Deck 13: The Juvenile Justice System

Question 1

A youth gang usually consists of two persons who are engaged in criminal activity.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Many researchers believe that by the age of fourteen, an adolescent has the same ability as an adult to make a competent decision.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The child savers laid emphasis on punishment rather than treatment.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

An involuntary admission of guilt by a juvenile offender is allowed in an adjudicatory hearing.

Question 5

Although overall rates of juvenile offending have been dropping, arrest rates for girls are declining more slowly than those for boys.

Question 6

Spreading false rumors is an example of bullying.

Question 7

Self-reported studies show that there has been a drastic change in girls' violent behavior over the past few decades.

Question 8

The Miller v. Alabama (2012) case forbade the execution of offenders who were under the age of eighteen when they committed their crimes.

Question 9

A large percentage of female juvenile arrests for assault arise out of family disputes.

Question 10

If a youth breaks the conditions of probation, he or she can be returned to the formal juvenile system.

Question 11

The legal status of children in the United States varies depending on where they live, with each state making its own policy decisions on the crucial questions of age and competency.

Question 12

The "diminished culpability" of juveniles was one of the reasons given by the United States Supreme Court in its landmark decision in Graham v. Florida (2010).

Question 13

Students who have been expelled for any amount of time are at a much greater risk for future involvement in the juvenile justice system than those who have not faced such disciplinary measures.

Question 14

New York's House of Refuge was created to separate children with criminal tendencies from the environment in which they were raised.

Question 15

Automatic transfer is also known as judicial waiver.

Question 16

Juveniles are generally more likely than adults to calculate the long-term consequences of any particular action.

Question 17

The goal of an adjudicatory hearing is to determine whether a juvenile offender poses a danger to the community.

Question 18

Referral is one of the four primary stages of pretrial juvenile justice procedure.

Question 19

One of the reasons for gang membership is protection from attacks.

Question 20

According to many criminologists, any group of at-risk persons-regardless of gender, race, intelligence, or class-will commit more crimes as they grow older.

Question 21

Which of the following terminologies was used by the Illinois Juvenile Court in place of "defendants"?

A) Petitioners
B) Declarants
C) Respondents
D) Beneficiaries

Question 22

Unlike adult courts, the Illinois Juvenile Court:

A) laid emphasis on punishment.
B) kept court proceedings open to the public.
C) issued warrants instead of petitions.
D) kept court hearings and records sealed.

Question 23

Which of the following was a belief held by the child savers during the child-saving movement?

A) The doctrine of parens patriae is invalid.
B) The state has no right to care for children who are delinquent.
C) Juvenile offenders require treatment, not punishment.
D) Juvenile offenders should be imprisoned with hardened adult criminals.

Question 24

Twelve-year-old Vincent purchases two bottles of beer from a liquor shop in Moorville, United States. Even though the state of Moorville has not banned the sale or purchase of alcohol, Vincent is arrested by the local cops. In this scenario, Vincent is a _____.

A) white-collar criminal
B) juvenile delinquent
C) geriatric offender
D) status offender

Question 25

The presiding judge in a juvenile court is responsible for preparing a predisposition report.

Question 26

Which of the following is a status offense that is commonly brought to the attention of authorities?

A) Arson
B) Statutory rape
C) Embezzlement
D) Truancy

Question 27

Which of the following is a difference between juvenile offenders and adult offenders?

A) Juveniles are generally less likely than adults to act impulsively.
B) Juveniles are generally more likely than adults to engage in risky behavior.
C) Juveniles are generally more likely than adults to display remorse immediately following a violent act.
D) Juveniles are generally less likely than adults to respond to peer pressure.

Question 28

Which of the following was a reason given by the United States Supreme Court in its landmark decision in Roper v. Simmons (2005)?

A) The diminished culpability of juveniles
B) The defense of mental disorder
C) The violation of the Eighth Amendment
D) The defense of double jeopardy

Question 29

In Roper v. Simmons, the ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court:

A) prohibited the trial of juveniles in an adult court for a crime already adjudicated in juvenile court.
B) forbade the execution of offenders who were under the age of eighteen when they committed their crimes.
C) held that juveniles facing a loss of liberty were entitled to many of the same basic procedural safeguards granted to adult offenders.
D) required the government to prove "beyond a reasonable doubt" that a juvenile had committed an act of delinquency.

Question 30

The first decision to extend due process rights to children in juvenile courts was _____.

A) Breed v. Jones
B) Kent v. United States
C) In re Winship
D) In re Gault

Question 31

According to federal law and the laws of most states, a juvenile delinquent is someone who has:

A) failed to fulfil his or her duties of community service ordered by a court.
B) committed a criminal offense that is considered legal in other states.
C) engaged in behavior deemed unacceptable for those under a certain statutorily determined age.
D) not yet reached his or her eighteenth birthday at the time of the offense in question.

Question 32

In McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971), the Supreme Court ruled that:

A) the U.S. Constitution did not give a juvenile the right to a jury trial.
B) a juvenile could not be tried in an adult court for a crime already adjudicated in juvenile court.
C) a juvenile has a right to counsel in any instance in which a juvenile judge is considering sending a case to an adult court.
D) it is unconstitutional to impose capital punishment for crimes committed by a juvenile.

Question 33

Which of the following was a ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court in Graham v. Florida (2010)?

A) Juveniles who commit crimes that involve murder can be tried in adult courts and incarcerated in adult prisons and jails.
B) It is unconstitutional to impose capital punishment for crimes committed by a juvenile.
C) It is unconstitutional to try a juvenile in an adult court for a crime already adjudicated in juvenile court.
D) Juveniles who commit crimes that do not involve murder may not be sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.

Question 34

In most cases, the educational qualification of a juvenile offender is the primary factor used in determining whether to incarcerate him or her.

Question 35

In general, the child savers favored the doctrine of _____, which holds that the state has not only a right but also a duty to care for children who are neglected, delinquent, or in some other way disadvantaged.

A) parens patriae
B) contra proferentem
C) quantum meruit
D) erga omnes

Question 36

In Breed v. Jones (1975), the Supreme Court held that the _____ prevented a juvenile from being tried in an adult court for a crime that had already been adjudicated in juvenile court.

A) Fifth Amendment's double jeopardy clause
B) Fifth Amendment's due process clause
C) Eighth Amendment's cruel and unusual punishment clause
D) Eighth Amendment's excessive bail clause

Question 37

A _____ is a juvenile who has engaged in behavior deemed unacceptable for those under a certain legally determined age.

A) status offender
B) white-collar criminal
C) geriatric offender
D) juvenile delinquent

Question 38

Which of the following Supreme Court decisions held that juveniles facing a loss of liberty were entitled to many of the same basic procedural safeguards granted to adult offenders in the United States?

A) Breed v. Jones
B) Kent v. United States
C) In re Winship
D) In re Gault

Question 39

Which of the following statements is true of the first juvenile court created by the Illinois legislature?

A) It was based on the belief that children are fully responsible for criminal conduct.
B) It was based on the belief that children are not capable of being rehabilitated.
C) It was guided by the principles of parens patriae .
D) It was guided by the doctrine of erga omnes .

Question 40

Todd conducts a comparative study on behaviors exhibited by juvenile offenders and adult offenders arrested in the United States. Which of the following is most likely to be indicated by his study?

A) Juveniles are less likely than adults to engage in risky behavior.
B) Juveniles are less likely than adults to display remorse immediately following a violent act.
C) Juveniles are less likely than adults to respond to peer pressure.
D) Juveniles are more likely than adults to calculate the long-term consequences of any particular action.

Question 41

Thirteen-year-old Jacob is found guilty of robbing six houses. He admits that he began stealing at the age of ten. In this scenario, ten represents the _____.

A) age of accountability
B) age of consent
C) age of majority
D) age of onset

Question 42

Which of the following terms is used to describe the discretionary power police have in determining what to do with misbehaving juveniles?

A) Low-visibility decision making
B) High-visibility decision making
C) Zero-tolerance decision making
D) High-tolerance decision making

Question 43

According to a recent survey, which of the following ethnic groups forms the majority of all gang members in the United States?

A) Asian American
B) Hispanic
C) African American
D) White

Question 44

Richard is a five-year-old boy. His alcoholic father hits him with a cane every night. This scenario illustrates _____.

A) homicide
B) larceny
C) child abuse
D) prejudicial bullying

Question 45

Hamid, a fourteen-year-old boy, is arrested by a police officer for possession of beer. The officer holds Hamid in custody for a day and releases him with a warning. In this scenario, the officer is acting _____.

A) in loco parentis
B) in flagrante delicto
C) in forma pauperis
D) in pari materia

Question 46

Thirteen-year-old Susan is arrested by a police officer for possession of cocaine. The officer decides to refer her to juvenile court. Julia, an official of the court, files a document that summaries the charges against Susan. She also requests for a transfer of Susan's case to an adult court. In this scenario, Julia has filed a(n) _____.

A) indenture
B) petition
C) charter
D) subpoena

Question 47

According to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the earlier a youth enters the juvenile justice system, _____.

A) the more likely he or she will become a violent offender.
B) the more likely he or she will display remorse.
C) the lesser the risk of recidivism.
D) the lesser the rehabilitation success rate.

Question 48

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates child neglect?

A) Marie, a fourteen-year-old girl, is made to work as a waitress in a local bar by her parents.
B) Lucas, a twelve-year-old boy, is left on the street by his parents to fend for himself.
C) Claire, a thirteen-year-old girl, is allowed to consume marijuana by her parents.
D) Jalal, an eleven-year-old boy, is sent to his grandmother's house while his parents are on a vacation.

Question 49

Which of the following is true of the arrests for the status offense of running away from home?

A) More girls than boys are arrested for running away from home.
B) More boys than girls are arrested for running away from home.
C) Boys are arrested for running away from home, while girls are pardoned.
D) Girls are arrested for running away from home, while boys are pardoned.

Question 50

The average member of a youth gang is _____ years old.

A) twenty-one
B) sixteen
C) eighteen
D) fourteen

Question 51

Which of the following is true of substance abuse among juvenile offenders?

A) Nearly all young offenders entering juvenile detention self-report drug use at some point in their lives.
B) Very few juvenile detainees test positive for drug use at the time of their offense.
C) Substance abuse plays a minor role in criminal behavior for juveniles.
D) Middle school students are regular alcohol drinkers, increasing their risks for delinquency and academic problems.

Question 52

Fourteen-year-old Matthew is arrested for sexually assaulting one of his classmates. The presiding judge in the juvenile court considers Matthew's age and the severity of the crime he has committed and decides to transfer him to an adult court. This scenario illustrates _____.

A) automatic transfer
B) judicial waiver
C) prosecutorial waiver
D) postpetition transfer

Question 53

Which of the following is an example of bullying?

A) Name calling
B) Drug abuse
C) Internet fraud
D) Drunk driving

Question 54

In which of the following diversion programs does an offender repay her or his victim, either directly or symbolically through community service?

A) Probation
B) Treatment and aid
C) Judicial waiver
D) Restitution

Question 55

Which of the following best describes child neglect?

A) It is a condition in which the parents of a child fail to identify the child's delinquent behavior.
B) It is a condition in which the parents of a female child disown her immediately after her birth.
C) It is a form of child abuse in which a child is denied certain necessities such as shelter, food, care, and love.
D) It is a form of child abuse in which a teacher intimidates, harasses, or humiliates a student.

Question 56

Which of the following best represents family-based delinquency?

A) Girls are more likely to fight with parents or siblings than boys.
B) Law enforcement agents treat girls less harshly than boys for status offenses.
C) More boys than girls are arrested for the status offense of running away from home.
D) Girls are more likely than boys to engage in violent encounters with strangers.

Question 57

Which of the following is indicated by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention?

A) In 2013, females accounted for 23 percent of all juvenile arrests for aggravated assault.
B) Juvenile courts handled 55 percent less cases involving girls in 2011 as they did in 1985.
C) From 2002 to 2011, juvenile court delinquency caseloads increased by 26 percent.
D) Between 1997 and 2011, the number of cases involving males in delinquency courts increased by 38 percent.

Question 58

Sixteen-year-old Kathy, a resident of Baskville, is accused of murdering her sister. The state of Baskville has recently implemented legislative waiver for serious crimes such as murder and rape. Which of the following is most likely to be an outcome of Kathy's case?

A) Kathy's case will be halted until she turns eighteen.
B) Kathy will be sent to a detention center for a predetermined amount of time.
C) Kathy's case will automatically be transferred to an adult court.
D) Kathy will be incarcerated without a trial for a predetermined amount of time.

Question 59

A police officer in the state of Goldport refers twelve-year-old Mark to juvenile court and files a complaint. Robinson, an official of the court, reads the complaint and decides to release Mark. In this scenario, Robinson is involved in the _____ stage of pretrial juvenile justice procedure.

A) petition
B) referral
C) intake
D) diversion

Question 60

_____ can be broadly defined as repeated, aggressive behavior that contains at least one of the following elements: physical abuse, verbal abuse, social and emotional abuse, and cyber abuse.

A) Larceny
B) Extortion
C) Bullying
D) Detention

Question 61

In the context of the American juvenile justice system, which of the following is true of a predisposition report?

A) It usually contains information concerning a respondent's family background.
B) It provides a judge with the discretion to decide whether a case is to be transferred to an adult court.
C) It includes a list of similar cases on which a judge can base his or her decision.
D) It usually includes a list of detention centers in a neighborhood where a juvenile offender can be transferred.

Question 62

Which of the following is true of a detention hearing for a juvenile offender?

A) During the hearing, the offender is denied the right to counsel.
B) During the hearing, the offender has the right against self-incrimination.
C) The hearing is held a week after the offender has been detained.
D) The offender cannot confront witnesses when the hearing is in progress.

Question 63

In the context of the American juvenile justice system, explain the factors that are considered by police in low-visibility decision making.

Question 64

Describe the elements of bullying.

Question 65

Which of the following statements is an assertion of the concept of graduated sanctions?

A) A juvenile offender cannot be incarcerated until he reaches the age of eighteen.
B) The severity of the punishment imposed on a juvenile offender should fit the crime committed.
C) The severity of the punishment imposed on a juvenile offender is at the discretion of the presiding judge.
D) A juvenile offender is prohibited from confronting and cross-examining witnesses.

Question 66

A(n) _________ includes a variety of therapeutic, educational, and counseling curriculums made available to juvenile delinquents (and some adults) after they have been released from a correctional facility.
A. aftercare program
B. control unit
C. boot camp
D. detention center ​

Question 67

In the context of the American juvenile justice system, explain the difference between an adjudicatory hearing and a disposition hearing.

Question 68

Thirteen-year-old Carl is arrested for raping a five-year-old girl. He appears for an adjudicatory hearing, wherein the presiding judge analyzes the evidence that has been presented. Which of the following is to be determined by the judge in this hearing?

A) Whether Carl poses a danger to the community
B) Whether Carl is delinquent or in need of court supervision
C) Whether detaining Carl will provide protection to the child
D) Whether Carl has a prior criminal record

Question 69

A(n) _________ is a variation on traditional shock incarceration in which juveniles (and some adults) are sent to secure confinement facilities modeled on military basic training sites instead of prison or jail.
A. boot camp
B. aftercare program
C. detention center
D. training school

Question 70

The age at which a juvenile first exhibits delinquent behavior is called the _________.
A. age of accountability
B. age of consent
C. age of majority
D. age of onset ​

Question 71

A(n) _________ is an act that, if committed by a juvenile, is considered illegal and grounds for possible state custody
A. felony
B. status offense
C. infraction
D. capital crime ​

Question 72

_________ is a form of child abuse in which a child is denied certain necessities such as shelter, food, care, and love.
A. Child neglect
B. Incarceration
C. Bullying
D. Substance abuse ​

Question 73

In the context of the American juvenile justice system, explain the difference between a judicial waiver and a prosecutorial waiver.

Question 74

Describe residential treatment programs for juvenile offenders.

Question 75

With regard to a status offense, a _________ has sole discretion to decide whether to process the case or divert a youth to another juvenile service agency.
A. judge
B. case manager
C. jury
D. probation officer ​