Deck 2: Crime and Crime Causation

Question 1

Organized crime has been observed in all immigrant groups to America as one of the first steps on the so-called "ladder of social mobility."

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Most people do not report auto theft to the police.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The UCR and NCVS do not provide a clear picture of the amount of crime because of the differences in the way that each measures crime.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The provision of illicit goods is a type of occupational crime.

Question 5

Visible crimes are typically committed by older career criminals.

Question 6

Routine activity explanations of crime suggest that three factors converge to increase the likelihood of criminal behavior.

Question 7

As a metaphor, the use of the phrase, "dark figure of crime," serves to downplay the less dangerous aspects of crime that get reported to police.

Question 8

It is fairly easy to track crime for criminal justice research purposes because of the wide availability of accurate data.

Question 9

The NCVS incorporates a survey of businesses to assess their rate of victimization.

Question 10

Males aged 16-24 are the most crime-prone demographic group.

Question 11

Occupational crimes are often profitable and usually do not come to the public's attention.

Question 12

International crimes, such as terrorism and genocide, are also considered transnational crimes.

Question 13

Relatively few political crimes take place in western democracies compared with other countries.

Question 14

Robberies and other visible crimes are among the least profitable criminal activities.

Question 15

Both the UCR and NCVS indicate that crime in the United States has been decreasing since 1995.

Question 16

Victimless crimes are prosecuted on the idea that society as a whole is being injured, even if the participants in the criminal act do not feel victimized.

Question 17

Victimology is a field of criminology that examines the role the victim plays in precipitating a criminal incident and also examines the impact of crimes on victims.

Question 18

Public order crimes, such as public drunkenness, are a type of visible crimes.

Question 19

Everyone has an equal chance of becoming a victim of crime.

Question 20

Property crimes threaten both personal and public property.

Question 21

Proposals for chemical castration of repeat sex offenders are based on sociological explanations of crime.

Question 22

Race is a key factor in exposure to crime: white citizens are more likely to be victimized than black citizens.

Question 23

Politicians' statements may contribute to fear of crime.

Question 24

Income has no influence on likelihood of crime victimization.

Question 25

A small percentage of  crime is committed by acquaintances and relatives of victims, especially crimes committed against women.

Question 26

Classical criminology holds that criminal behavior is irrational.

Question 27

Which of the following is not an example of a visible crime?

A) Violent crimes
B) Property crimes
C) Public-order crimes
D) "Ordinairy or street crime"
E) Money laundering

Question 28

An individual whose lifestyle includes visiting nightclubs and staying out late has an increased risk of victimization compared to someone who stays home in the evenings.

Question 29

The psychological and emotional affects of crime on a victim cannot be calculated, and so are not considered as a cost of crime.

Question 30

One strain of thought is that certain people are criminogenic-that is, they are born criminals.

Question 31

The criminal justice system is often not sensitive to the needs of the victim.

Question 32

The kind of crime a victim suffers tends to depend on whether strangers or nonstrangers are the perpetrators.

Question 33

Most theories about crime are based on an analysis of men's behavior.

Question 34

Recent data indicates that women's  participation in violent crimes is skyrocketing.

Question 35

M any victims of crime behave in ways that facilitate their becoming victims.

Question 36

The term "anomie" applies to a situation in which the rules or norms that guide behavior have been strengthened or reinforced.

Question 37

Control theories suggest that individuals exhibit criminal behavior due to the social processes inherent in the criminal justice system.

Question 38

Life course theories of criminal behavior attempt to identify important developmental pathways to criminal behavior.

Question 39

Sexual assault victims are more likely to be assaulted by someone they know.

Question 40

Positivist criminologists believe that scientific methods can be effectively used to discover the causes of crime and to treat deviants.

Question 41

Crimes that threaten the general well-being of society and challenge accepted moral principles are defined as _______ crimes.

A) violent
B) limited
C) general-order
D) public-order
E) high-visibility

Question 42

Of the following crimes, which crime are individuals the  least likely to report?

A) Homicide
B) Motor vehicle theft
C) Rape
D) Robbery
E) Aggravated assault

Question 43

Which of the following is an example of a visible crime?

A) Murder
B) Espionage
C) Public drunkenness
D) Price fixing
E) Treason

Question 44

Which is not a type of transnational crime?

A) Terrorism.
B) Human trafficking.
C) Cyber crimes.
D) The transportation and sale of counterfeit goods.
E) ​M oney laundering.

Question 45

Which of the following is/are challenge(s) faced by law enforcement when it comes to transnational crimes?

A) Permission must be granted by the host country before U.S. authorities can operate there.
B) Host countries may tolerate certain transnational crimes.
C) The governments of some host countries may be corrupt.
D) ​Coordination between the United States and foreign countries may be difficult.
E) ​Some countries have less transnational crime than others.

Question 46

According to the UCR and other government sources, over the past 20 years the rate of violent crime has:

A) remained about the same.
B) generally and consistently decreased.
C) generally trended upward.
D) showed a sharp and consistent increase.
E) been immeasurable.

Question 47

Which is not one of the categories of transnational crimes?

A) Provision of illicit goods
B) Provision of illegal services
C) Infiltration of business or government
D) Political crime
E) ​ None of the above are examples of transnational crimes.

Question 48

So-called "street crime" or "ordinary crime," which involves criminal acts that are the least profitable and least protected, is also known as:

A) political crime.
B) crimes without victims.
C) visible crime.
D) organized crime.
E) occupational crime.

Question 49

Which of the following is a statistical summary of crimes reported by th e police to the FBI ?

A) The NCVS
B) The DBR
C) The UCR
D) The NIBRS
E) The BIS

Question 50

Acts against people in which death or physical injury results are known as:

A) occupational crime.
B) cyber crime.
C) property crime.
D) violent crime.
E) public-order crime.

Question 51

Profit-seeking criminal activities that involve planning, execution, or victimization that crosses national borders is called:

A) transnational crime.
B) espionage.
C) victimless crime.
D) embezzlement.
E) organized crime.

Question 52

______________ in volves a network of activities, usually cutting across state and national borders which range from legitimate businesses to shady deals with labor unions.

A) Political crime
B) Cyber crime
C) Visible crime
D) Organized crime
E) Occupational crime

Question 53

Which of the following is an example of an occupational crime?

A) Murder
B) Espionage
C) Illegal drug sales
D) Embezzlement
E) Prostitution

Question 54

Which of the following offenses would not fall into the category of cyber crime?

A) Distributing illegal pornography via the Internet
B) Sending spam in order to obtain bank account and credit card numbers
C) Emailing viruses meant to corrupt computer systems
D) Hacking into a bank account to steal money
E) Using a fake ID to purchase alcohol

Question 55

Moving the proceeds of criminal activities through a maze of businesses, banks, and brokerage accounts so as to disguise their origin  is known as:

A) money laundering.
B) cleaning money.
C) occupatinal crime.
D) victimless crime.
E) transnational crime.

Question 56

Which of the following is not an example of a property crime?

A) Larceny
B) Burglary
C) Shoplifting
D) Embezzlement
E) Disorderly conduct

Question 57

The concept that much more crime occurs than is reported to police is known as:

A) invisible crime
B) the dark figure of crime
C) lost crime
D) hidden crime
E) unreported crime

Question 58

The method by which c hil d pornograph y is frequently disseminated makes it a       crime.

A) political
B) cyber
C) transnational
D) ​provision of illicit goods type of
E) financial

Question 59

Which of the following is not a type of crime?

A) Political crime
B) Victimless crime
C) Transnational crime
D) ​Organized crime
E) Thought crime

Question 60

The infiltration of business or government includes all of the following types of crime except:

A) bribery.
B) extortion.
C) money laundering.
D) drug trafficking.
E) ​fraud.

Question 61

Which of the following is true concerning female victims of rape?

A) About three-quarters of sexual assaults against women are perpetrated by an acquaintance of the victim.
B) Most women do not take protective measures to avoid being attacked by strangers.
C) Many women place themselves at risk of sexual assault due to behavioral patterns.
D) Most rapes occur in outside areas away from the victim's home.
E) Pepper spray and other weapons are excellent deterrents against sexual assaults.

Question 62

Which of the following statements is true concerning the UCR?

A) The UCR provides a useful but incomplete picture of crime levels
B) The UCR is an accurate compilation of criminal statistics
C) Because it is compiled at the federal level the UCR is more reliable than data compiled at the state level
D) The UCR is compiled at the local level under direction of state governments
E) The UCR is unreliable and generally of little practical use

Question 63

Researchers have found that ______ are the most likely to be victimized by crime.

A) younger female residents of higher income communities
B) older female residents of lower income communities
C) young female residents of lower income communities
D) young male residents of lower income communities
E) older male residents of lower income communities.

Question 64

According to the lifestyle exposure model, which of the following groups is most likely to be victimized?

A) Elderly white females
B) Elderly white males
C) Elderly black females
D) Young black males
E) Young white males

Question 65

Supporters of tough crime-control policies use which of the following as justification for their support?

A) Crime causes poverty.
B) Laws must ensure strict and certain penalties.
C) Longer prison sentences removes hardened criminals from the community.
D) Police must have resources and legal backing to pursue criminals.
E) All of the above are justifications used to support tough crime-control policies.

Question 66

Which of the following is a risk factor for exposure to crime?

A) Low-income city dwellers
B) Age
C) Race
D) Gender
E) All of the above are considered risk factors.

Question 67

Which of the following statements concerning race and crime victims is true?

A) Most violent crime is interracial.
B) Whites are most likely to be victims of violent crime.
C) Most victims and offenders are from different social classes.
D) Whites are not fearful of being victimized by black strangers.
E) African-Americans and other minorities are most likely to be victims of violent crimes.

Question 68

Which is not a question that victimology advocates would seek to focus attention?

A) What are the negative effects of mandatory sentencing on offenders?
B) Who is victimized?
C) What is the impact of crime?
D) What happens to victims in the criminal justice system?
E) What roles do victims play in causing the crimes they suffer?

Question 69

Which of the following statements concerning instruments of crime measurement is true?

A) The UCR is the most accurate.
B) The NCVS is the least accurate.
C) Both the UCR and the NCVS are equally accurate.
D) Both the UCR and the NCVS are distorted because of the differences in crime measurement.
E) The UCR and the NCVS, if taken together, create an accurate picture.

Question 70

Why does the NCVS not measure homicide?

A) Homicide is excluded from the NCVS as a Part I offense.
B) Homicide victims cannot report their own murder.
C) Not all homicides are identified as such, so rates are unreliable.
D) Homicide is measured by the UCR.
E) There is little physical evidence of homicide.

Question 71

Which statement about the role of the crime victim  is inaccurate?

A) Many victims of crime have lifestyles that make crime more likely.
B) The use of illegal drugs increases victimization.
C) Victims of crime are often the target of more crime.
D) The victim of crime often plays no role in being victimized.
E) ​Crime is more prevalant among the poor.

Question 72

According to Cole and Smith, which is not an explanation for the recent drop in both violent and property crime?

A) The aging of the baby boomers
B) Increased use of security systems
C) A dramatic decline in the use of crack cocaine
D) Greater awareness of the societal costs of crime
E) Aggressive police efforts to keep handguns off the streets

Question 73

According to U.S. Department of Justice statistics, which of the following demographic groups is least likely to become a victim of violent crime?

A) Middle-aged Asian men and women
B) White female juveniles
C) African American men and women over 65 years of age
D) White men and women over 65 years of age
E) Men and women living on college campuses

Question 74

Which is an impact of crime on a victim?

A) Fear
B) Financial costs
C) Emotional costs
D) Lifestyle restrictions
E) All of the above are potential impacts of crime on a victim

Question 75

Which statement is true regarding crime victimization?

A) Whites are more likely than blacks to be victims.
B) Older people are more likely than the young to be victims.
C) Females are more likely than males to be victims.
D) Blacks are more likely than whites to be victims.
E) ​Where you live doe snot affect the likelihood of someone being a victim of crime.

Question 76

Which statement is true regarding crime?

A) Few crimes are intraracial.
B) Relatives or acquaintances of the victim commit insignificant amounts of crime.
C) The financial and emotional cost to society of crime is relatiely low.
D) Most crime occurs between members of different races.
E) ​Crime and race have little correlation.

Question 77

Which of the following statements is not true concerning the costs of crime?

A) Crime generates economic costs, such as medical expenses.
B) Crime has been shown to balance with economic advantages, such as the creation of criminal justice system jobs.
C) Crime may contribute to lower economic productivity.
D) Crime may have emotional costs, such as a diminished quality of life.
E) Crime often generates psychological costs.

Question 78

Which of the following statements concerning age cohorts and the rate of crime is true?

A) Men aged 16-24 are the least crime-prone group.
B) The rise in crime in the 1970s has been blamed on the decreased numbers of 16- 24-year-olds.
C) The increase in crime in the 2000s was due to higher than usual numbers of 14- 24 year-olds.
D) The maturing of the post-World War II baby boomers in the 1980s is likely the cause for the decrease in the crime rate.
E) During the 1990s, the larger than usual 16- to 24-year age cohort likely contributed to the increase in crime.

Question 79

Which of the following is not a burden placed on individual crime victims?

A) Jury duty
B) Psychological effects
C) Insen sitive treatment by justice system officials
D) Legal costs
E) Medical costs

Question 80

A source of crime data from interviews conducted to gather on unreported as well as reported crimes is called:

A) the National Crime Victimization Survey.
B) the National Burglary Registry.
C) the Uniform Crime Reports.
D) the National Incident-Based Reporting System.
E) the Bureau of Information Systems.