Deck 13: Juvenile Justice Probation and Parole

Question 1

Wide variation exists among states on judicial waivers, with some states making waivers mandatory and others considering it discretionary.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The intake process is where a juvenile case is screened and a determination is made as to whether to proceed with the case in juvenile court or seek alternatives.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Juvenile behavior that sets the process of the juvenile court in motion may come to the attention of law enforcement through parents only.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

In the last decade, the amount of juvenile crime has increased significantly.

Question 5

Mens rea refers to the actual commission of a criminal act or the omission or failure to carry out a legal obligation when bound to do so.

Question 6

Youth courts are a good example of restorative justice because many of the creative sentences involve the youth offender taking responsibility for his or her behavior and repairing harm caused to the victim and the community.

Question 7

Since the 1990s, juvenile crime has been steadily increasing.

Question 8

In juvenile court, a juvenile is adjudicated, not put on trial.

Question 9

The job of a juvenile probation officer is often less demanding than that of an adult probation officer, simply because juveniles tend to be less violent in nature.

Question 10

Juvenile acts that trigger court intervention consist of three types: juvenile delinquency cases, conduct in need of supervision (CINS), and juveniles as victims.

Question 11

In Fare v. Michael C . (1979), the Supreme Court held that to preserve the relationship between a probationer and probation officer, a probation officer must preserve the confidentiality of communications between the probation officer and a probationer.

Question 12

Juvenile probation conditions are usually of two types: mandatory or discretionary. Both may be specified by law or left to the discretion of the juvenile court judge or to the releasing authority in the case of aftercare.

Question 13

Juveniles who are confined in a state institution are released on aftercare, which is the equivalent of parole.

Question 14

Children below a certain age are presumed by law to be unaware of the full consequences of what they do, meaning they do not possess mens rea , the ability to differentiate right from wrong.

Question 15

The release of a juvenile on parole prior to reaching the age of majority is determined by the juvenile authorities who run the state institution, not by the judge.

Question 16

The juvenile justice system and the adult justice processes and jurisdiction are almost identical.

Question 17

Transfer provisions gained popularity in the 1990s as the public's response to the problem of violent juvenile crime.

Question 18

One of the most significant Supreme Court cases for juvenile justice rights is Tennessee v. Garner (1967), which outlines the four most important due process rights for juvenile offenders.

Question 19

In juvenile court, a juvenile always has the right to a jury trial.

Question 20

Juvenile offenders can be waived to adult court for any type of offense.

Question 21

In general, juvenile court jurisdiction is based on two variables:

A) age and offense.
B) offense and attitude.
C) age and gender.
D) location and family status.

Question 22

Rather than having a trial, a juvenile has a(n)

A) adjudication.
B) disposition.
C) petition.
D) waiver hearing.

Question 23

Moving a juvenile case from juvenile court to adult court for trial is known as

A) statutory exclusion.
B) concurrent jurisdiction.
C) judicial surety bond.
D) transfer of jurisdiction.

Question 24

_____ occurs in cases where the jurisdiction for certain cases is shared by the juvenile and adult courts. The prosecutor has the discretion to file such cases in either court.

A) Statutory exclusion
B) Concurrent jurisdiction
C) Judicial waiver
D) Prosecutorial waiver

Question 25

Which of the following is an example of a status offense?

A) Breaking and entering into a home
B) Buying cigarettes
C) Getting into a physical fight with classmates
D) Stealing a car

Question 26

The most commonly used type of waiver to adult court is

A) statutory exclusion.
B) concurrent jurisdiction.
C) judicial waiver.
D) prosecutorial waiver.

Question 27

The age of juveniles appearing before the juvenile court varies greatly from state to state, with the minimum being

A) 6.
B) 8.
C) 10.
D) 13.

Question 28

Although the rate of juvenile crime has declined, juvenile _________ still account for 17% of the violent crime in the United States each year.

A) arrests
B) prosecutions
C) adjudications
D) trials

Question 29

If the intake officer decides to send the case to juvenile court, the prosecutor files a(n) __________, bringing formal charges against the juvenile.

A) indictment
B) information
C) summons
D) delinquency petition

Question 30

The equivalent in the juvenile system of being "arrested" in the adult system is referred to as ____________.

A) formal processing
B) being detained
C) taken into custody
D) direct intake

Question 31

_____ is the juvenile justice system equivalent to adult parole release.

A) Mandatory release
B) State school
C) Detention
D) Aftercare

Question 32

A type of transfer of jurisdiction where the juvenile court judge waives jurisdiction and transfers the case is

A) statutory exclusion.
B) concurrent jurisdiction.
C) judicial waiver.
D) prosecutorial waiver.

Question 33

A juvenile who is taken into custody by the police first goes through ______, where he or she is screened to determine whether the case should proceed further in the juvenile justice system.

A) intake
B) evaluation
C) adjudication
D) disposition

Question 34

__________ is the Latin term for "guilty mind" that implies that the offender knows what he or she is doing when committing a criminal or delinquent act.

A) Actus reus ​
B) Mens rea
C) Corpus delicti
D) Vas Defrens

Question 35

The decision to transfer is based on the severity of the offense, the prior response the juvenile has had to treatment/supervision, the level of danger the juvenile may pose in the future, and

A) the juvenile's prior record.
B) the availability of parental supervision.
C) the juvenile's age.
D) the juvenile's gender.

Question 36

In the United States today, roughly 60% of juvenile justice cases are

A) delinquency proceedings.
B) misdemeanor hearings.
C) neglect cases.
D) felony trials.

Question 37

The juvenile justice system was built on the concept of ______, which is the idea that the state should act as a substitute parent and intervene in cases where children have been neglected and/or are dependent.

A) parens patriae
B) corpus delicti
C) actus reus
D) mens rea

Question 38

A difference between the adult and juvenile courts is that the juvenile court is not authorized to

A) place juveniles in institutions.
B) impose the death penalty.
C) use electronic monitoring.
D) cross examine witnesses.

Question 39

The most common status offense committed by girls is

A) truancy.
B) promiscuity.
C) smoking cigarettes.
D) running away.

Question 40

A status offense is a(n)

A) act that would be criminal if committed by an adult.
B) act that would not be punishable if committed by an adult.
C) act related to drugs/alcohol only.
D) criminal act involving sexually deviant behavior.

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a risk factor leading to juvenile delinquency?

A) Low self-control
B) Helicopter parents
C) Learning disability
D) Impoverished area

Question 42

The idea that the juvenile justice system does what is best for the child's welfare and safety is __________.

Question 43

Which disposition is most often used by judges when formally adjudicating juvenile delinquency cases?

A) Warnings
B) Probation
C) Community service
D) State schools

Question 44

In recent years, it has been determined that roughly 25% of juvenile offenders have been placed in __________settings such as training schools, detention, inpatient drug treatment, and so forth.

A) non-punitive
B) correctional
C) residential
D) nonresidential

Question 45

During the latter part of the 18th century, children younger than __________ were deemed incapable of mens rea or establishing the intent to commit an act, and were exempt from criminal liability in the United States.

Question 46

_____ allows courts to impose juvenile or adult punishment on young offenders, creating a "middle ground" between traditional juvenile and adult sanctions.

A) Blended sentencing ​
B) Determinate sentencing
C) Truth in sentencing
D) Mandatory minimum sentencing

Question 47

In reference to the famous In re Gault (1967) Supreme Court case , the Court held that juveniles must be given reasonable notice of charges and which of the following basic due process rights during adjudication proceedings that can result in confinement in an institution?

A) A jury trial
B) Counsel, appointed by the state if the juvenile is indigent
C) Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment
D) The right to a speedy trial

Question 48

The Fare v. Michael C. (1979) Supreme Court case was truly significant for the juvenile justice system because the Court emphasized that a probation officer's loyalty and obligation is owed to the

A) juvenile offender's family.
B) local-level juvenile justice department.
C) state.
D) federal government.

Question 49

Certain juvenile offenders can be excluded from juvenile court jurisdiction through _____.

Question 50

Criminal liability is based on the concept of _____, which is Latin for "a guilty mind."

Question 51

The intake process is highly

A) objective.
B) routine.
C) subjective.
D) punitive.

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of juvenile cases that trigger court intervention in the United States?

A) Juveniles as victims
B) Deception to one's parents
C) Juvenile delinquency
D) Conduct in need of supervision

Question 53

If a juvenile is found to have engaged in the conduct alleged in the petition, the ________ stage follows.

Question 54

Intake is a term unique to juvenile justice to describe a case _______process to determine if the juvenile should proceed further into the juvenile justice system or whether other diversion alternatives are better suited for the juvenile.

Question 55

Rather than a trial, a juvenile has a(n) _____________hearing.

Question 56

For the most serious and violent juvenile cases, all states have provisions for the ______________ of jurisdiction from juvenile courts to adult courts.

Question 57

A _____ is a community-based program in which youths sentence their peers for minor delinquent and status offenses. ​

A) youth court
B) disposition hearing
C) drug court
D) certification

Question 58

______________ give judges the power to choose from a wider assortment of punishments and impose one that best fits the offense committed. They also narrow the gap between juvenile and adult punishments.

Question 59

Playing the roles of a hard-nosed cop, a confessor, a teacher, a problem solver, a crisis manager, and a community resource specialist, the difficult job of juvenile probation officer is made even more challenging by changing system philosophies, programs that won't accept particular youth, and an increasingly high-risk clientele. Contending with all of this led one author to label juvenile probation officers as

A) overworked.
B) superheroes.
C) suicidal.
D) delusional.

Question 60

In the case of ___________, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that juveniles must be given four due process rights in adjudication proceedings that can result in confinement in an institution where their freedom would be curtailed.

Question 61

Jurisdiction of juvenile justice courts is based on age and the act committed. Discuss how age controls being heard in the juvenile court, and especially how the lower age range is established.

Question 62

_____ probation conditions have included family therapy, mental health treatment, and drug treatment.

Question 63

Why is the Supreme Court case of Fare v. Michael C . (1979) so significant for our nation's juvenile probation officers?

Question 64

What types of acts are prohibited for juveniles (i.e., status offenses), and how do these acts differ from acts prohibited for adults?

Question 65

Contrary to popular belief, intensive probation is usually not designed to deal with _______ juvenile offenders.

Question 66

_____ helps delinquent youth, siblings, and their parents to develop problem-solving skills and increase communication, and aids parents in strategies for controlling youth misbehavior.

Question 67

________________ probation conditions for juveniles are identical to those for adults, with the inclusion of curfew and required school attendance.

Question 68

List and describe three different ways of transferring juveniles to adult court.

Question 69

Jacobs argued that juvenile probation officers are often viewed as "______", given the noteworthy creativity and sacrifice involved in their jobs.

Question 70

What is the importance of intake to juvenile justice, and how are juveniles processed through this stage of the system?