Deck 11: Observational Learning and Rule Governed Behavior

Question 1

Smiles in others can function as CSs for pleasant emotions in ourselves because:

A) smiles are often positively reinforced.
B) smiles are often negatively reinforced.
C) smiles are usually associated with pleasurable events.
D) smiles are usually associated with distressing events.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Observational learning of a fear response represents a process of _____.

A) higher-order conditioning
B) selective sensitization
C) incubation
D) sensory preconditioning

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Observational learning, or social learning, allows us to acquire new behavior patterns:

A) without direct exposure to the contingencies that control them.
B) through direct exposure to the contingencies that control them.
C) through exposure to positive but not negative consequences.
D) through exposure to negative but not positive consequences.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Animals using scent marking at food sites is an example of _____.

A) stimulus discrimination
B) discriminative enhancement
C) focused discrimination
D) stimulus enhancement

Question 5

An observer's attention to a model can be facilitated by:

A) reinforcing the model's behavior.
B) reinforcing the observer's behavior of paying attention.
C) enhancing the similarities between the model and the observer.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 6

In stimulus enhancement, the probability of a behavior is changed because:

A) someone else displays the same behavior.
B) an individual's attention is drawn to an item or location by the behavior of another individual.
C) one individual teaches another individual how to respond.
D) the stimulus is physically altered by a model.

Question 7

Vicarious emotional responses are _____ emotional responses that result from seeing such responses exhibited by others.

A) classically conditioned
B) positively reinforced
C) negatively reinforced
D) Both b and c are correct.

Question 8

We are more likely to attend to a model if:

A) we are reinforced for paying attention.
B) the model's behavior is reinforced.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b is correct.

Question 9

Vicki laughs out loud at a joke she is reading from a magazine. One by one, her friends around her start giggling and chuckling as well, even though they are not sure what Vicki is laughing about. One even says "What's so funny?" even though she is already laughing. This scenario illustrates _____.

A) stimulus enhancement
B) contagious behavior
C) imitation
D) a social norm

Question 10

Which of the following behaviors is most likely an example of contagious behavior?

A) An orienting response
B) Complex problem-solving
C) Daydreaming
D) Reciting poetry

Question 11

In _____, information is gained from watching a model, which then allows the person who is watching to modify his or her own behavior.

A) discrimination training
B) sign-tracking
C) imprinting
D) observational learning

Question 12

Which of the following behaviors is NOT an example of contagious behavior?

A) Laughing along with someone even when you do not know what he or she is laughing at
B) Yawning when someone else yawns
C) Looking toward the direction in which your teacher is looking
D) Unlocking a door that you saw someone else unlock previously

Question 13

Classically conditioned emotional responses that result from seeing those emotional responses exhibited by others are called _____.

A) cathartic responses
B) vicarious emotional responses
C) covert emotional responses
D) reflexive emotions

Question 14

When Bernadette glanced toward a video arcade, she saw a number of kids standing in line for a new game. Later, when the arcade had quieted down a bit, she went in and tried out the game herself. Her behavior is best described as an example of _____.

A) stimulus enhancement
B) vicarious imitation
C) true imitation
D) stimulus sensitization

Question 15

Jill directs Jessica to a new website that hosts computer games. Jessica visits the website and eventually finds out how to play the various games available. In this scenario, Jessica's behavior illustrates _____.

A) vicarious imitation
B) stimulus enhancement
C) stimulus sensitization
D) true imitation

Question 16

_____ is a more-or-less instinctive or reflexive behavior triggered by the occurrence of the same behavior in another individual.

A) Copying
B) Imitation
C) Contagious behavior
D) Stimulus enhancement

Question 17

I feel good when I see someone smile. This pleasurable feeling is:

A) called a vicarious emotional response.
B) at least partly the result of classical conditioning.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b is correct.

Question 18

When we are frightened after observing a look of fear in others, the look of fear in others may be functioning as:

A) a CS or a US.
B) a CR or a UR.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b is correct.

Question 19

We can acquire new behaviors without direct exposure to contingencies through _____.

A) instructions
B) observational learning
C) latent inhibition
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 20

Contagious behavior is associated with behaviors such as _____.

A) fear responses
B) yawning
C) orienting responses
D) All of these are correct.

Question 21

True imitation can be defined as the:

A) duplication of a common behavior.
B) duplication of a novel behavior.
C) approximation of a common behavior to achieve a goal.
D) approximation of a novel behavior to achieve a goal.

Question 22

A modeled behavior is less likely to be performed if:

A) the modeled behavior is punished.
B) an observer is punished for duplicating the modeled behavior.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b is correct.

Question 23

The ultimate determinant of whether a modeled behavior will be performed by an observer is:

A) the consequences of the model's behavior.
B) the consequences of the observer's behavior.
C) whether the observer identifies with the model.
D) whether the observer likes the model.

Question 24

The tendency to imitate a new modeled behavior when there is no specific reinforcement for doing so is called _____.

A) true imitation
B) generalized imitation
C) shaped imitation
D) stimulus enhancement

Question 25

When you tell a sexually suggestive joke that you recently heard to your friends, they laugh heartily. When you tell it to your parents, they frown. As a result of _____, you soon learn to tell such jokes only to your friends.

A) observational learning
B) differential reinforcement
C) differential observation
D) the peak shift effect

Question 26

Billie's cat watches intently as Billie moves toward the television set and turns it on. Later, the cat approaches the television set and turns it on. In this scenario, the cat's behavior could be a result of:

A) true imitation or stimulus enhancement.
B) stimulus sensitization or vicarious conditioning.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b is correct.

Question 27

The term _____ refers to the duplication of a novel behavior.

A) true imitation
B) vicarious learning
C) vicarious conditioning
D) stimulus enhancement

Question 28

We are more likely to attend to a model when the behavior being modeled is:

A) something we are capable of understanding and duplicating.
B) something that is beyond our abilities.
C) elicited rather than operant.
D) adjunctive rather than elicited.

Question 29

We gradually learn, mostly through _____, the extent to which it is appropriate to perform certain modeled behaviors.

A) intuition
B) reinforcement and punishment
C) classical conditioning
D) behavioral contrast

Question 30

The factors that influence whether we will perform a modeled behavior include:

A) the consequences of the modeled behavior.
B) the consequences of our performance of the modeled behavior.
C) our history of reinforcement or punishment for performing modeled behaviors.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 31

A modeled behavior is more likely to be performed if:

A) the modeled behavior is reinforced.
B) an observer receives reinforcement for duplicating the modeled behavior.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b is correct.

Question 32

Rats that are raised with alcohol available, but that do not observe alcohol consumption by adult rats, will:

A) drink a lot of alcohol in their adolescence.
B) drink little alcohol when they are adolescents.
C) completely avoid alcohol.
D) None of these are correct.

Question 33

Rats that are raised with an adult rat that consumes alcohol will:

A) avoid alcohol in adolescence.
B) consume twice as much alcohol when they are adolescents.
C) try consuming alcohol and then avoid it.
D) have an increased preference for alcohol, but only if exposure lasts more than two months.

Question 34

Linda has just purchased a new computer game, and asks her friend, Miriam, to show her how to use it. Miriam shows her the precise keystrokes that are required to start the game, which Linda immediately duplicates. In this scenario, Linda's behavior illustrates _____.

A) vicarious imitation
B) stimulus enhancement
C) stimulus sensitization
D) true imitation

Question 35

Children who are raised by parents who drink heavily are most likely to:

A) find alcohol aversive, due to poor environmental outcomes.
B) enjoy the smell of alcohol.
C) be vulnerable to genetic predisposition toward alcoholism.
D) be mentally retarded.

Question 36

We are more likely to attend to models who are:

A) receiving a positive reinforcer.
B) similar to us.
C) famous and admired.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 37

We are more likely to attend to a model:

A) whom we admire.
B) who is dissimilar to us.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b is correct.

Question 38

Katya tends to follow her older sisters around and imitate their behaviors. She often gets a lot of attention for doing so. Encouraged by this, she tends to imitate any new behavior (like learning dance moves, or playing a new game) that her sisters display, even if nobody notices her. Katya's behavior illustrates _____.

A) shaped imitation
B) mimicry
C) behavioral contagion
D) generalized imitation

Question 39

Flavor preferences are related to:

A) the genotype of an organism.
B) social referencing.
C) stimulus enhancement.
D) Both b and c are correct.

Question 40

True imitation is defined as a form of observational learning that involves:

A) the close duplication of a novel behavior.
B) moving to the location where a model is currently situated.
C) replicating a behavior that an observer has previously performed.
D) the reinforcement of gradual approximations toward a novel behavior.

Question 41

A rule is defined as a:

A) verbal description of a consequence.
B) verbal description of a contingency.
C) form of reinforcement.
D) type of implementation intention.

Question 42

Charlie, a chimp, watches as his fellow chimp, Lulu, opens a door and pulls a rope to obtain some food. A few minutes later, Charlie duplicates the feat. Charlie's behavior could be a consequence of:

A) stimulus enhancement or true imitation.
B) stimulus generalization or discrimination.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b is correct.

Question 43

Which of the following trends has been observed in people who were exposed to media violence in childhood?

A) Only males show evidence that they have been affected.
B) Only females show evidence that they have been affected.
C) Males become more violent, but females tolerate more violence.
D) Females become more violent, but males tolerate more violence.

Question 44

Desensitization to violence may lead females to _____ violence.

A) endorse
B) become victims of
C) commit
D) avoid

Question 45

The correlations between exposure to media violence and aggressive behavior are similar in strength to the correlations between:

A) alcohol consumption and intoxication.
B) smoking and lung cancer.
C) genetic predisposition and Huntington's disease.
D) height and IQ.

Question 46

Some researchers have argued that teaching is _____ and that the evidence about animal teaching is _____.

A) common among most species of animals; well-documented
B) uniquely human; often anecdotal and subject to anthropomorphism
C) uniquely human; impossible to document
D) common among all primates; available only from laboratory studies

Question 47

In the Bobo doll studies, it was observed that children were _____ likely to replicate the behavior of a model if they had observed the model's aggressive behavior being punished. On the other hand, if the children were offered incentives to behave aggressively after witnessing the punishment, then _____.

A) less; the level of aggression displayed by the children went up
B) less; the level of aggression displayed by the children remained low
C) more; the level of aggression displayed by the children remained high
D) more; the level of aggression displayed by the children actually dropped

Question 48

Which of the following is a conclusion drawn from Bandura's Bobo doll studies?

A) Children who observe an aggressive model are more likely to be generally aggressive.
B) Children who observe an aggressive model tend to replicate the actual behaviors of the model.
C) Children are influenced by the consequences that a model experiences while behaving aggressively.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 49

Which of the following statements describes the influence of sex differences on the effects of media violence?

A) Most of the victims of violence in media are male, therefore females do not attend to them.
B) Most of the perpetrators of violence in media are male, therefore females are less likely to perform violent behaviors.
C) Females are more likely to be victims, rather than perpetrators, in media violence, which may increase the likelihood that females will be victims, rather than perpetrators, of violent acts.
D) Both b and c are correct.

Question 50

Noticing is to _____ as duplication is to _____.

A) stimulus enhancement; true imitation
B) vicarious enhancement; true imitation
C) vicarious imitation; true imitation
D) vicarious enhancement; vicarious imitation

Question 51

Romanes (1884), Morgan (1900), and Thorndike (1911) debated whether animals are capable of _____.

A) observational learning
B) vicarious conditioning
C) true imitation
D) making communicative gestures

Question 52

In the Bobo doll studies, it was observed that children were _____ likely to replicate the behavior of models if they had observed models' aggressive behavior being _____.

A) more; reinforced
B) more; punished
C) less; reinforced
D) Both a and c are correct.

Question 53

Some behaviors in animals that appear to indicate imitation may instead be the result of _____.

A) imprinting
B) cognitive evaluation
C) response duplication
D) stimulus enhancement

Question 54

According to the study conducted by Johnson and his colleagues, there is _____ relationship between aggression and exposure to violent media and the effect of violent media on later aggressive behavior is _____.

A) a bidirectional; weak
B) a bidirectional; robust
C) no; sensationalized
D) a correlational; unidirectional and causal

Question 55

It is difficult to assess evidence of both true imitation and teaching among non-human animals because:

A) it is difficult to determine whether a behavior was modeled or performed with intent.
B) other species have behaviors that are so dramatically different from humans that we cannot compare them.
C) much of the existing evidence is anecdotal and subject to anthropomorphism.
D) Both a and c are correct.

Question 56

In Bandura's Bobo doll studies, children observed:

A) adults being attacked by clowns.
B) adults interacting with toys.
C) other children behaving violently toward one another.
D) other children fighting over toys.

Question 57

Which of the following is a valid way by which sex differences influence the effects of media violence?

A) Females are not vulnerable to effects of media violence, but males are.
B) Males are more aggressive than females after exposure to violent media.
C) Females will imitate opposite-sex models but not same-sex models.
D) Males are more likely to inhibit violent behavior if a model's violence was punished.

Question 58

Many apparent examples of true imitation in animals are actually examples of _____.

A) reference
B) rule-governed behavior
C) productivity
D) stimulus enhancement

Question 59

Duplicating is to true imitation as _____ is to _____.

A) stimulus enhancement; vicarious enhancement
B) noticing; stimulus enhancement
C) imitative enhancement; vicarious enhancement
D) stimulus enhancement; true imitation

Question 60

According to the study conducted by Eron and his colleagues, the amount of violent media viewed in childhood is:

A) weakly correlated with aggressive behavior but uncorrelated with criminal behavior.
B) significantly correlated with aggressive and antisocial behavior, including criminality.
C) unrelated to the levels of aggression in adulthood.
D) only related to variables such as social class and education.

Question 61

The statement "If you speak clearly, it will be much easier to obtain a job as a receptionist" is an example of a(n) _____.

A) rule
B) instruction
C) say-do correspondence
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 62

Martin, a convicted murderer, reforms himself after he reads a religious text. In this scenario, Martin's behavior illustrates _____.

A) rule-governed behavior
B) adjunctive behavior
C) contingency-shaped behavior
D) contingency-deduced behavior

Question 63

The statement "The meek shall inherit the earth" is an example of a(n) _____.

A) principle
B) standard
C) instruction
D) rule

Question 64

Most people acquire a generalized tendency to follow instructions because:

A) as children, their parents often reinforced such behavior.
B) as children, such behavior enabled them to effectively achieve certain outcomes.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) None of these are correct.

Question 65

Which of the following statements is an example of a rule?

A) "Big boys don't cry."
B) "I do not like asparagus."
C) "If you scratch my back, I will scratch yours."
D) "Psychology is the science of behavior."

Question 66

The statement "Leave me alone!" is an example of an instruction:

A) that is not a rule.
B) in which the consequence is implied.
C) in which the consequence is explicit.
D) that is not connected with any consequence.

Question 67

The extent to which we follow instructions depends largely on:

A) the models we have been exposed to for learning instructions.
B) the consequences we have received for following instructions.
C) how verbally oriented we are.
D) our self-esteem.

Question 68

Joel, a college student, is noncompliant in nature. It is likely that as a child, he:

A) was subjected to errorless discrimination training.
B) was reinforced for violating rules.
C) was punished for violating rules.
D) Neither a nor b is correct.

Question 69

An extremely useful way to teach someone what to do on a new job even before he or she starts on the new job is to use _____.

A) shaping
B) negative reinforcement
C) rules
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 70

The statement "If you eat well, you will be healthy" is an example of a(n) _____.

A) instruction
B) rule
C) law
D) standard

Question 71

Which of the following statements is true of rule-governed behavior?

A) It is generally more efficient than contingency-shaped behavior.
B) It is generally less efficient than contingency-shaped behavior.
C) It is identical to contingency-shaped behavior.
D) It is less difficult to modify than contingency-shaped behavior.

Question 72

From a behavioral perspective, a rule is a:

A) statement about what a person should do.
B) contingency.
C) verbal description of a contingency.
D) sign or a gesture.

Question 73

Children learn to follow instructions because:

A) parents praise them when they do so.
B) doing so enables them to better accomplish certain tasks.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) None of these are correct.

Question 74

After listening to Allison describe how to fix a software glitch, Burton was able to quickly carry it out. Burton's behavior in this instance most likely illustrates _____.

A) adjunctive behavior
B) shaped behavior
C) melioration
D) rule-governed behavior

Question 75

A rapid way to establish appropriate patterns of behavior is through the use of _____.

A) shaping
B) rules
C) modeling
D) positive reinforcement

Question 76

An extremely useful way to rapidly learn basic practices in fishing before actually going fishing is to learn through:

A) exposure to the relevant rules.
B) trial and error.
C) intuition.
D) shaping.

Question 77

The statement "Don't you dare open the door!" is an example of a(n) _____.

A) standard
B) instruction
C) norm
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 78

Behavior that is generated through exposure to rules is known as _____.

A) criterion-based behavior
B) rule-governed behavior
C) conformity to rules
D) obedience

Question 79

Rules are extremely useful for:

A) rapidly establishing appropriate patterns of behavior.
B) eliciting a strong conditioned emotional response.
C) creating an adjunctive behavior.
D) autoshaping.

Question 80

A(n) _____ is a(n) _____ that includes an indication of what we should do.

A) rule; instruction
B) instruction; command
C) instruction; rule
D) command; rule