Deck 15: Juvenile Justice

Question 1

The "epidemic" of youth violence in the United States occurred simultaneously with an increase in drug arrests.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

In re Gault  (1967) extended due process rights to juveniles.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A youthful offense is any act committed by a juvenile that is considered unacceptable for a child.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Generally speaking, gangs are not seen as one of the causes for the increase in youth crime.

Question 5

The idea that children should be treated differently than adults originated in the common law and courts of England.

Question 6

The juvenile justice system handles only delinquency cases; cases in which children are abused or neglected are not the responsibility of the juvenile justice system.

Question 7

The standard of proof for juveniles to become classified as delinquents is "beyond a reasonable doubt."

Question 8

Most juvenile crimes are committed by young men.

Question 9

One explanation for the explosion in youth crime in the 1980s and into the 1990s was the "cohort" argument.

Question 10

The "child savers" were a group of lower-class reformers who wanted to save children from a life behind bars.

Question 11

Juveniles have always retained due process rights in the United States.

Question 12

The most recent period of juvenile justice is the crime control period.

Question 13

Females constitute almost one-half of all juvenile arrests.

Question 14

The juvenile justice system in the United States did not develop until the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.

Question 15

Most juvenile arrests are for violent crimes.

Question 16

Youth gangs are not as great a problem today in American cities as they were in the past.

Question 17

In theory, juvenile proceedings are designed to be nonadversarial.

Question 18

Parens patriae is the notion of state as guardian and protector.

Question 19

Smoking cigarettes is a status offense for a juvenile.

Question 20

Punishments became harsher for juvenile repeat offenders d uring the crime control period .

Question 21

A dependent child is a child who is receiving inadequate care because of some action or inaction of his or her parents.

Question 22

For which offense are juveniles most likely to be arrested?

A) Vandalism
B) Robbery
C) Liquor laws
D) Arson
E) Stolen property

Question 23

In 45 states, judges have the discretion to transfer juveniles to adult courts through a waiver hearing.

Question 24

One of the primary sanctioning goals of the juvenile justice system is deterrence.

Question 25

Much of the criticism of juvenile justice has emphasized the disparity between the treatment ideal and the institutionalized practices.

Question 26

According to the U.S. Supreme Court, it is constitutional for juvenile offenders to receive the sentence of life without parole for nonhomicide offenses.

Question 27

The juvenile system handles cases based on the ages of youths.

Question 28

Which is not a reason for the rise of youth crime?

A) The cohort approach
B) The presence of super predators
C) Environmental factors
D) Lowering divorce rates
E) The effect of more numerous gangs

Question 29

Which statement about the violent crime rate among juveniles today is true?

A) It has returned to a lower level matching the 1985 rate.
B) It has returned to a higher level matching the 1970 rate.
C) It has continued to rise since 1988.
D) It has continued to decline since 1990.
E) It has stayed the same since 1995.

Question 30

A change in the Court's composition would likely not lead to any changes in juvenile justice as most important cases were settled with large majorities.

Question 31

In Kent v. United States (1966), the Supreme Court ruled that juveniles had the right to have their parents present during questioning.

Question 32

Reform care in juvenile justice is the equivalent of parole.

Question 33

In the case of In re Winship (1970),the Court held that proof must be established "beyond a reasonable doubt" and not on "a preponderance of the evidence" before a juvenile could be classified as a delinquent.

Question 34

A predominant goal in juvenile corrections is to avoid incarceration if possible.

Question 35

The juvenile function of police work is concerned largely with order maintenance.

Question 36

Delinquent children often have committed offenses that would be classified as criminal if they were adults.

Question 37

A small percentage of juveniles are placed on probation and released to the custody of a parent or guardian.

Question 38

Juveniles waived to adult court may be sentenced to adult prisons.

Question 39

In most U.S. states, the upper age limit of the juvenile court is 17.

Question 40

Adjudication is the trial stage of the juvenile justice process.

Question 41

The Massachusetts Stubborn Child Law was passed during what period?

A) Puritan
B) Refuge
C) Juvenile court
D) Juvenile rights
E) Due process

Question 42

The Supreme Court ruled in Kent v. United States (1966) that juveniles have the right to:

A) counsel.
B) Miranda rights.
C) due process.
D) bail.
E) jury.

Question 43

The __________  explains that the increase in violence was due to an increase in the prevalence of exceptionally violent individuals.

A) gang  view
B) super predators  view
C) environmental  view
D) lowering of divorce rates  view
E) ​improvement in economic conditions  view

Question 44

Which Supreme Court case began the "kids are different" period?

A) In re Winship
B) Roper v. Simmons
C) McKeiver v. Pensylvania
D) Schall v. Martin
E) In re Gault

Question 45

During the _______ period, the rights of juveniles were expanded.

A) Puritan
B) Refuge
C) Juvenile court
D) Juvenile rights
E) Due process

Question 46

The refuge period of juvenile justice was characterized by:

A) a belief that children are naturally evil.
B) incarceration of children in reform schools.
C) the creation of the juvenile court.
D) a focus on juvenile rights.
E) the notion that "kids are different."

Question 47

Under common law, children were exempt from criminal responsibility until the age of:

A) 3.
B) 5.
C) 7.
D) 10.
E) 12.

Question 48

The Supreme Court ruled in McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971) that juveniles do not have the right to:

A) counsel.
B) Miranda warnings.
C) due process.
D) bail.
E) a jury trial.

Question 49

This type of youth violence is related to the drug trade and causes fear in neighborhoods.

A) Gang violence
B) Family violence
C) School violence
D) Work violence
E) Institutional violence

Question 50

Which has not been suggested as an explanation for the rise in youth crime?

A) An increase in youth gangs
B) Recruitment of juveniles into the drug trade
C) Entertainment technology, such as violent video games
D) Explicit and violent popular music
E) Increased prosperity creating more targets of crime

Question 51

In which of the following cases did the U.S. Supreme Court depart from its previous trend toward increasing juvenile rights by ruling that juveniles may be held in preventive detention before trial if they are deemed a risk to the community?

A) In re Gault (1967)
B) Schall v. Martin (1984)
C) Kent v. United States (1966)
D) In re Winship (1970)
E) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971)

Question 52

Which measure tracks the number of youths in gangs?

A) UCR.
B) NCAA.
C) Youth Index of Crimes.
D) National Crime Index.
E) ​National Youth Gang Survey

Question 53

The Supreme Court ruled in Breed v. Jones (1975) that juveniles are protected from being tried in both the adult court and juvenile courts, which would be:

A) due process.
B) counsel.
C) a juvenile waiver.
D) double jeopardy.
E) jury.

Question 54

The __________ points to the impact of the drug trade, especially crack cocaine, and the related increase in gun use and possession by youths as the cause of increases in youth crime.

A) cohort  view
B) super predators  view
C) environmental  view
D) lowering of divorce rates  view
E) gangs  view

Question 55

The philosophy of institutionalization of deviants began in the United States during what time period?

A) Industrial revolution
B) Refuge
C) Investigative reform
D) Juvenile reform
E) Justice reform

Question 56

Which statement about the due process rights of juveniles is true?

A) Juveniles have none of the due process rights guaranteed to adults.
B) Juveniles have all of the due process rights guaranteed to adults.
C) Juveniles have all of the due process rights guaranteed to adults plus additional due process rights.
D) Juveniles have only some of the due process rights guaranteed to adults.
E) Juveniles have only one due process right, the right to a trial by jury.

Question 57

Some behaviors, such as cigarette smoking and truancy, are only criminal if committed by juveniles, which is called:

A) a judicial waiver.
B) mala juvenilia.
C) a statutory crime.
D) a status offense.
E) a juvenile crime.

Question 58

In England, the doctrine that allowed the courts to hold protective jurisdiction over all children was called:

A) judicial waiver.
B) parens patriae.
C) parens reus.
D) status offense.
E) parens choices .

Question 59

Critics of which approach suggest that the group of youth that peaked during the early 1990s was not at all exceptional with respect to involvement in violence in their younger years?

A) Cohort
B) Economic determinism
C) Environmental
D) Lowering divorce rates
E) Gangs

Question 60

During which period did punishments became harsher for juvenile repeat offenders?

A) Puritan
B) Refuge
C) Juvenile court
D) Juvenile rights
E) Crime control

Question 61

The process of screening children out of the system without a decision is called a:

A) waiver.
B) disposition.
C) diversion.
D) probation.
E) forfeiture .

Question 62

_______ is a procedure by which the juvenile court transfers a juvenile case to the adult criminal court.

A) Adjudication
B) Waiver
C) Motion
D) Objection
E) Process

Question 63

________ would not be a considered a non-secure juvenile institution.

A) Reform schools
B) Foster homes
C) Group homes
D) Ranches
E) Camps

Question 64

A child who has committed an act that if committed by an adult would be criminal would be a:

A) dependent child.
B) delinquent child.
C) neglected child.
D) status child.
E) ward of the court.

Question 65

In its original, underlying philosophy, the juvenile justice system is primarily concerned with the interests and needs of:

A) the parents.
B) the police.
C) society at-large.
D) the child.
E) immediate community.

Question 66

Which is the most recent period in juvenile justice?

A) "Kids are different"
B) Refuge
C) Juvenile court
D) Juvenile rights
E) Crime control

Question 67

What is the youngest age a juvenile can be waived to adult court in the United States?

A) 10
B) 12
C) 13
D) 14
E) There is no minimum age.

Question 68

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Graham v. Florida  (2010) that it was unconstitutional for juveniles to be sentenced to:

A) life.
B) life without parole.
C) death.
D) adult prisons.
E) intensive supervision probation.

Question 69

A  child who is receiving inadequate care because of some action or inaction of his/her parents would be a:

A) dependent child.
B) delinquent child.
C) neglected child.
D) status child.
E) ward of the court.

Question 70

The House of Refuge was created in New York in 1825 during this period.

A) "Kids are different"
B) Refuge
C) Juvenile court
D) Juvenile rights
E) Crime control

Question 71

In Roper v. Simmons (2005), the Court ruled that executions were unconstitutional for those under the age of during the commission of the crime:

A) 14
B) 15
C) 16
D) 18
E) 21

Question 72

What percentage of delinquency cases involves detention between referral to the juvenile court and the disposition of the case?

A) 20
B) 30
C) 40
D) 50
E) 60

Question 73

Throughout the United States, the upper age limit for juvenile court jurisdiction typically varies between:

A) 10 and 12 years of age.
B) 12 and 14 years of age.
C) 14 and 16 years of age.
D) 15 and 17 years of age.
E) 17 and 18 years of age.

Question 74

If a juvenile is to be imprisoned pending trial, most states require a(n):

A) intake hearing.
B) petition.
C) disposition.
D) diversion.
E) detention hearing.

Question 75

A  child who has no parents or guardian or whose parents/guardinas cannot give proper care  would be a:

A) dependent child.
B) delinquent child.
C) neglected child.
D) status child.
E) ward of the court.

Question 76

The juvenile court processing of delinquency cases typically begins with a(n):

A) intake hearing.
B) petition.
C) disposition.
D) diversion.
E) detention hearing.

Question 77

During which period did the Supreme Court rule that  people who commit a murder while under the age of 18 cannot be executed for the crime?

A) "Kids are different"
B) Refuge
C) Juvenile court
D) Juvenile rights
E) Crime control

Question 78

The use of waiver to adult court was reduced sharply during this period.

A) "Kids are different"
B) Refuge
C) Juvenile court
D) Juvenile rights
E) Crime control

Question 79

During which period  did a series of significant precedents by the U.S. Supreme Court set out basic constitutional protections for juveniles?

A) Puritan
B) Refuge
C) Juvenile court
D) Juvenile rights
E) Due process

Question 80

A person who is thought to be on the verge of getting into trouble is known by this acronym.

A) SINSS
B) PINS
C) PNS
D) APINS
E) APINSS