Deck 1: Crime and Criminology

Question 1

Deviant behavior:

A) violates the legal code.
B) can be considered a felony.
C) is mala in se.
D) is all of the above.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

_________ are required to employ valid and reliable experimental designs and sophisticated data analysis techniques.

Answer 2

Criminologists

Question 3

The study of agencies of social control such as the police, courts, and corrections is:

A) criminal justice.
B) criminology.
C) sociology.
D) law inquiry.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The media are often involved with downplaying crime and report lower numbers of true crime statistics to help society feel less fearful.

Question 5

Marvin Wolfgang and this criminologist are quoted as saying "A criminologist is one whose professional training, occupational role, and pecuniary reward are primarily concentrated on a scientific approach to study the phenomenon of crime and criminal behavior."

A) Lawrence Driscoll
B) Franco Ferracuti
C) Paul Klenowski
D) Robert Kruse

Question 6

A major difference between criminology and criminal justice is that criminal justice refers to the study of agencies, while criminology refers to the ______________ of crime.

Question 7

__________ is an academic discipline that makes use of scientific methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.

A) Sociology
B) Criminal Justice
C) Criminology
D) Psychology

Question 8

The quality of being fair under the law is referred to as:

A) casebook method
B) legality
C) justice
D) criminology

Question 9

Deviant behaviors are those actions that depart from social norms, values, and beliefs.

Question 10

All crimes are deviant behaviors.

Question 11

_______________ are based on verified social facts and readily observed phenomena that can be consistently quantified and measured.

Question 12

Define and explain the difference between criminology and criminal justice.

Question 13

Criminal justice explains the etiology, extent, and nature of crime in society.

Question 14

Criminology is also related to the study of __________________ or those actions that depart from social norms, values, beliefs, and customs.

Question 15

Gross and colleagues found that exonerations of death row inmates are more than _________ times more frequent than exonerations for other prisoners.

Question 16

The development of valid methods to measure crime and the accuracy of crime data are crucial aspects of criminology in action.

Question 17

Criminology is related to the study of deviance. Explain how criminology, deviant behaviors and crime overlap.

Question 18

Hans von Hentig and Stephen Schafer believed that the role of the _________ had to be considered before a full understanding of crime could be developed.

Question 19

Criminologists have been trained in diverse fields-sociology, criminal justice, political science, psychology, public policy, economics and even the natural sciences because criminology is a __________________ science.

Question 20

Criminologists use ________ methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.

A) economic
B) scientific
C) sociological
D) psychological

Question 21

Crime typologies refer to the study of criminal behavior involving research on the links between different types of crime and criminals.

Question 22

Marvin Wolfgang's famous 1958  study was titled Patterns in Criminal _____________.

Question 23

The influence of ________ leads to an increase in the public ' s fear of crime.

A) criminologists
B) the media
C) society
D) police

Question 24

___________ theory states that people learn behavior by observing how other people act.

A) ​Social learning
B) ​Power-control
C) ​Social construct
D) ​Behavioral

Question 25

According to the conflict view, ______________________ is a political concept designed to protect the power and positions of the upper class at the expense of the poor.

Question 26

The interactionist view of crime traces its antecedents to the symbolic interaction school of sociology, first popularized by pioneering sociologists Charles Cooley, W.I. Thomas, and _________________.

Question 27

The consensus view of crime links illegal behavior to the concept of __________________.

Question 28

Criminals have a greater likelihood of being victims than noncriminals.

Question 29

Criminologists try to create valid and ___________ measurements of criminal behavior by accessing records, research, and statistical data to understand patterns and trends.

A) innovative
B) open-minded
C) reliable
D) experimental

Question 30

________ are tested using scientific methods to validate criminological theories.

A) Opinions
B) Times
C) Ideas
D) Hypotheses

Question 31

For those studying the role of the victim in crime, to which areas should one pay particular attention?

Question 32

The _________ view of crime states that crimes are behaviors that are believed to be repugnant to all elements of society.

Question 33

Heath Miller and Gregory Polanco were the first to suggest that victim behavior is often a key determinant in crime.

Question 34

According to Hans von Hentig and _________, victim behavior is often a key determinant of crime, and a victim's actions may precipitate crime.

A) Stephen Schafer
B) Lisa Briggs
C) Stephen Brown
D) Helmet Belnisch

Question 35

According to the __________________of crime, society is a collection of diverse groups. Groups able to assert their political power use the law and the criminal justice system to advance their economic and social position.

Question 36

Behaviors such as drug use and prostitution are problematic because the harm they inflict is only on those who are willing participants, but punishment is justified because these acts undermine the ________________ and threaten the general well-being of society.

Question 37

Mental illness is not a critical factor in explaining terrorist behavior.

Question 38

The subarea of criminal statistics and crime measurement involves devising valid and reliable measures designed to calculate the amount and trends of criminal activity. What must criminologists do to understand how much crime occurs? Who commits in? When and where does it occur?

Question 39

In a sample of death row inmates, Gross found that none of the exonerated inmates in his sample of 340 were innocent.

Question 40

Criminological theories use a method referred to as the Symposium Method for testing theories.

Question 41

According to the text, which view of crime is best portrayed in the Hollywood hit film The Wolf of Wall Street?

A) perceptionist view
B) common-core view
C) interactionist view
D) consensus view

Question 42

This man argued that the deviant is one to whom that label has successfully been applied, meaning that those who hold power will reflect the opinions and perceptions of others.

A) Keith Bell
B) Albert Cohen
C) Michael Heise
D) Howard Becker

Question 43

____________ can be defined as a systematic set of interrelated statements or principles that explain some aspect of social life.

A) ​Social theory
B) ​Relative deprivation
C) ​Utilitarianism
D) ​Sociology of law

Question 44

___________ refer(s) to research that is conducted on the links between different types of crime and criminals.

A) Critical theory
B) Crime typologies
C) Crime patterns
D) Legal studies

Question 45

According to the _________________, crimes are behaviors believed to be repugnant to all elements of society.

A) consensus view
B) individualist view
C) conflict view
D) interactionist view

Question 46

Define the consensus view of crime, the conflict view of crime, and the interactionist view of crime. Compare and contrast these three perspectives.

Question 47

Crime, according to the interpersonal view, states that the political power and position of the upper class is used at the expense of the poor.

Question 48

This method of determining guilt was based on the principle that divine forces would not allow an innocent person to be harmed.

A) Code of Hammurabi
B) Trial by Ordeal
C) Compurgation
D) Magna Carta

Question 49

Under this view, groups able to assert their political power use the law and criminal justice system to advance their economic and social positions.

A) conflict
B) consensus
C) interactionist
D) common

Question 50

The critical view of crime links illegal behavior to the concept of social harm.

Question 51

The interactionist view of crime is similar to the _____________; both suggest that behavior is outlawed and considered criminal when it offends people who hold social, economic, and political power.

A) David Miller perspective
B) consensus perspective
C) conflict perspective
D) justice-offender perspective

Question 52

The consensus view of crime is the belief that the majority of citizens in a society share common ideas and work toward a common good.

Question 53

According to the consensus view, deviant behavior is illegal if it causes:

A) disparities.
B) social harm.
C) legal concerns.
D) conflict.

Question 54

According to the interactionist view of crime, individuals or groups who wage campaigns to control behaviors viewed as immoral or wrong are referred to as ______________________.

Question 55

The concept of guilt and innocence was determined during the Dark Ages by several methods; one of these methods called ____________, consists of an accused person swearing an oath of innocence with the help of 12 - 25 oath helpers who would attest to his or her character.

Question 56

Moral entrepreneurs are interest groups that attempt to control social life and the legal order in such a way as to promote their own moral views.

Question 57

The first known written law code of the ancient world was called the:

A) Code of Babylon
B) Ten Commandments
C) Code of Justinian
D) Code of Hammurabi

Question 58

The conflict view of crime states that human behavior is shaped by interpersonal issues and that those who maintain social power will use it to further their own needs.

Question 59

The concept of criminal law has been recognized for more than 3,000 years, with the creation of the most famous set of written laws of the ancient world known as __________________.

Question 60

Acts that are inherently evil are referred to as ___________________; are outlawed because they violate basic moral values.

Question 61

Identify and discuss the four categories of contemporary law.

Question 62

Early English law, developed by judges, that incorporated Anglo-Saxon tribal customs, feudal practices, and everyday rules of behavior is referred to as:

A) common  law.
B) customary law.
C) criminal law.
D) procedural law.

Question 63

A serious offense, such as rape, murder, or robbery, that is punishable by a prison sentence-or in the case of first-degree murder, death by capital punishment-is known as a __________________.

Question 64

Explain the difference between a felony and a misdemeanor.

Question 65

Criminal law constantly evolves to reflect social and economic conditions.

Question 66

A serious offense that is punishable by a prison sentence or in the case of first degree murder, capital punishment, is known as a:

A) consensus.
B) misdemeanor.
C) felony.
D) mandatory minimum.

Question 67

Regardless of its source, all criminal law in the United States must conform to the rules set forth in the:

A) Code of Hammurabi.
B) Bible.
C) U.S. Constitution.
D) Affordable Care Act.

Question 68

The act of illegal gambling, because is violates law or clashes with current norms or public opinion, is referred to as:

A) actus reus.
B) vino de casa.
C) mala prohibitum.
D) mala in se.

Question 69

___________ involve crimes in which the accused is guilty simply by doing what a statute prohibits and intent does not enter the picture nor is it required.

A) Strict liability offenses
B) Misdemeanors
C) Felonies
D) Wrongful offenses

Question 70

Common law originated in early England, where royal judges would use local rules and customs to decide cases.

Question 71

__________ torts are injuries caused because a person's actions were unreasonably unsafe or careless, such as a traffic accident caused by a reckless driver.

Question 72

_____________________ is the branch of law that defines crimes and punishments and involves such issues as the mental and physical elements of crime, crime categories, and criminal defenses.

Question 73

Substantive criminal law involves the rules of evidence and the law of arrests and investigations.

Question 74

In the 2008 case of ______________________, the Court upheld the use of lethal injection unless there is a substantial risk of serious harm that the drugs will not work effectively.

Question 75

Acts that are outlawed because they violate basic moral values, such as rape, murder, assault, and robbery are referred to as:

A) mens rea
B) actus reus
C) mala in se
D) mala prohibitum

Question 76

Explain the relationship between criminal law and the United States Constitution.

Question 77

The branch of the law that defines crimes and their punishments, _____________ involves such issues as the mental and physical elements of crime, crime categories, and criminal defenses.

A) political law
B) sabbatical law
C) substantive criminal law
D) procedural criminal law

Question 78

The case of Baze and Bowling v. Rees  (2008) dealt with:

A) the use of lethal injection.
B) immigration rights for children.
C) the use of the electric chair.
D) the legality of Obamacare.

Question 79

Civil law refers to a set of rules governing relations between private parties, which often are the results of contract disputes, wills, and property.

Question 80

The branch of law that deals with the government and its relationships with individuals or other governments and governs the administration and regulation of city, county, state, and federal agencies is referred to as ___________________.