the boomerang effect

Question 63

Which of the following statements is true of depressed children?

A) Evidence suggests that depressed children underutilize testosterone.
B) Evidence suggests that depressed children underutilize serotonin.
C) Evidence suggests that depressed children underutilize progesterone.
D) Evidence suggests that depressed children underutilize dopamine.

Question 64

Which of the following statements is true of teachers' influences on student performance?

A) Students learn more in classes when they work on their own than when they are supervised by teachers.
B) Achievement is enhanced when teachers expect students to master the curriculum.
C) Students do well when teachers rely heavily on criticism and punishment.
D) Teachers' effectiveness increases when they give common feedback to all students.

Question 65

Children who voice concerns about death and dying and insist that someone stay with him or her at bedtime are most likely struggling with ______.

A) narcissistic personality disorder
B) conduct disorder
C) separation anxiety disorder
D) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Question 66

On a neurological level, evidence suggests that depressed people "underutilize" the neurotransmitter _____.

A) serotonin
B) dopamine
C) adenosine
D) epinephrine

Question 67

In the context of child development, a similarity between schools and parents is that both _______.

A) make demands for mature behavior.
B) act as important confidants.
C) discourage empowerment of students at a young age.
D) refrain from setting limits on behavior.

Question 68

Which of the following is a way that teachers can use to help motivate all students to do their best?

A) Making the classroom and the lesson interesting and inviting
B) Minimizing social interactions in the classroom
C) Treating all students similarly and ignoring their backgrounds
D) Helping students to focus on long-term goals instead of short-term goals

Question 69

Which of the following examples illustrates an internal attribution style?

A) Kim quits ballet dancing as she feels clumsy and thinks she will never be able to master it.
B) Rupert is confused and cannot decide whether to take up soccer, swimming, or skating.
C) Kenny decides to try the latest recreational drug popular on the school campus.
D) Ania resolves to study harder after receiving less than average grades at school.

Question 70

Jacob is in middle school. He tells his friends that he is worried that he would fail in his biology test because the biology project reviewer deliberately asked him tough questions that he could not answer. This scenario illustrates the _____.

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) external attribution style
C) Pygmalion effect
D) boomerang effect

Question 71

Children with conduct disorders _______.

A) do not have temper flare-ups.
B) have a high tolerance for frustration.
C) tend to blame other people for their scrapes.
D) avoid indulging in sexual activity before puberty.

Question 72

According to Robert Selman, which of the following stages in children's concepts of friendship focuses on the relationship rather than on individuals separately?

A) One-way assistance
B) Momentary physical interaction
C) Fair-weather cooperation
D) Intimate and mutual sharing

Question 73

Children with depression may ______.

A) eat excessively.
B) experience insomnia.
C) develop a keen interest in people of the same age.
D) exhibit traits associated with extraversion.

Question 74

In middle childhood, perceived low levels of competence are linked to _____.

A) high self-esteem
B) depression
C) extraversion
D) egocentrism

Question 75

Which of the following statements is true of depression in children?

A) Perfectionist children are not depressed.
B) Helplessness triggers depression.
C) High self-esteem is linked to depression.
D) Depressed children typically attribute the causes of their failures to internal factors.

Question 76

According to Robert Selman, in which of the following stages in children's concepts of friendship do children (adolescents, and adults) understand that friendships grow and change as people change and that they may need different friends to satisfy different needs?

A) Autonomous interdependence
B) Momentary physical interaction
C) Fair-weather cooperation
D) Intimate and mutual sharing

Question 77

Children with separation anxiety disorder tend to _______.

A) explore their environment and become progressively independent when they are separated from their caregivers.
B) display a sense of security when they are separated from parents.
C) plead with their parents to leave the house.
D) cling to their parents and follow them around the house.

Question 78

In the context of child development, a similarity between teachers and parents is that both ______.

A) refrain from setting limits on behavior.
B) act as important confidants.
C) communicate values and foster development.
D) discourage empowerment of students at a young age.

Question 79

Which of the following traits are children with conduct disorders most likely to exhibit?

A) empathy
B) poor reading skills
C) dishonesty
D) goal persistence

Question 80

Robert Selman described five stages in children's changing concepts of friendship. In which stage do children remain egoistic, with a concept friendship limited to one who likes to play with the same things and lives nearby.

A) momentary physical interaction
B) autonomous interdependence
C) intimate and mutual sharing
D) fair-weather cooperation