Deck 2: How Probation Developed Chronicling Its Past and Present

Question 1

Community corrections acts were developed as statewide agreements through which local government could receive funding to develop community correctional sanctions.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Commonwealth v. Chase (1831) is often cited as an early example of how corporal punishment was first used in the United States. ​

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Early British criminal law was dominated by the objectives of punishment and retribution. ​

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The procedure most closely related to modern probation is the indeterminate sentence. ​

Question 5

In 1984, the Comprehensive Crime Control Act abolished federal parole and brought all supervised prison releasees under the judicial control of federal probation departments. ​

Question 6

"Placing out," which was a process that placed delinquents who would have otherwise been sent to reform school in foster homes, was an early form of juvenile probation. ​

Question 7

King Henry VII is known as the "father of probation" due to his work in humanizing the criminal codes of England. ​

Question 8

A "motion to quash" is a court order that postpones the filing, imposition, or execution of a sentence if an offender can maintain good behavior. ​

Question 9

An amercement refers to a monetary penalty imposed arbitrarily at the discretion of the court for an offense. ​

Question 10

At one time in England, more than 200 crimes were punishable by death, including many relatively minor property offenses. ​

Question 11

In the United States today, probation is exclusively administered by the executive branch of government. ​

Question 12

The "brokerage of services era of community corrections" involved identifying the needs of probationers and parolees and referring them to an appropriate community agency.

Question 13

The "casework model of community corrections" that occurred from 1900 to 1970 in the United States emphasized fairness and due process.

Question 14

The most common description of the average U.S. probationers today can easily be described as an adult male who has been convicted of a drug or alcohol violation.

Question 15

In 1898, Vermont became the second state to pass a probation statute and adopted a county plan of organization. ​

Question 16

The two kinds of suspended sentences are suspension of imposition of sentence and suspension of execution of sentence. ​

Question 17

The "justice model of supervision" that took place from 1982 to 2000 utilized an escalated system of sanctions that corresponded to the level of social harm that resulted from an offender's actions. ​

Question 18

The first juvenile justice system was created in 1899 in Boston. ​

Question 19

John Augustus, a Boston boot maker in the mid-1800s, has been credited as being the "Father of Probation" in the United States. ​

Question 20

Probation, as it is practiced today in the United States, evolved out of norms and traditions of the Greek, Roman, and Arab cultures. ​

Question 21

In early British criminal law, punishments consisted primarily of ​

A) prison. ​
B) jail.
C) corporal punishment.
D) fines.

Question 22

_____ refers to the an alternative program to traditional criminal justice sentences that provides first time offenders with a chance to have the current charges against them if they abide by a predetermined treatment plan to be carried out in the community. ​

A) Restoration
B) Diversion
C) Adjudication
D) Reformation

Question 23

The National Probation Act was signed into law by

A) Calvin Coolidge. ​
B) Teddy Roosevelt.
C) Franklin Roosevelt.
D) Richard Nixon.

Question 24

__________ is considered to be one of the original co-founders of probation, and has been credited for laying the foundation for probation in England. ​

A) Reverend Thomas Wright ​
B) Matthew Davenport Hill
C) Reverend Paul Klenowski
D) John Murray Spear

Question 25

From the 1700s to the early 1800s, children were disciplined and punished for crimes ​

A) by the church.
B) through an elaborate judicial process.
C) by a jury of their peers.
D) by parents and other adults in the community.

Question 26

A procedure that allowed the indictment to be held without further action but allowed the judge to impose certain conditions on the defendant was known as ​

A) good abearance. ​
B) recognizance.
C) abjuration.
D) laid on file.

Question 27

Federal probation was not officially established until ​

A) 1905. ​
B) 1915.
C) 1925.
D) 1935.

Question 28

The case of _____ is often cited as an example of the early use of release on recognizance. ​

A) Roper v. Simmons
B) Commonwealth v. Chase
C) Gideon v. Wainwright
D) In re Gault

Question 29

_______________ is the term that refers to the early privileged release from a penal or correctional institution of a convicted offender, who will remain under the continual custody of the state by serving out his/her sentence in the community. ​

A) Restorative release ​
B) Parole
C) Probation
D) Community service-conditional release

Question 30

To protect children from exploitation in the early to mid-1800s, the New York Children's Aid Society ​

A) shipped children to farmers in the West.
B) insisted on punitive measures of accountability.
C) developed local community corrections programs.
D) rallied political support for reform.

Question 31

_____________ are contractual agreements that assures county governments that they will receive state funding for its community-based correctional programs. ​

A) Community corrections acts
B) Restorative relief acts
C) State-based correctional relief acts
D) Diversionary corrections acts

Question 32

Statewide probation was first sanctified by statute in which of the following states in 1878?

A) Florida
B) Texas
C) Virginia
D) Massachusetts

Question 33

In early British criminal law, a(n) _____ was a monetary penalty imposed arbitrarily at the discretion of a court for an offense. ​

A) amercement
B) filing
C) surety
D) motion to quash

Question 34

The first juvenile court was established in 1899 in ​

A) Washington DC ​
B) Boston
C) Chicago
D) Philadelphia

Question 35

A(n) _____ is a court order after a verdict, finding, or guilty plea that suspends or postpones an imposition or execution of a sentence during a period of good behavior. ​

A) suspended sentence
B) abeyance
C) recognizance
D) abjuration

Question 36

Who is known as the "father of probation" for the United States?

A) Matthew Hill
B) John Howard
C) Andrew Jackson
D) John Augustus

Question 37

Massachusetts's judges often used this procedure to allow offenders to go free when they thought the statutory penalties were inhumane.

A) Abjuration
B) Motion to quash
C) Probation
D) Recognizance

Question 38

Contemporary probation is the direct result of the effort in England and the United States to

A) avoid harsh corporal punishments.
B) ensure the capture of a greater number of offenders.
C) maximize punishment and retribution.
D) coordinate community corrections efforts with parole programs.

Question 39

In 1916, the U.S. Supreme Court resolved the issue of whether the courts had the power to indefinitely suspend sentences in which of the following cases?

A) Killits
B) Case
C) Gagnon
D) Pate

Question 40

Security for good behavior is similar to modern-day ​

A) bail.
B) fines.
C) day fines.
D) restitution.

Question 41

Federal probation was authorized in 1925 when President Coolidge signed the ____________________.

Question 42

Juvenile probation was formed under English common law and the doctrine of ____________, which is a Latin term for the doctrine that "the state is parent" and therefore serves as guardian of juveniles who might not be able to fend for themselves.

A) parens patriae
B) corpus delicti
C) habeas corpus
D) nolo contedere

Question 43

The "justice" model of supervision in community corrections sought to provide ​

A) therapeutic services to probationers and parolees.
B) referral to appropriate community agencies.
C) supervision by a team of officers with individual specializations.
D) a focus on fairness and due process.

Question 44

It is generally agreed that the first true probation law was enacted in the United States in 1878 and grew out of the work of ________________, who is credited with being a "founder of probation" in America.

Question 45

Today, __________ is used to ensure a defendant's presence at court, but the main goal was originally to humanize criminal law and mitigate its harshness.

Question 46

The three main structural differences among probation agencies pertain to branch of government, autonomy, and _____.

Question 47

The ____________________ community corrections model is currently being utilized in the United States and is characterized by an effort to have probation officers return to establishing meaningful and professional relationships with their clients in a blended dual role: a therapeutic change agent and enforcer. ​

A) Neighborhood-based supervision
B) Case worker
C) Brokerage of services
D) Criminogenic-needs based supervision

Question 48

Diversion is also known as

A) bail.
B) pretrial release.
C) deferred adjudication.
D) security for good behavior.

Question 49

_____ is the philosophy of allowing the state to serve as the guardian of juveniles who might not be able to fend for themselves.

Question 50

The chance to avoid a criminal record by completing a term of community supervision where an individual follows a predetermined treatment plan while agreeing to stay out of trouble is known as ___________.

Question 51

Vermont was the second state to pass a probation statute, adopting a(n) _____ plan of organization in 1898.

Question 52

Probation systems are often either county or _____ controlled and funded.

A) locally
B) state
C) federally
D) none of the above

Question 53

When the court enters an order after the verdict, finding, or plea that postpones the imposition, or execution, of sentence during the good behavior of the offender, it is known as a(n) ________________________.

Question 54

Which community corrections model in the United States utilized probation and parole officers as social workers who sought to diagnosis and treat those offenders (clients) they were assigned? ​

A) Brokerage of services
B) Case worker
C) Justice
D) Neighborhood-based supervision model

Question 55

A monetary penalty imposed arbitrarily by the court in punishment for an offense is known as a(n) _____.

Question 56

______________ was the person responsible for the establishment of the first juvenile court in 1899 in the city of Chicago, Illinois.

Question 57

Which of the following agencies qualifies for funding through community corrections acts? ​

A) Federal probation ​
B) State parole
C) Local probation
D) County jail

Question 58

________________ as it is practiced today was devised to avoid the mechanical application of the harsh penal codes of earlier times.

Question 59

In the contemporary organizational structure of probation agencies in the United States, the practices are ​

A) uniform.
B) all state administered.
C) all county administered.
D) not uniform.

Question 60

The "brokerage of services" model in community corrections sought to provide ​

A) therapeutic services to probationers and parolees.
B) referral to appropriate community agencies.
C) supervision by a team of officers with individual specializations.
D) a focus on fairness and due process.

Question 61

List and explain the two kinds of suspended sentence identified in this chapter. Why is the distinction critical to understanding how our modern probation system now operates?

Question 62

Briefly explain the famous Killits court case. In your own words, what was its impact on modern probation?

Question 63

The community corrections model known as the ____________ model sought to provide therapeutic services to probationers or parolees (often referred to as clients) to assist them in living productively in the community.

Question 64

Closely allied to the brokerage of services model of community corrections, the __________________ model encourages probation and parole officers to form skills and linkages with community agencies in one or two areas only.

Question 65

What was the significance of the decision in Commonwealth v. Chase ?

Question 66

How has the concept of supervision changed over the past century? What factors have brought about these changes?

Question 67

Who were John Augustus and Matthew Davenport Hill, and what was their role in regard to probation in their respective countries?

Question 68

_________________________ are statewide agreements through which funds are granted to local governments to develop and deliver community correctional sanctions and services.

Question 69

What are community corrections acts and why are they so advantageous to local-level agencies that provide correctional supervision in their respective communities?

Question 70

The vast majority of current U.S. probationers have been sentenced for a(n) ______ or alcohol violation.