Deck 8: Deciding About Parenthood

Question 1

When parents are interviewed, they report a variety of emotional satisfactions from having children. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A)meaning and purpose in life
B)the assurance that they would be well cared for in their old age
C)the attainment of adulthood
D)a sense of commitment and meaning in an uncertain social world

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In American society, having children is taken for granted, whereas not having children seems to need a justification. This reflects a

A)pro-child policy.
B)pronatalist bias.
C)child-focused tendency.
D)parenthood bias.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In 2013, the average cost of raising a child to age 18 is estimated at ________  for middle-income families.

A)$35,000
B)$95,000
C)$175,000
D)$245,000

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Evidence shows that children, especially when they are young, tend to have which of the following influences on marriage?

A)disruption
B)dissolution
C)stabilization
D)altercation

Question 5

The text offers several explanations for the drop in overall fertility levels. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A)waiting longer to have their first babies
B)childbearing having increasingly shifted to later ages
C)an increase in sexual abstinence
D)a higher incidence of childlessness

Question 6

Which racial/ethnic group has the highest fertility rate in the U.S ?

A)nonHispanic whites
B)Asian Americans
C)blacks
D)Hispanics

Question 7

Janet is employed as an executive within a major corporation. When she decided to have a child, she stepped down from this position, thus giving up a six-figure income. Janet's situation illustrates which of the following "costs?"

A)opportunity
B)direct
C)indirect
D)residual

Question 8

Significant changes have taken place in American childbearing patterns in the decades since World War II. Which is NOT one of these changes discussed by the text?

A)The average number of children an American woman bears has declined.
B)Women are having children at later ages.
C)Teen pregnancies are on the rise.
D)Childlessness-by choice or circumstance-is more common today.

Question 9

There seems to be a connection between childlessness and _____________

A)career commitment.
B)race and ethnicity.
C)high family incomes.
D)managerial occupations.

Question 10

In 1976, the U.S. total fertility rate dropped to the lowest level ever recorded, which was

A)2)3
B)2)0
C)1)7
D)1)3

Question 11

Which of the following terms is often used now instead of the more negative sounding childless ?

A)neo-natal
B)childfree
C)involuntarily infertile
D)antinatal

Question 12

Today, ______ children constitute Americans' ideal family size.

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Question 13

In a 2008 survey, about half of all pregnancies to American women were reported as being __________.

A)unwanted
B)planned
C)unintended
D)mistimed

Question 14

According to the value of children perspective, children were viewed as

A)demographic statistics.
B)emotional liabilities.
C)emotional necessities.
D)economic assets.

Question 15

Studies comparing marriages with and without children consistently report marital happiness to be higher in

A)families with large numbers of children.
B)families with a small number of children.
C)families with the "normative" number of children.
D)families with no children.

Question 16

________ are the things most parents must give up in order to have children.

A)replacement levels
B)trade-offs
C)opportunity costs
D)fixed costs

Question 17

A pro-large family movement known as ______ is situated in some fundamentalist Christian churches.

A)Quiverfull
B)the Army of God
C)Heavenly Blessings
D)Bundles of Joy

Question 18

What percent of U.S. women surveyed in 2001 said "no" to the question of whether "a woman needs the experience of motherhood to have a complete life?"

A)10
B)30
C)50
D)70

Question 19

The most obvious costs associated with having children are

A)financial.
B)emotional.
C)educational.
D)spiritual.

Question 20

Because some of America's values, laws, employment policies, and culture are slanted against parents and their children, some scholars have warned that our society is characterized by

A)structural antinatalism.
B)terroristic childlessness.
C)anti-family-friendly policies.
D)anti-fertility.

Question 21

From a review of the literature about couples who decided not to have children, which of the following is NOT one of the motives for childlessness?

A)dislike of children
B)freedom from responsibility and opportunity for self-fulfillment
C)higher marital satisfaction
D)monetary advantages

Question 22

The number of one-child families continues a steady increase, making up about _______ percent of American families.

A)5
B)10
C)20
D)40

Question 23

Which racial/ethnic group has the highest proportion of nonmarital births?

A)Hispanic
B)nonHispanic white
C)nonHispanic Black
D)Native American/Alaska native

Question 24

Compared with peers who do not become parents as teenagers, all of the following are likely outcomes for teenage parents EXCEPT

A)limited job prospects.
B)lower likelihood of divorce.
C)limited educational opportunities.
D)lower likelihood of marriage.

Question 25

From 1940 to 1960, approximately __________ percent of all births were to unmarried women.

A)5
B)10
C)25
D)40

Question 26

The text lists several advantages to having a one-child family. Which of the following is NOT one of these advantages?

A)Parents can enjoy parenthood without feeling overwhelmed and tied down.
B)Families have more free time and are better off financially.
C)Parents can buy fewer Christmas and birthday presents.
D)Family members share decisions more equally and can spend more time together.

Question 27

The proportion of one-child families in America appears to be growing due to at least three factors. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A)the high cost of rearing a child through college
B)women's increasing career opportunities and aspirations
C)the choice to have just one child becomes easier to make as more couples do so
D)negative personal experiences with siblings from childhood

Question 28

Less-effective forms of birth control are most likely to be used by ________ women.

A)professional.
B)married.
C)lower-income.
D)more educated.

Question 29

For prospective parents who seek to time their parenthood earlier or later in life, what advice does the text give?

A)It's better to have children when you are younger, due to youthful energy
B)Have an awareness of the trade-offs-having children is a challenge at any age!
C)Children are more of a joy when you are an older parent
D)Pregnancies should be timed when you are in your mid-twenties

Question 30

During the 1990s, declines in the teen birth rate were especially large for __________ women.

A)black
B)Hispanic
C)white
D)Asian

Question 31

The increase in childbearing among older single women is largely a(n)__________ phenomenon.

A)black
B)Hispanic
C)Asian
D)white, middle-class

Question 32

The number of births to unmarried women has declined recently, probably because of

A)better economic opportunities for low-income women.
B)the Great Recession that began in late 2007.
C)the sharp decrease in the cost of contraceptives.
D)well-constructed abstinence programs in schools.

Question 33

The text lists several advantages to later parenthood. Which is NOT one of these?

A)completed education and freedom to establish a career
B)more money to arrange support services
C)confident in their ability as parents
D)late mothers were eager to become grandmothers

Question 34

Unwed birthrates are highest among

A)young women in their twenties.
B)teenage girls from single-parent families.
C)middle-aged women.
D)older women, age 40 and over.

Question 35

Your text lists several disadvantages to having a one-child family. Which of the following is NOT one of these disadvantages?

A)Children have the lack of opportunity to develop sibling relationships.
B)Family passes and discounts are unavailable.
C)Children may face extra pressure from parents to succeed.
D)As adults, single children have no help in caring for their aging parents.

Question 36

The 2010 census indicated that about __________ adult siblings live together in the U.S.

A)100,000
B)1 million
C)3 million
D)10 million

Question 37

More than _____ percent of all births today are to unmarried women.

A)0
B)10
C)25
D)40

Question 38

Until a few decades ago, the vast majority of U.S. mothers had their first child in their

A)early teens.
B)late teens.
C)early twenties.
D)late twenties.

Question 39

Multipartnered fertility is most common among

A)nonHispanic whites.
B)Christian fundamentalists.
C)nonHispanic blacks.
D)Arab Americans.

Question 40

The text lists several advantages to earlier parenthood. Which is NOT among them?

A)better physical health
B)grandparents are younger, and could help with the children
C)more time to pursue a career before having children
D)less of a "generation gap" between themselves and their children

Question 41

According to Gallup polls, a majority of Americans believe the Roe v. Wade decision should

A)be overturned, and abortion should be illegal.
B)be modified to rule out abortion under specific circumstances.
C)remain the law of the land.
D)be liberalized even further.

Question 42

About ______ of Artificial Reproductive Technology  procedures result in a live birth.

A)one-tenth
B)one-quarter
C)one-third
D)two-thirds

Question 43

Which United States Supreme Court decision legalized abortion throughout the United States?

A)Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
B)Roe v. Wade
C)Miranda v. Arizona
D)Escobedo v. Illinois

Question 44

Those who adopt unrelated children

A)are less likely to be older.
B)are less educated women and couples.
C)are most commonly couples or individuals in which the woman has had no children, has impaired fertility, and has used infertility services.
D)have lower incomes.

Question 45

Chuck and Lisa arranged an adoption with a birth mother through an attorney. This example reflects all EXCEPT which of the following types of adoption?

A)independent
B)lawyer-assisted
C)public
D)private

Question 46

Male infertility accounts for fertility difficulties in approximately ____ of couples seeking infertility treatment.

A)one-tenth
B)one-quarter
C)one-third
D)one-half

Question 47

The abortion ratio is highest among black and ______ women.

A)Native American
B)nonHispanic white
C)Hispanic
D)Asian/Pacific Islander

Question 48

Embryo transfer technology, along with surrogacy, creates the possibility that a child could have three mothers. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A)the genetic mother
B)the gestational mother
C)the social (child-rearing)mother
D)the spiritual mother

Question 49

Which of the following categories does NOT represent the large majority of youngsters now handled by adoption agencies?

A)ethnic minorities
B)white infants who are not developmentally disabled
C)children who are no longer infants
D)disabled children

Question 50

Today, __________ percent of adopted children are of a different race than one or both of their parents.

A)10
B)30
C)40
D)50

Question 51

Brad and Jan have recently adopted a child through a licensed agency. This example reflects __________ adoption.

A)public
B)private
C)independent
D)central registry

Question 52

Louise Brown, the first "test tube" baby, ___________ in 2006.

A)gave birth to her first child
B)had a nervous breakdown
C)turned 30
D)died of a genetic disease

Question 53

The Multiethnic Placement Act of 1994 and the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997

A)prohibit delay or denial in placement of children on the basis of race, color, or national origin of the parents.
B)limit adoptions according to racial criteria.
C)limit adoptions according to ethnic criteria.
D)both b and c above

Question 54

Which of the following concepts indicates the condition of wanting to conceive and bear a child but being physically unable to do so?

A)involuntary infertility
B)subfecundity
C)primary infertility
D)tertiary infertility

Question 55

The American Psychological Association has taken the position that

A)abortion does not typically lead to severe or long-lasting emotional problems.
B)those who have abortions are at risk for "abortion trauma."
C)abortion is a mental health risk for most women.
D)the decision to abort should be easy to make and act upon.

Question 56

Approximately _____ percent of abortions are obtained by unmarried women.

A)20
B)50
C)65
D)85

Question 57

There are about _______ children with at least one adoptive parent in U.S. households.

A)500,000
B)1)1 million
C)2)5 million
D)4 million

Question 58

A surrogate birth can cost future parents between

A)$8,000 and $16,000
B)$25,000 and $45,000
C)$60,000 and $80,000
D)$150,000 and $175,000

Question 59

What is the most commonly used birth-control method?

A)IUDs
B)vasectomies
C)condoms
D)the pill

Question 60

About ______ of all women who have had an abortion have had a previous abortion.

A)one-fifth
B)two-fifths
C)half
D)four-fifths

Question 61

Parents with only one child report that they can enjoy parenthood without being overwhelmed and tied down.

Question 62

Children in the United States are more likely to be poor than in comparable countries.

Question 63

Research shows that all couples who have made the childfree choice are equally committed to remaining childfree.

Question 64

The tendency for the more highly educated and wealthier in any group to have fewer offspring is characteristic of the white population, but not for the members of racial and ethnic minority groups.

Question 65

The text observes that, more so than in the past, our society presents the possibility of choice and decision making about parenthood.

Question 66

Today, a one-child preference dominates Americans' preferences.

Question 67

In 2015, 14 percent of all births were to unmarried women.

Question 68

Children who have experienced disrupted or dissolved adoption events may suffer from what is called __________ disorder.

A)posttraumatic stress
B)attachment
C)emotional
D)adoption

Question 69

Generally, whites have had higher fertility rates than blacks.

Question 70

The arrival of a child is less disruptive when the parents get along well and have a strong commitment to parenting.

Question 71

Unmarried parents, including those not living together, may have a more regular relationship than previously thought.

Question 72

The text points out that a stable marriage is a happy marriage.

Question 73

Jimmy is an adoptive child. Before his adoption was finalized, he was returned to the agency that handled his case. This reflects which of the following?

A)private adoption
B)dissolved adoption
C)disrupted adoption
D)closed adoption

Question 74

Midori is an adoptive child. After her adoption was finalized, she was returned to the agency that handled her case. This reflects which of the following?

A)dissolved adoption
B)open adoption
C)disrupted adoption
D)closed adoption

Question 75

On a purely financial basis, children considerably decrease a couple's level of living.

Question 76

"Single mothers by choice" tend to be very unconventional in their parenting practices.

Question 77

Regarding international adoption, in 2000, most children were adopted from

A)Africa.
B)Australia.
C)South America.
D)Asia.

Question 78

Latinos have the lowest fertility rate of any U.S. racial/ethnic group.

Question 79

Negative stereotypes surrounding voluntary childlessness have all but disappeared.

Question 80

As overall fertility levels have dropped, childbearing has increasingly shifted to later ages.