Deck 1: An Overview of Community Corrections Goals and Evidence Based Practices

Question 1

Nearly 3% of the total adult population in the United States is currently under some form of correctional supervision.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Specific deterrence attempts to deter the general public from committing specific types of crime. ​

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Recidivism can be measured through rates of rearrest, reconviction, or reincarceration. ​

Answer 3

True

Question 4

All U.S. states have adopted some form of mandatory minimum sentencing laws for certain types of offenses that require a minimum period of time be served before release can be considered.

Question 5

"Evidence-based practices" refers to using the experience and opinions of trained professionals in the field, who have supervised caseloads for a long time, to determine the impact a program has on its participants. ​

Question 6

Parole is used for offenders who have not yet been convicted of a felony offense. ​

Question 7

"Net widening" results in a cost increase instead of a cost savings. ​

Question 8

Robert Martinson, a social scientist tasked with examining prison programming in the United States during the 1960s, determined that correctional rehabilitation programs were effective at reducing recidivism.

Question 9

Pretrial supervision is reserved for those who have not yet been convicted. ​

Question 10

The pretrial and bail decision is one of the three major decision points in the corrections system. ​

Question 11

Due to the recent fiscal crisis, there is growing consensus among state legislators and correctional administrators that jail and prison facilities should only be used for the most serious offenders. ​

Question 12

Community corrections are sanctions that may be completed after a defendant serves time in prison.

Question 13

In contrast to mainstream criminal justice that is focused on punishment of the offender, restorative justice is centered on the victim throughout the process and emphasizes the offender's responsibility to repair the injustice and wrong caused to the victim. ​

Question 14

According to a recent national public opinion poll, the most well-known forms of community-based corrections in the United States are probation, house arrest, and electronic monitoring.

Question 15

Until the 1990s, determinate sentencing was the primary sentencing philosophy in the United States.

Question 16

"Redeemability" refers to convincing the public that offenders can change their ways. ​

Question 17

Parole is more frequently used at the federal level as opposed to the state level. ​

Question 18

According to the text, the most common form of community supervision is probation.

Question 19

Less than half of all current U.S. prisoners will ever be released from prison. ​

Question 20

Over the last three decades, our nation's crime control policies have resulted in a steady increase of convicted misdemeanants and felons into our correctional system.

Question 21

Roughly, how many people are currently under some form of correctional supervision in the United States? ​

A) 2 million
B) ​5  million
C) ​7  million
D) 10 million

Question 22

Truth-in-sentencing laws require offenders to serve at least _________ of the original sentence length before becoming eligible for release.

A) ​95%
B) ​85%
C) ​75%
D) ​55%

Question 23

_____ is a monetary payment deposited with the court to ensure a defendant's return for the next court date, in exchange for the defendant's release.

A) A fine
B) Restitution
C) ​Ba il
D) Retribution

Question 24

Which of the following is not considered a determinate sentencing philosophy? ​

A) Mandatory minimums
B) Truth-in-sentencing
C) Discretionary parole
D) Three strikes laws

Question 25

In reference to determinate sentencing, the range of permissible sentences is determined largely by ​

A) legislated statutes.
B) treatment goals and objectives.
C) parole boards.
D) boards of pardons and clemency.

Question 26

The most common form of community corrections is ________, which is the release of an offender under conditions imposed by the court for a specified period of time during which the court retains the authority to modify the conditions or to resentence the offender if he or she violates the conditions. ​

A) probation
B) parole
C) mandatory conditional release
D) electronic monitoring

Question 27

The three main decision points in the corrections system are bail, sentencing, and

A) reentry.
B) punishment.
C) probation.
D) diversion.

Question 28

The concept that communities are made more secure by removing unsafe residents is ingrained in American tradition, but correctional policy shifts according to legislators' perceptions of what the public wants. This relationship is referred to as the

A) swing of the pendulum.
B) enigma.
C) revolution.
D) paradox.

Question 29

Determinate sentencing is often referred to as

A) unconstitutional.
B) flat time.
C) round time.
D) a range.

Question 30

________ refers to any activity or program that is conducted to prepare parolees to return safely to the community and to live as law-abiding citizens.

A) Compulsive education
B) Prisoner reentry
C) Intensive supervision
D) Parole

Question 31

______________ refers to a sentencing philosophy that encourages rehabilitation and incorporates a broad sentencing range in which discretionary release is determined by a parole board, and based on the offender's remorse commitment to bettering his/herself.

A) Mandatory minimum sentencing
B) Truth-in-sentencing
C) Indeterminate sentencing
D) Determinate sentencing

Question 32

Lack of confidence in correctional programming peaked in 1974 when __________ publication concluded that, "with few exceptions, the rehabilitative efforts that have been reported so far had no appreciable effect on recidivism." ​

A) Robert Martinson's
B) Andrew von Hirsch's
C) Herbert Packer's
D) James Marquart's

Question 33

_____ offer graduated levels of supervision and provide rewards for positive behavior, with gradually less supervision when offenders are successful.

A) Intermediate sanctions
B) Retributive sanctions
C) Indeterminate sanctions
D) Restrictive sanctions

Question 34

In 1975, _________ was the first state to return to a philosophy of determinate sentencing.

A) Texas
B) Maine
C) Oklahoma
D) Florida

Question 35

_____ require an offender to serve a specified portion of his or her sentence prior to release.

A) Three strikes laws
B) Mandatory minimum sentencing laws
C) Community-based treatments
D) Faith-based treatment programs

Question 36

A recent national opinion poll indicated that the most well-known alternatives to incarceration are probation, house arrest, and ​

A) boot camps.
B) electronic monitoring.
C) day reporting centers.
D) shock probation.

Question 37

From the 1930s to the 1970s, _____ was the primary sentencing philosophy in the United States. ​

A) determinate sentencing
B) three strikes
C) indeterminate sentencing
D) retribution

Question 38

) ______ refers to any sanction in which an offender serves all or a portion of his or her entire sentence in the community. ​

A) Community corrections
B) Social justice
C) Restorative justice
D) Halfway house

Question 39

​T he most common form of community corrections is

A) boot camp.
B) community restitution.
C) probation.
D) parole.

Question 40

Recent public surveys have suggested that adults support prisons that emphasize ​

A) rehabilitation.
B) retribution.
C) deterrence.
D) restitution.

Question 41

Correctional policy is in many ways a(n) ____________, because it shifts according to the tide of public perception and what is important to vocal constituents and public interest groups.

Question 42

The public demands correctional programs that satisfy both _________ and public safety objectives.

A) treatment
B) punishment
C) restoration
D) counseling

Question 43

A "flat sentence" is the same as a(n) _____ sentence. ​

Question 44

The _____ assumes at a basic level that offender compliance and active participation are integral to the offender's own success on community supervision. ​

Question 45

Restorative justice is most effective with _____ crimes.

A) domestic violence
B) nonviolent
C) violent drug-related
D) sexual

Question 46

__________ is a monetary payment deposited with the court to ensure the return of a defendant charged with a crime.

Question 47

_____ became the first U.S. state to return to a determinate sentencing structure.

Question 48

_____ is focused on crime victims and emphasizes offender responsibility to repair the injustice the offender has caused. ​

A) Restorative justice
B) Community justice
C) Community restitution
D) Social justice

Question 49

Community service, house arrest, day fines, and boot camps are examples of ____________________. ​

Question 50

The release of a convicted offender under conditions imposed by the court for a specified period of time during which the court retains the authority to modify the conditions or to resentence the offender if he or she violates the conditions is known as __________. ​

Question 51

_______ is the discretionary release of an offender before the expiration of his or her sentence under conditions established by the releasing authority.

A) Probation
B) Intermediate release
C) Parole
D) Determinate controlled release

Question 52

_____________ refers to the correctional process in which offenders are exposed to treatment in the hopes of correcting those issues that may be causing them to commit crime. ​

Question 53

Measures of recidivism include which of the following? ​

A) Rearrest
B) Reconviction
C) Reincarceration
D) All of these

Question 54

The three main decision points in the corrections system are bail, sentencing, and _____. ​

Question 55

_____ is a form of corrections that uses current best practices or interventions for which there is consistent and solid scientific evidence showing that they work to meet intended outcomes.

A) Evidence-based practice
B) Outcome-based education
C) Evaluative-based practice
D) Empirical research

Question 56

Examples of ___________ sentencing policies include mandatory minimums, truth-in-sentencing, three strikes laws, and sentencing guidelines. ​

Question 57

_____ sentencing provides a range of punishments and allows the parole board to determine when an offender has been rehabilitated. ​

Question 58

The most commonly used dependent variable when evaluating the effectiveness of correctional treatment programs is ______________.

A) financial goals and objectives
B) recidivism
C) restitution collected
D) number of probationers employed

Question 59

Using an intermediate sanction as a stiffer punishment for offenders who would have ordinarily been sentenced to probation or other lesser sanctions is known as

A) community service.
B) net widening.
C) prison population reduction.
D) deferring sentence.

Question 60

_____ deterrence assumes that offenders who are under community supervision will refrain from committing new crimes or technical violations if they feel that the costs outweigh the benefits.

A) General
B) Specific
C) Absolute
D) Initial

Question 61

Return to criminal behavior, usually measured as either rearrest, reconviction, or reincarceration, is referred to as __________.

Question 62

___________________________ refers to correctional programs and techniques examined by systematic evaluation research to be the most effective way to treat offenders in the community. ​

Question 63

What are "evidence-based practices," and will their usage just be another short-lived correctional idea? ​

Question 64

When examining research on sentencing in the United States, what is the real value in public opinion poll research compared to social science research? ​

Question 65

What recent factors have contributed to correctional growth in the United States? ​

Question 66

The philosophy and sanction of allowing the offender to remain in the community with the responsibility of repairing the injustice caused to the victim is ___________________. ​

Question 67

Any activity or program to prepare parolees to return safely to the community is called _______________________. ​

Question 68

What does a "continuum of sanctions" mean in the sentencing process? If you were a judge, how would you apply this continuum? ​