Deck 18: Punishment and Correction

Question 1

Fines, home confinement, electronic monitoring, intensive probation supervision, restitution, community corrections, and boot camps are examples of _________________________.

Answer 1

intermediate sanctions

Question 2

________________________ are maximum control units  that are either independent correctional centers or locked wings of existing prisons.

Answer 2

Supermax prisons

Question 3

The ______________________ Act of 2007  provides federal grants to government agencies and nonprofit organizations to provide employment assistance.

Answer 3

Second Chance

Question 4

Most jurisdictions that use ______________________ specify minimum and maximum terms but allow judges discretion to fix the actual sentence within those limits.

Question 5

A _______________________ means that both sentences are served at the same time, and the term of imprisonment is completed after the longest term has been served.

Question 6

The use of _________________ was introduced in American law with the passage of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization and the Continuing Criminal Enterprises acts, both of which allow the seizure of any property derived from illegal enterprises or conspiracies.

Question 7

A type of parole that uses close surveillance and limited caseload sizes is known as ______________________.

Question 8

________________laws require offenders to serve 85% of their prison sentences.

Question 9

In ____________________________, the Supreme Court  gave inmates the right to secure proper medical attention.

Question 10

The largest operator of privately run prisons in the United States is ________________________________

Question 11

Executions may actually increase the likelihood of murders being committed; this is a consequence referred to as the _________________________.

Question 12

Prisoners have long suffered severe physical punishment in prison, ranging from whipping to extended periods of solitary confinement. The courts have held that such treatment is unconstitutional based on the ________ Amendment.

Question 13

On January 6, 1986, the U.S. Corrections Corporation opened the first privately run state prison in the state of ______________________.

Question 14

____________________ usually involves the suspension of the offender's sentence in return for the promise of good behavior in the community under supervision.

Question 15

Sparing nondangerous offenders from the stigma and labeling of a criminal conviction and involvement with the justice process is the goal of ____________________.

Question 16

__________________ involves resentencing an offender after a short prison stay.

Question 17

__________ house misdemeanants sentenced to terms of one year or less, as well as some nonserious felons.

Question 18

By _________________ a convicted offender in a secure facility, such as a prison or jail, the state seeks to reduce or eliminate his or her opportunity to commit future crimes.

Question 19

For many years, the nation's courts did not interfere in prison operations because of the belief that the courts lacked technical competence in prison administration, society's general apathy toward prisons, and the belief that prisoners' complaints involved privileges rather than rights.  This is called the ___________________________.

Question 20

The Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI), which started in 2003, was designed to improve reentry outcomes along five dimensions: criminal justice, employment, education, health, and_________________.

Question 21

Truth in sentencing laws require felony offenders to serve what percentage of their prison sentences?

A) 65
B) 75
C) 85
D) 100

Question 22

Probation is the most commonly used alternative sentence, even for those convicted of a felony.  Today, how many offenders are on probation?

A) 100,000
B) 400,000
C) 1 million
D) 4 million

Question 23

Which type of sentence requires that upon completion of one sentence, the other term of incarceration begins?

A) concurrent
B) mandatory
C) consecutive
D) indeterminate

Question 24

Why is there strong economic pressure to grant probation to serious felony offenders?

A) Because treatment and rehabilitation programs can be coupled with probation, which result in cost-effectiveness.
B) Because probation consistently results in an 80 to 90% success rate and is, therefore, money well spent.
C) Because it costs less than incarceration, making it extremely attractive to policymakers.
D) Because prison overcrowding has resulted in federal funding cuts to other alternative sentencing programs.

Question 25

What is false about the nature of the death penalty?

A) Today, capital punishment is limited only to the crime of murder in the first degree.
B) The majority of executions in 2009 were done through lethal injection.
C) Almost half the executions took place in Texas in 2009.
D) Currently, there are more than 5,000 people on death row.

Question 26

Which goal of punishment is aimed at reducing future criminality by treating and eliminating the underlying causes of crime?

A) rehabilitation
B) diversion
C) retribution
D) restoration

Question 27

Which is not an argument that supports the death penalty?

A) The Bible describes methods of executing criminals.
B) The death penalty seems to be in keeping with the current mode of dispensing punishment.
C) Support for capital punishment among whites is skewed by racial attitudes.
D) The death penalty is sometimes the only real threat available to deter crime.

Question 28

_____________________________ give the convicted criminal a set number of years to be served in prison and reflect an orientation toward desert, deterrence, and equality.

A) Indeterminate sentences
B) Determinate sentences
C) Mandatory sentences
D) Concurrent sentences

Question 29

Which goal of punishment aims to spare nondangerous offenders from the stigma and labeling of a criminal conviction and involvement with the justice process?

A) rehabilitation
B) diversion
C) retribution
D) restoration

Question 30

Incarcerating offenders in prisons and jails allows the state to seek to reduce or eliminate offenders' opportunities to commit future crimes. This goal of punishment is termed:

A) deterrence
B) specific deterrence
C) incapacitation
D) equity

Question 31

Which goal of punishment suggests that because criminals benefit from their misdeeds, they deserve to be punished?

A) restoration
B) retribution
C) restitution
D) equity

Question 32

Probation usually involves the ___ of an offender's sentence in return for the promise of good behavior in the community under the supervision of a probation department.

A) commutation
B) dismissal
C) suspension
D) diversion

Question 33

The Supreme Court has placed limitations on the use of the death penalty. Which is not a limit that has been set?

A) People who are mentally ill may not be executed.
B) People under the age of 18 may not be executed.
C) It is not permissible to punish rapists with death.
D) The use of lethal injection has been ruled unconstitutional

Question 34

What statement is false with regard to racial bias in sentencing?

A) It is possible that some research efforts miss a racial effect because they use invalid measures of race.
B) Minority defendants suffer discrimination in a variety of early court actions that impact on sentencing decisions.
C) Research on sentencing has failed to show a definitive pattern of racial discrimination.
D) The race of the victim is no more a critical factor in sentencing than is that of the offender.

Question 35

Which of the following is considered an extralegal factor that should not, but may, influence sentencing outcomes?

A) the use of weapons
B) seriousness of the offense
C) race or ethnicity
D) prior criminal record

Question 36

What impact do habitual offender sentencing laws have on crime rates?

A) Such sentencing laws have great effect on offenders younger  than 25.
B) Such sentencing laws have great effect on offenders older than 25.
C) Such sentencing laws have great effect on offenders regardless of age.
D) Such sentencing laws have little effect.

Question 37

The underlying purpose of indeterminate sentencing is to:

A) restrain the use of judicial discretion.
B) to ensure that sentences are applied in a fair and equitable manner.
C) promote truth-in-sentencing.
D) individualize each sentence in the interest of rehabilitating the offender.

Question 38

What is not true about intermediate sentences?

A) They are alternatives to prison.
B) They meet the need for fair, equitable, and proportional punishments.
C) Sanctions include fines, home confinement, and restitution.
D) They are a viable reason for prison overcrowding.

Question 39

Which of the following statements is false regarding sentencing guidelines?

A) Guidelines eliminate discretionary parole.
B) Guidelines allow inmates to reduce their sentences by acquiring time off for good behavior.
C) Guidelines eliminate judicial discretion to reduce racial and gender disparity.
D) Guidelines are mandatory.

Question 40

.The death penalty has long been one of the most controversial aspects of the justice system.  It is known that executions may actually increase the likelihood of murders being committed, rather than deterring new murders. This increase is a consequence referred to as:

A) inevitable consequence.
B) execution ramification.
C) execution artifact.
D) brutalization effect.

Question 41

Which factor is not related to postrelease recidivism?

A) substance abuse or dependency
B) being a chronic offender
C) a functional family
D) an antisocial personality

Question 42

Intermediate sanctions are a viable solution to prison overcrowding.  Who are the most likely candidates for intermediate sanctions?

A) first-time felony offenders with no prior criminal history
B) offenders with a low risk of recidivating or who pose little threat to society
C) mentally ill offenders who would not benefit from incapacitation
D) nonviolent juvenile offenders

Question 43

What percentage of the adult inmate population do women constitute?

A) 5 to 6
B) 8  to  10
C) 12  to  15
D) 20  to  22

Question 44

Prisons are usually categorized according to:

A) size and location.
B) their levels of security and inmate populations.
C) their levels of education and rehabilitation programming.
D) state and federal jurisdiction.

Question 45

Research has shown that those who participate in faith-based groups in prison traditionally:

A) ​do better than those who do not once released, but the differences quickly fade.
B) ​do better than those who do not once released, and over the long term remain crime-free.
C) ​do worse than those who do not once released.
D) ​have shown no clear differences.

Question 46

The evaluation of parole has produced some disturbing findings.  Federal surveys indicate that about ___________ of all released inmates are rearrested for committing a felony or serious misdemeanor within three years of leaving prison.

A) 15%
B) one-quarter
C) one-half
D) two-thirds

Question 47

Today, how many people are in jail on a daily basis?

A) 250,000
B) 500,000
C) 750,000
D) 1 million

Question 48

Prior to the 1960s, the nation's courts maintained a hands-off approach and did not interfere with prison matters because of all but which reason?

A) the belief that it lacked technical competence in prison administration
B) society's general apathy toward prisons
C) a general concern with civil and human rights
D) the belief that prisoners' complaints involved privileges rather than rights

Question 49

What is not one of the losses experienced by prison inmates?

A) loss of liberty and access to goods and services
B) loss of heterosexual relationships
C) loss of autonomy and security
D) loss of access to proper medical care

Question 50

Private prisons are operated by corporations:

A) because of prison overcrowding.
B) for profit.
C) for low-risk offenders.
D) for humanitarian reasons associated with providing less harsh environments.

Question 51

Which of the following is most true about female inmates?

A) ​There is an increased risk of HIV due to the ongoing war on drugs.
B) ​Facilities are inadequate for pregnant convicts.
C) ​Women traditionally are less violent than males.
D) ​All of the above.

Question 52

Which Supreme Court case gave inmates been  the right to secure proper medical attention?

A) Roper v. Simmons
B) Estelle v. Gamble
C) Hope v. Pelzer
D) Bell v. Wheeling Jesuit University ​

Question 53

What type of control mechanism is commonly used with home confinement?

A) electronic monitoring
B) intensive supervision
C) residential community corrections
D) asset forfeiture

Question 54

Among the rights won by inmates, which of the following is not one of them?

A) the right to secure proper medical attention
B) the right to freedom of speech and press unless it interferes with or threatens institutional freedom
C) the right to be free from cruel and unusual physical treatment while incarcerated
D) the right to be segregated along racial lines

Question 55

When a jail term is required as a condition of probation it is termed:

A) shock incarceration.
B) intensive probation.
C) shock probation.
D) split sentencing.

Question 56

Which statement is false about what is known pertaining to supermax prison facilities?

A) Long hours of isolation in supermax prisons may be associated with mental illness and psychological disturbances.
B) Supermax inmates seem to have a more difficult time readjusting upon release.
C) A stay in a supermax prison inhibits reintegration into other prisons.
D) The intense control staff have over inmates helps with staff-inmate relationships.

Question 57

_________ prisons operate without armed guards or walls; usually they are constructed in compounds surrounded by chain-link fences.

A) Maximum-security
B) Medium-security
C) Minimum-security
D) Supermax

Question 58

Fines are monetary payments imposed on an offender as an intermediate punishment for a criminal act.  They are a direct offshoot of:

A) the Quaker religious beliefs underlying the American prison system.
B) judicial abuse of discretion in sentencing procedures.
C) the early common-law practice requiring compensation to the victim and state.
D) claims of racial bias in the sentencing process.

Question 59

Jails in sixteenth-century Europe were used to house those awaiting trial and punishment.  Why were jails not used to house sentenced offenders?

A) Because at that time offenders were transported to the New World.
B) Because at that time punishment consisted of making monetary or service restitution to victims.
C) Because at that time punishment was achieved by fines, exile, corporal punishment, or death.
D) Because at that time convicted offenders were sentenced to a term in the military.

Question 60

Which of the following is not among the issues faced by those reentering society from prison?

A) being barred from work opportunities
B) physical and mental health problems
C) leaving prison with no savings or entitlement to unemployment benefits
D) being welcome and able to secure subsidized public housing

Question 61

All states with death-penalty statutes have lethal injection as a method of execution.

Question 62

Inmates have always had the right to secure proper medical attention.

Question 63

Of the different correctional philosophies of the 1800, the Pennsylvania System eventually won out.

Question 64

Shock probation programs typically include youthful, first-time offenders and feature military discipline and physical training.

Question 65

The first prison in the New World was built in 1798 by Philip Stahl of New York who viewed criminality equal to that of the public's perception of homosexuality at the time.

Question 66

Sentencing guidelines set out  mandatory requirements for the length of incarceration.

Question 67

Three strike laws were created in Kansas after known pedophile Frank Connelly was arrested multiple times for violating children in 1967.

Question 68

Jails house inmates for federal, state, or other authorities because of crowding of their facilities.

Question 69

National data indicate that about 60% of probationers successfully complete their probationary sentences while about 40% are rearrested, violate probation, or abscond.

Question 70

The Auburn prison design became known as the tier system because cells were built vertically on five floors of the structure

Question 71

Indeterminate sentences give a minimum sentence that must be served and a lengthy maximum sentence that is the outer boundary of the time that can possibly be served.

Question 72

Punishment in prison is considered cruel and unusual when it shocks the general conscience.

Question 73

Punishing people by incarcerating them in prisons and/or jails can actually be traced to a liberal reform effort instigated by William Penn.

Question 74

Electronic monitoring, while highly effective, is also very expensive.

Question 75

Medium-security prisons operate without armed guards or walls; usually they are constructed in compounds surrounded by chain-link fences.

Question 76

The most widely used intermediate sanction is boot camps, which have shown to be 78% effective for the 22- to 26-year-old minor to medium-level offender.

Question 77

Mandatory sentencing generally expands the judge's discretionary power to impose any disposition viewed as proportionate to the offense.

Question 78

Jails originated in Europe in the sixteenth century and were used to house those awaiting trial and punishment.

Question 79

It was in Pittsburgh that the first Western State Penitentiary was built, mandated by the General Assembly in 1818 and opened in 1826.

Question 80

Felons are usually incarcerated in a federal or state prison; misdemeanants are housed in county jails or reformatories.