Deck 3: History of Paroles and Mandatory Release

Question 1

Convicted criminals were transported to early American colonies as a partial solution to the poverty and unemployment found in England.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Less than half of all U.S. parolees are able to successfully complete their parole term.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Medical parole occurs when medical doctors and experts in the community advise the prison officials that they must release a prisoner because his or her medical condition is such that the prisoner is going to cost more than the average offender per day to incarcerate.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Each year in the United States, approximately __________ state and federal prisoners are released from prison and placed under community supervision. ​

A) 200,000
B) 500,000
C) 850,000
D) 1 million

Question 5

In contrast to the rehabilitative model of corrections, the just deserts or justice model changes the focus of the system from the offender to the offense.

Question 6

The terms "parole" and "mandatory release" are synonymous terms.

Question 7

Between the 1840s and 1940s, American prisons were supported by taxpayers. ​

Question 8

Georg Michael von Obermaier was the Warden at Norfolk Island in 1842, and implemented humane prison reforms and a rudimentary form of parole.

Question 9

The community model of corrections made the assumption that all criminality was caused by psychiatric problems, and the undesirable behaviors could be modified only through professional counseling.

Question 10

Parolees typically serve more than one year of time on supervision.

Question 11

Discretionary release is decided by the parole board.

Question 12

Under discretionary release, offenders are released no matter how many disciplinary reports they have had or how they acted while incarcerated. ​

Question 13

The Irish system of parole was developed by Sir Walter Crofton, and involved the conditional release of offenders into the community where they would continue to be supervised.

Question 14

Parole was first used in the United States at Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia. ​

Question 15

Credit for developing the world's very first parole system goes to Alexander Maconochie, who was in charge of the English penal colony at Norfolk Island.

Question 16

Reduction of the nation's prison population was one of the four major justifications for the development of a formal parole system in the United States.

Question 17

The English government designated Australia as a settlement for prisoners, and paid for the transportation and maintenance of English prisoners to be shipped and housed there.

Question 18

Most correctional authorities agree that it is not feasible to control prison populations in the long term by the use of specific parole board actions.

Question 19

In the 1970s, there was a dramatic change from a focus on individualism, rehabilitation, and indeterminate sentences to determinate sentencing.

Question 20

There are three types of parole: discretionary release, mandatory release, and rehabilitative release.

Question 21

The first state legislature to pass a law recognizing "good time" as a reward for a good behavior was ​

A) New York. ​
B) Pennsylvania.
C) Massachusetts.
D) Vermont.

Question 22

Studies have shown that first-time offenders in states without discretionary parole actually served _____ time in prison than offenders in states that retained parole boards. ​

A) less
B) more
C) the same amount of
D) 10 years more

Question 23

The word "parole" is derived from the French parole d'honneur , which means ​

A) "word of honor."
B) "contract of consent."
C) "ticket-of-leave."
D) "discretionary release."

Question 24

The _____ is based on the concept of just deserts and even-handed punishment that calls for fairness in criminal sentencing, in that all persons convicted of a similar offense will receive a like sentence. ​

A) justice model
B) casework era
C) medical model
D) service broker model

Question 25

Which of the following is not one of the four concepts underlying the development of parole in the United States? ​

A) Reduction in length of incarceration as reward for good conduct
B) Supervision of parolee
C) Imposition of indeterminate sentence
D) Reduction of prison populations

Question 26

The American prison reformer who introduced parole to the Elmira Reformatory in New York in 1876 was ​

A) Walter Crofton.
B) William Penn.
C) Zebulon R. Brockway.
D) Jeremy Bentham.

Question 27

A parole board makes decisions about _____ release. ​

A) discretionary
B) expiration
C) mandatory ​
D) surety

Question 28

In the 1970s, there was a move away from individualism, rehabilitation, and sentence indeterminacy toward giving the offender a more punitive sentence based on the offense. This type of sentencing practice is known as _________ sentencing. ​

A) indeterminate
B) determinate
C) split
D) rehabilitative

Question 29

Sir Walter Crofton, who had studied Maconochie's innovations on Norfolk Island, became the chief administrator of the __________ prison system in 1854. ​

A) British
B) American
C) Irish
D) Australian

Question 30

_____ is the conditional release of a convicted offender from a correctional institution, under the continued custody of the state, to serve the remainder of his or her sentence under supervision in the community. ​

A) Probation
B) Parole
C) Work release
D) Furlough

Question 31

Release from prison after 100% of a sentence has been served is known as _____ release. ​

A) expiration
B) mandatory
C) discretionary
D) surety

Question 32

The _____ has the highest concentration of parolees in the United States. ​

A) Northeast
B) South
C) Southeast
D) Northwest

Question 33

Three European prison administrators are credited for implementing the first modern-day parole practices in their home countries, one of which was _____, the first Spanish prison administrator to institute a system of parole in his home country of Spain. ​

A) Sir Walter Dali
B) Manuel Montesinos
C) Alexander Maconochie
D) Jorge Augustus

Question 34

About one-third of U.S. states have a(n)____________ structure that limits the discretion of parole boards for felonies. ​

A) truth-in-sentencing
B) indeterminate
C) determinate
D) rehabilitative

Question 35

Alexander Maconochie used a _____ system, whereby the duration of a sentence would be decided by the prisoner's good conduct. ​

A) determinate
B) demerit
C) checks-and-balances
D) marks

Question 36

Under the system established at the Elmira Reformatory, volunteer citizens known as _____ supervised parolees. ​

A) trustees
B) sureties
C) guardians
D) bobbies

Question 37

Parolees typically serve _____ under supervision in the community.

A) three months
B) six months
C) one to two years
D) more than three years

Question 38

Which of the following reason(s) presented by the American Probation and Parole Association and the Association of Paroling Authorities have been used to justify the continued usage of parole in America? ​

A) Parole boards can impose prisoner participation in treatment programs.
B) Victims have a greater say in parole board hearings than the automatic releases.
C) Release decisions are made by a computer under automatic release.
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 39

Under the medical model, the court set a minimum and maximum release date and the parole board determined when the appropriate time was to release the offender back into the community. This is a(n) _________ sentence. ​

A) indeterminate
B) determinate
C) mandatory
D) presumptive

Question 40

Under ____________ release, offenders reentered society when correctional authorities and board members believed they were ready or they had improved their lives enough to earn the privilege to be released. ​

A) exclusionary
B) mandatory
C) discretionary
D) good-time

Question 41

About _____ of all parolees in the United States are removed from parole for too many rule violations. ​

A) 10%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 42

________________ is the conditional release of an offender from confinement in a correctional institution by a parole board. ​

Question 43

The rehabilitative model of parole, known also as the __________ model, dominated American corrections between the 1930s and the 1960s.

Question 44

_______________ refers to a form of release from prison where the offender has served 100% of their actual sentence and there is no mandated post-release supervision. ​

A) Mandatory release
B) Discretionary release
C) Pardon
D) Expiration

Question 45

____________________ was the governor of the prison at Valencia, Spain in the early 1830s, where he instituted and encouraged inmate involvement in education and vocational training. Through active participation, inmates could reduce their actual sentence by up to one-third.

Question 46

Another name for medical parole is ________________ release. ​

A) compassionate
B) sympathetic
C) redemptive
D) restorative

Question 47

The lowest parole rates in the United States tend to be in the __________ region of the country.

Question 48

Alexander Maconochie was in charge of the penal colony at _____, an island situated off the coast of Australia.

Question 49

The _____ system was used by Alexander Maconochie and granted credits to inmates for good behavior and hard work.

Question 50

Using parole for population control has had detrimental effects on post-release supervision because of escalating ________ sizes. ​

A) caseload ​
B) court docket
C) jail population
D) resource agency

Question 51

The ___________ system of parole, created by Sir Walter Crofton, was renowned for its three classes of penal servitude: strict imprisonment, indeterminate sentences, and ticket-of-leave. ​

Question 52

First-time offenders on __________ release serve less time on average in prison than do first timers with discretionary release.

Question 53

The function of parole has changed from its traditional role. It is now tasked primarily with ​

A) protecting the public from released offenders.
B) rehabilitating the offender.
C) providing community help services for the offender.
D) meeting the multiple treatment needs of the offender.

Question 54

More parolees are removed from parole because of _____ than for the commission of new crimes.

Question 55

The English word "parole" is derived from the French phrase ___________, which means "word of honor." ​

Question 56

Federal parole began in June 1910, due to legislation that established the nation's first three federal __________.

Question 57

____________ parole is a way to control medical costs and allow low-risk offenders to live out their remaining days with their families in a structured release setting. ​

A) Conditional
B) Medical
C) Proscriptive
D) Rehabilitative

Question 58

Parole success rates are _____ probation success rates. ​

A) somewhat higher than
B) equal to
C) somewhat lower than
D) more than double

Question 59

The _____ model emphasizes the seriousness of the crime when determining release. ​

Question 60

The conditional release of an inmate with a terminal illness is

A) a mercy pardon.
B) a conditional pardon.
C) medical parole.
D) mandatory release.

Question 61

Describe the medical model of parole. What were its primary goals? Why did it lose favor?

Question 62

Medical parole is also known as _____.

Question 63

Differentiate between mandatory release and discretionary release and explain the role of parole.

Question 64

Compare and contrast Crofton's ticket-of-leave and Maconochie's marks system.

Question 65

Discuss Manuel Montesinos and Georg Michael von Obermaier and their contributions to discretionary release and the development of parole.

Question 66

The conditional release from prison to the community for prisoners with terminal illnesses who do not pose an undue risk to public safety is referred to as a ________ release.

Question 67

Explain the concept of medical parole and discuss the pros and cons of releasing offenders due to medical conditions.

Question 68

What is the justice model of corrections? What factors were associated with its emergence in the 1970s?