Deck 1: Criminal Justice Today

Question 1

Federalism is a form of government in which a central government exercises exclusive power in all domestic affairs.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Racial profiling is a crime-fighting tool that allows law enforcement agents to identify a suspect from body fluid evidence or biological evidence.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The explicit goal of the criminal justice system is to provide justice to all members of society.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Those defendants charged with violating state criminal law will always face trial in federal court.

Question 5

The United States has a unified court system.

Question 6

The crime control model and the due process model are the two most common models of how society "decides" which acts are criminal.

Question 7

The concept of public order crimes is linked to the conflict model of criminal justice.

Question 8

Hawaii has the best state law enforcement agency among all the fifty American states.

Question 9

Deviance is an objective concept.

Question 10

The underlying value of the due process model is that the most important function of the criminal justice process is to punish and repress criminal conduct.

Question 11

Assault and battery are two forms of property crime.

Question 12

The conflict model assumes that a diverse group of people can have similar morals.

Question 13

To reduce prison populations, federal and state correctional officials are implementing a number of programs to increase the recidivism rate of ex-convicts.

Question 14

One aspect of capital punishment is that a white defendant is much more likely to be sentenced to death for killing a black victim than a black defendant is for killing a white victim.

Question 15

An informal criminal justice system can suffer when individual judgment is tainted by personal bias and plain ill will.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true of deviance?

A) All crimes are considered deviant.
B) Deviance is a subjective concept.
C) Deviance refers to behavior that conforms to social norms.
D) Deviant acts are crimes that are pardoned by society.

Question 17

The first ten amendments to the U. S. Constitution are collectively known as the code of ethics.

Question 18

Which of the following is true of the conflict model of criminal justice?

A) It suggests that public attitudes toward morality are constant and different groups of citizens have similar opinions on controversial issues.
B) It considers that all groups of society have their interests served by the criminal justice system.
C) It assumes that the most politically powerful segments of society are able to impose their values on the rest of the community.
D) It argues that the common public has the most influence on criminal laws.

Question 19

All crimes are considered deviant.

Question 20

A county sheriff is usually appointed by a chief of police for a term of ten years.

Question 21

_____ is the act of taking property from another person without the use of force with the intent of keeping that property.

A) Robbery
B) Battery
C) Larceny
D) Arson

Question 22

_____ refers to the unlawful entry of a structure with the intention of committing a serious crime such as theft.

A) Arson
B) Murder
C) Assault
D) Burglary

Question 23

Anaida was walking home from work. She was suddenly accosted in an alley by a man wielding a knife. The man threatened to kill her if she did not hand over all her money to him. Anaida reluctantly gave him the money, and the man ran away with the money without attacking her. This scenario demonstrates _____.

A) robbery
B) burglary
C) larceny
D) battery

Question 24

Mark was an employee in a financial services firm. Although he was paid an average salary, he bought a luxury car with money borrowed from a loan shark. The loan shark threatened to kill him if he did not repay the money within three months. Intimidated by the threat, Mark embezzled funds from his company. Which of the following crimes did Mark commit?

A) Public order crime
B) White-collar crime
C) Organized crime
D) Property crime

Question 25

Which of the following is a traditional preferred market for organized crime?

A) Prostitution
B) Shoplifting
C) Forgery
D) Larceny

Question 26

Which of the following is an example of a cyber crime?

A) Selling pornographic materials
B) Running a gambling ring
C) Engaging in loan sharking
D) Smuggling narcotic drugs

Question 27

Which of the following is true of arson?

A) It is a type of violent crime.
B) It is accidental in nature.
C) It involves the unintentional destruction of a building.
D) It involves the malicious burning of an automobile.

Question 28

To safeguard society from criminal behavior, institutions must be created to:

A) approve of capital punishment for all felonies.
B) apprehend alleged wrongdoers.
C) uphold the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution.
D) reinforce self-incrimination.

Question 29

The dependence of businesses on computer operations has left corporations vulnerable to:

A) burglary.
B) sabotage.
C) assault.
D) battery.

Question 30

Which of the following statements is true of high-tech crimes?

A) They are popularly referred to as white-collar crimes.
B) They include crimes such as public drunkenness, prostitution, gambling, and illicit drug use.
C) They are directly related to the increased presence of computers in everyday life.
D) They are a traditional form of crime.

Question 31

Which of the following is true of white-collar crimes?

A) The most common white-collar crimes include gambling and illicit drug use.
B) White-collar crimes are popularly referred to as victimless crimes.
C) White-collar crimes involve the use of violent means to obtain a business advantage.
D) The extent of white-collar crimes is difficult to determine with any certainty.

Question 32

Which of the following types of crime describes illegal acts carried out by illegal enterprises engaged in the market for illegal goods or services, such as illicit drugs or firearms?

A) Victimless crime
B) White-collar crime
C) Organized crime
D) Property crime

Question 33

Harvey works as a researcher in a top-secret government laboratory. He discovered a powerful explosive that can be used as a nuclear weapon. While he was away, Louis, his research partner, hacked into his computer and stole the chemical formula for the explosive. This scenario illustrates that Louis has committed a(n) _____.

A) violent crime
B) cyber crime
C) property crime
D) organized crime

Question 34

Public order crimes are sometimes referred to as victimless crimes because:

A) they often abide by public values.
B) they often harm only the offender.
C) they are linked to the conflict model of crime.
D) they do not give rise to violent crimes.

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of public order crimes?

A) Gambling
B) Embezzlement
C) Larceny
D) Arson

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true of public order crimes?

A) They are a type of organized crime.
B) They are also called victimless crimes.
C) They harm both the offenders and the victims.
D) They are linked to the conflict model of criminal justice.

Question 37

A(n) _____ is a threat or an attempt to do violence to another person that causes that person to fear immediate physical harm.

A) assault
B) battery
C) arson
D) larceny

Question 38

_____ are nonviolent crimes committed by business entities or individuals to gain a personal or business advantage.

A) Cyber crimes
B) Organized crimes
C) White-collar crimes
D) Public order crimes

Question 39

Giordana works as a secretary to a criminal lawyer. Her boss often gives her pre-signed blank checks to pay for miscellaneous expenses. Giordana has a gambling addiction and is part of an underground poker ring run by the mafia. When she starts losing at poker, she writes down higher numbers on the pre-signed checks and cashes them to pay her gambling debts. This scenario illustrates that Giordana is involved in _____.

A) a violent crime
B) white-collar crime
C) a property crime
D) high-tech crime

Question 40

Jana is a young, married woman. She gets into a romantic relationship with her colleague, Jacob. She contemplates divorcing her husband, Mark, and marrying Jacob. But, she does not want to go through the divorce proceedings and split her assets. She looks for alternatives to part ways with Mark. After much consideration, she decides to get rid of Mark. One evening, she goes home early after work, sneaks up on her husband, and bludgeons him to death. This scenario demonstrates _____.

A) burglary
B) assault
C) murder
D) larceny

Question 41

Which of the following can be used to address the many ethical challenges inherent in the criminal justice system?

A) The conflict model
B) The consensus model
C) The principle of critical thinking
D) The principle of excluded middle

Question 42

_____ is the interlocking network of law enforcement agencies, courts, and corrections institutions designed to enforce criminal laws and protect society from criminal behavior.

A) The crisis intervention system
B) A neighborhood crime watch
C) The criminal justice system
D) A crime prevention service

Question 43

A _____ and its work group are given the weighty responsibility of determining the innocence or guilt of those suspected of unlawful activities.

A) criminal court
B) rehabilitation center
C) probation department
D) correction facility

Question 44

Unlike Professor Herbert Packer's crime control model, his due process model:

A) focuses on protecting the rights of the accused through formal, legal restraints on the police, courts, and corrections.
B) advocates as few restrictions as possible on the ability of law enforcement officers to make discretionary decisions in apprehending criminals.
C) places primary emphasis on the right of society to be protected from crime and violent criminals.
D) relies on the courts to make it easier to prove the guilt of the accused.

Question 45

Who among the following is a part of the work group of a criminal court?

A) Wardens
B) Sheriffs
C) Prosecutors
D) Senators

Question 46

Which of the following is an express power given to the national government by the Constitution?

A) The power to coin money
B) The power to enact laws to protect the welfare of citizens
C) The power to mandate physician-assisted suicide
D) The power to grant bail

Question 47

_____ is the police practice of improperly targeting members of minority groups based on personal characteristics such as ethnicity.

A) Ethnocentrism
B) Racial profiling
C) Ethnic penalty
D) Entrapment

Question 48

Which of the following is an example of a community-based correctional facility?

A) A rehabilitation center
B) A prison
C) A jail
D) A halfway house

Question 49

Unlike jails, prisons:

A) hold criminals on probation.
B) hold those convicted of minor crimes with relatively short sentences.
C) are the domain of federal and state governments.
D) are administered by counties and municipalities.

Question 50

Which of the following is a judicial discretion in the criminal justice system?

A) Imposing sentences
B) Enforcing laws
C) Investigating specific crimes
D) Detaining people

Question 51

Ideally, actors in the criminal justice system will make moral choices about what is right and wrong based on the:

A) norms established by society.
B) rights guaranteed by the Constitution.
C) laws mandated by the Supreme Court.
D) provisions of the Fifth Amendment.

Question 52

_____ means that all individuals are equal before the law and that they are free from arbitrary arrest or seizure as defined by the law.

A) Justice
B) Morality
C) Ethics
D) Synergy

Question 53

According to Megan Kurlychek of the University at Albany, New York, one of the goals of the criminal justice system is to:

A) predict the occurrence of crimes in hot-spots.
B) rehabilitate those offenders who have been punished.
C) standardize punishment for all forms of criminal activities.
D) apprehend alleged wrongdoers.

Question 54

Which of the following is true of probation?

A) Probation is the least common form of correctional treatment.
B) All offenders are placed on probation regardless of their individual needs and the seriousness of the crimes committed by them.
C) Probation allows an offender to return to a community and remain under the supervision of an agent of the court.
D) When probationers adhere to rules of conduct, they are incarcerated.

Question 55

Which of the following is a drawback of the formal criminal justice process?

A) It avoids the use of discretion.
B) It is unrealistic in nature.
C) It mandates capital punishment.
D) It dismisses official rules.

Question 56

Which of the following systems of governance was chosen by the framers of the U. S. Constitution?

A) Machiavellianism
B) Federalism
C) Communism
D) Marxism

Question 57

Which of the following is most likely a pitfall of discretion in informal decision making?

A) Individual judgement may operate within the rigid confines of formal rules and laws.
B) Individual judgement can be tainted by erroneous thinking.
C) Individual judgement can hinder intuitive thinking.
D) Individual judgement may be substituted with the judgement of the general public.

Question 58

The discretionary decisions made by criminal justice professionals produce a(n) _____.

A) opportunistic criminal justice process
B) formal criminal justice process
C) communalist criminal justice process
D) informal criminal justice process

Question 59

Which of the following is the last step in the criminal justice process?

A) Adjudication
B) Corrections
C) Prosecution and pretrial services
D) Sentencing and sanctions

Question 60

The ideals of _____ can be clearly seen in the local, state, and national levels of law enforcement.

A) Machiavellianism
B) federalism
C) communism
D) Marxism

Question 61

Homeland security concerns have brought much of the criminal justice system in line with _____.

A) conflict model values
B) consensus model values
C) due process values
D) crime control values

Question 62

Discuss the goals of the criminal justice system.

Question 63

Jake has been subjected to racial profiling by many of the law enforcement officers in his neighborhood. Highly frustrated by such discriminatory treatment, Jake decides to retaliate. On a Saturday afternoon, he walks into the precinct with a bomb vest strapped to his chest. He detonates the explosive, killing himself and several police officers. Using DNA profiling, the police were able to figure out that Jake killed seven police officers. In this scenario, Jake's act represents _____.

A) jaywalking
B) false flagging
C) domestic terrorism
D) recidivism

Question 64

Missouri's _________ states that a law enforcement agent may use "deadly force" against a suspect if the suspect is resisting a lawful arrest or "may otherwise endanger life or inflict serious physical injury unless arrested without delay." A. castle doctrine
B. "use of force" law
C. "stand-your-ground" law
D. lethal force doctrine ​

Question 65

Distinguish between Professor Herbert Packer's crime control model and due process model.

Question 66

Ethics in criminal justice is closely related to the concept of _________
A. arraignment
B. anomie
C. deviance
D. justice ​

Question 67

Which of the following is true of incarceration and race?

A) The number of white men in state and federal prisons is significantly larger than the number of black men.
B) There has been a dramatic increase in the number of Hispanic inmates in federal prisons over the past decade.
C) A white defendant is more likely to be sentenced to death for killing a black victim than a black defendant is for killing a white victim.
D) As law enforcement agencies have loosened restrictions on immigration laws, the number of Latino inmates has decreased in state and federal prisons.

Question 68

Discuss the consensus model of criminal justice.

Question 69

_________ is behavior that is considered to go against the norms established by society
A. Conformity
B. Deviance
C. Arraignment
D. Discretion ​

Question 70

Which of the following amendments to the U.S. Constitution protects the civil liberties of crime suspects and is relevant to counterterrorism efforts?

A) The Sixth Amendment
B) The Fifth Amendment
C) The Twelfth Amendment
D) The Sixteenth Amendment

Question 71

_________ refers to the use or threat of violence to achieve political objectives
A. Discretion
B. Incarceration
C. Recidivism
D. Terrorism ​

Question 72

_____ has law enforcement officers focusing on high-crime areas rather than spreading their resources evenly throughout metropolitan areas.

A) High-tech policing
B) Hot-spot policing
C) Proactive policing
D) Reactive policing

Question 73

Describe the relationship between ethics and justice.

Question 74

Decreasing arrest and imprisonment rates suggest that:

A) due process values are strong.
B) crime control values are strong.
C) consensus model values are weak.
D) conflict model values are weak.

Question 75

Which of the following is the most effective new crime-fighting tool?

A) DNA profiling
B) Racial profiling
C) Hot-spot policing
D) Proactive policing

Question 76

DNA profiling allows law enforcement agents to _________
A. predict the possibility of a crime occurrence
B. identify suspects based on their fingerprints
C. identify suspects from body fluid evidence
D. understand the mental state of perpetrators ​

Question 77

_____ is the act of committing a new crime after a person has already been punished for a previous crime by being convicted and sent to jail or prison.

A) Terrorism
B) Recidivism
C) Larceny
D) Anomie

Question 78

As Nate was running late for work, he hurriedly crossed a neighborhood street outside of a crosswalk. He was immediately issued a ticket by a traffic cop. This scenario illustrates that Nate committed the crime of _________
A. arson
B. false flagging
C. jaywalking
D. larceny ​

Question 79

Explain the concept of federalism in the context of the American criminal justice system.

Question 80

_____ are state law enforcement agencies that concern themselves with infractions on freeways
A. State police
B. State traffic officials
C. State highway patrols
D. State sheriffs ​