Deck 17: The Americas, the Atlantic, and Africa

Question 1

Which new form of compulsory labor was first introduced by the English in North America?

A) Black slave labor
B) Amerindian slave labor
C) Indentured servants
D) The mita and encomienda
E) The chinampa system

Answer 1

Indentured servants

Question 2

Which export product dominated the Brazilian economy by the seventeenth century?

A) Gold
B) Silver
C) Maize
D) Slaves
E) Sugar

Answer 2

Sugar

Question 3

The Viceroyalty of New Spain in 1535 encompassed

A) Mexico, California, and Oregon.
B) Alaska, Siberia, and Central America.
C) Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean islands.
D) Brazil, Paraguay, and Roanoke.
E) Florida, St. Lucia, and Dominica.

Answer 3

Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean islands.

Question 4

Spain's lesser nobles who came to America in significant numbers were called

A) creoles.
B) castas.
C) hidalgos.
D) palenques.
E) baron ets.

Question 5

By 1740, ____, with 16,000 inhabitants, was the largest city in British North America.

A) New York
B) Boston
C) Plymouth
D) Albany
E) Charleston

Question 6

In Brazil, the economic importance of Amerindian slaves was eventually superseded by

A) Asian slaves.
B) European peasants.
C) African slaves.
D) better technology.
E) animal power.

Question 7

The most important agent for transmitting European beliefs, language, and culture in Spanish America and Brazil was the

A) Viceroy.
B) Spanish and Portuguese armies.
C) Catholic Church.
D) plantation system.
E) the king of Spain.

Question 8

The economic development of the colonies in Mexico and Peru was dominated by

A) diamond mining and wheat plantations.
B) copper mining and cattle ranching.
C) silver and gold mining.
D) gold mining and cotton plantations.
E) rice plantations and bronze mining.

Question 9

Indentured servants eventually accounted for ____ percent of all English immigrants to the Chesapeake Bay area.

A) 50
B) 30
C) 80
D) 40
E) 70

Question 10

The two groups of Protestant dissenters that colonized New England were

A) Quakers and Shakers.
B) Puritans and Pilgrims.
C) Shakers and Mormons.
D) Questers and Seekers.
E) Congregationalists and Presbyterians.

Question 11

American- born European whit es were called

A) mestizos.
B) mulattos.
C) muchachos.
D) creoles.
E) chinampas.

Question 12

The primary reason that the population of Massachusetts grew at a substantially enhanced rate was:

A) intermarriage with Native Americans.
B) a nutritionally balanced and ample diet.
C) non-violent relationships existed between the settlers and Native Americans.
D) a disproportionate amount of female immigrants arrived in the colony during the 1650s
E) the settlers there generally arrived with their families intact.

Question 13

The term palenques refers to ____.

A) a person of mixed European and Native American ancestry.
B) an indigenous Native American instrument adopted by the Spanish in Peru.
C) Aztec texts translated by Catholic priests.
D) communities of runaway slaves in Spanish territories..
E) experimental gardens designed to propagate Old World plants to the New.

Question 14

The most hierarchical society in British North America was found in ____.

A) the Chesapeake Bay colony
B) Plymouth.
C) colonial Virginia.
D) the Massachusetts Bay colony.
E) colonial South Carolina.

Question 15

An encomienda was a

A) grant of authority to exact forc ed labor and tribute.
B) plantation for mining precious metals.
C) plantation for growing sugar.
D) land agreement with Amerindians.
E) disease of the lower intestine.

Question 16

The most influential defender of Amerindians in the early colonial period was

A) Vasco de Gama.
B) Bartolomé de las Casas.
C) Ferdinand Magellan.
D) Ignatius Loyola.
E) Father Marquette.

Question 17

How did the English and French American colonies differ from the Spanish and Portuguese American colonies?

A) The Spanish and Portuguese forced their languages on the population.
B) The English and French used direct government control to develop colonies.
C) The Spanish and Portuguese ruled with benign neglect.
D) The English and French developed colonies through the efforts of private companies.
E) They did not differ at all in their policies.

Question 18

In Virginia, colonial government consisted of a governor, his council, and representatives known as the

A) House of Payne.
B) House of Burgesses.
C) House of Lords.
D) House of Elders.
E) Assembly of Freemen.

Question 19

Within a year of its settlement, the colony at Jamestown lost ____ percent of its population.

A) 80
B) 60
C) 40
D) 20
E) 10

Question 20

The forced labor system in which Amerindian men in Peru worked two to four months of the year in the mines was

A) slavery.
B) indentured servitude.
C) imprisonment.
D) the rota or union organization.
E) the mita.

Question 21

Most slaves died in the first weeks after their arrival from Africa from

A) poor nutrition.
B) disease.
C) overwork.
D) abuse.
E) accidents.

Question 22

Which of the following is not true of population loss in Africa as a result of the slave trade?

A) Areas near the Slave Coast lost a disproportionate number of people.
B) Population loss was uniform across all areas of West Africa.
C) Even at the peak of the trade, the population of Africa remained large.
D) New foods from the Americas helped to offset population losses due to the slave trade.
E) Population loss was reduced by the fact that more men than women were traded into slavery.

Question 23

I n the 1770s, mor e intrusive colonial government policies and the imposition of new taxes led to open warfare between "sons of the soil" and "outsiders" in this Brazilian town.

A) Rio de Janeiro
B) Sãn Luis
C) São Paulo
D) Rio de la Plata
E) Salvador

Question 24

Most slaves taken from Africa were

A) kidnapped.
B) prisoners of war.
C) criminals.
D) political opponents.
E) Muslims.

Question 25

The cultivation and production of sugar can best be described as

A) requiring nothing but the right climate and the labor to plant.
B) requiring farm as well as factory production methods.
C) a manufactured product.
D) requiring little labor and high amounts of technology.
E) simple and inexpensive.

Question 26

Plantation slaves were motivated to work hard

A) to earn extra wages.
B) because they were promised freedom.
C) to escape punishment.
D) because they were rewarded with extra food.
E) because they were promised a share of the profits.

Question 27

Sugar plantations, even though they were efficient, caused environmental damage through

A) the disposal of used canes.
B) soil exhaustion and deforestation.
C) supplying power for the mills.
D) overfertilizing the fields.
E) silting up of bays and estuaries.

Question 28

The expansion of sugar plantations in the West Indies required

A) a sharp increase in the African slave trade.
B) an increase in arable land.
C) new fertilizers and seeds.
D) the creation of new markets among the Amerindians.
E) government consultants to oversee farming.

Question 29

Generally, the Atlantic African slave trade was based on a partnership between

A) European opportunists and Arab merchants.
B) Asian and European elites.
C) European and African elites.
D) Islamic and African elites.
E) Arab merchants and African elites.

Question 30

Africans who provided slaves to Europeans most often preferred to receive in return

A) beads and blankets.
B) gold and ivory.
C) rum and horses.
D) guns and textiles.
E) silk and porcelain.

Question 31

The French and Indian War resulted in the

A) French losing Canada to the English.
B) French losing Louisiana to Spain.
C) Spanish losing Texas to France.
D) Spanish losing Florida to the French.
E) Both A and B

Question 32

The French settlements in America resembled Spanish and Portuguese colonies because they wanted to

A) draft Amerindians for military service.
B) extract resources and convert the population to Christianity.
C) free the Amerindians from oppression by the Aztec kings.
D) protect the environment while preserving Amerindian culture.
E) do none of these; the French actually resembled the English more than they did the Spanish or Portuguese.

Question 33

This African state, located south of the Congo Estuary, was the greatest source of slaves for the Atlantic trade.

A) Senegal
B) Sierra Leone
C) Namibia
D) Angola
E) Nigeria

Question 34

Mercantilism is

A) the recognition by the state that all individuals have economic rights.
B) the belief in a complete free-market economy.
C) a government policy t hat limits foreign trade and emphasizes the accumulation of gold and silver.
D) the political doctrine that only people who produce economic wealth may vote.
E) another name for capitalism.

Question 35

Chartered companies were

A) private investors with trade monopolies in colonies.
B) maritime manufacturers of maps and charts.
C) companies of missionaries and religious societies.
D) groups of Amerindian investors who pooled money and resources.
E) illegal in most European countries.

Question 36

The Atlantic System was

A) a set of military alliances among western European states.
B) a network of trading links across the Atlantic basin.
C) the term used to refer to the navigational techniques developed by the English navy after 1600.
D) limited to sovereign states, and did not include any colonies.
E) only a minor factor in the growth of the slave trade.

Question 37

In French Canada, Jesuit efforts to convert the native people to Christianity led to the

A) founding of schools, hospitals, and churches.
B) Battle of Montreal.
C) Great Schism.
D) Amerindians being pushed to Puritanism.
E) collapse of the French monarchy.

Question 38

Which of the following does not describe the Dutch West India Company?

A) It was never very profitable.
B) It seized sugar-producing areas in Brazil.
C) It shipped slaves to Brazil.
D) It paid stockholders huge dividends.
E) It was a private trading company.

Question 39

By the 1680s, ____ had become the wealthiest and most populous of the British North American colonies.

A) Barbados
B) Virginia
C) Trinidad
D) Jamaica
E) Pennsylvania

Question 40

Which of the following is true regarding the Atlantic slave trade?

A) Africans gained far more wealth than Europeans did.
B) Europeans gained far more wealth than Africans did.
C) Europeans gained only slightly more wealth than Africans did.
D) Europeans and Africans gained nearly the same amount of wealth.
E) Africans benefited from their inclusion in the world trade system but were harmed by European diseases.

Question 41

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Potosí

Question 42

The influx of American silver to Europe did all the following except

A) create growing trade deficits with Asia.
B) increase the European money supply.
C) transform Spain into a major manufacturing center.
D) promote commercial expansion.
E) increase social mobility in Europe.

Question 43

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
House of Burgesses

Question 44

The majority of slaves on most West Indian plantations were

A) of African descent, but born in the Americas.
B) African-born.
C) formerly owned by Southern North American planters, but sold "down the river" for their rebelliousness.
D) allowed to keep their African cultural traditions with no interference.
E) of mixed African and Amerindian descent.

Question 45

After the arrival of the Spanish and Portuguese, Amerindian religious beliefs and practices

A) gave way to widespread atheism in the face of colonial brutality.
B) continued much as they had before.
C) were successfully stamped out by Catholic missionaries.
D) continued in altered form, blending with elements of Catholicism.
E) were enthusiastically endorsed by Catholic missionaries, as a way to win Amerindian hearts and minds.

Question 46

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Bartolomé de Las Casas

Question 47

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
encomienda

Question 48

Which of the following is not true of the Islamic slave trade?

A) It was older than the Atlantic slave trade.
B) All Islamic rulers strictly observed the rule forbidding enslavement of fellow Muslims.
C) Most African slaves in the Islamic world were soldiers and servants.
D) It involved fewer slaves than the Atlantic trade.
E) It included a higher proportion of children than the Atlantic trade.

Question 49

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
indentured servant

Question 50

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Iroquois Confederacy

Question 51

Which of the following was not a reason for European planters to switch to African slave labor?

A) Africans were less likely to die of disease and overwork than Europeans were.
B) Indentured servants became too expensive when land values increased.
C) Rising sugar prices made it possible for planters to pay the high up-front costs of slave labor.
D) The average slave life-span was two to three years longer than the typical indenture contract.
E) All of these were actually reasons for planters to switch.

Question 52

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Puritans

Question 53

As they established the colony of New France, the French developed an alliance with

A) the Iroquois.
B) the Algonquin.
C) the Dutch.
D) the English.
E) nobody: they were rivals with the English and Dutch and did not recognize Amerindian governments as valid political entities.

Question 54

The English Navigation Acts

A) regulated the kinds of equipment sailors could use on their ships.
B) used tax breaks to encourage colonial trade and production.
C) limited colonial trade and production that competed with England's own.
D) were an early example of free-market economic policy.
E) specified the routes merchant ships were allowed to take across the Atlantic.

Question 55

The first American colony that came to depend on African slave labor was

A) Barbados.
B) the Viceroyalty of Brazil.
C) the Viceroyalty of New Spain.
D) the Viceroyalty of Peru.
E) Jamestown.

Question 56

On plantations, the "driver" who led a slave labor gang was usually

A) the slave-owner himself.
B) a privileged male slave.
C) a privileged female slave.
D) a European-born indentured servant.
E) a free creole employee hired by the slave-owner.

Question 57

Colonial New England's economy depended on

A) rice cultivation.
B) the intensive production of cash crops such as indigo and tobacco.
C) cotton cultivation.
D) Atlantic trade.
E) the success of a few government-sponsored shipping monopolies.

Question 58

In England's southern colonies, growing dependence on slave labor accompanied

A) an increase in the numbers of indentured servants.
B) a turn away from plantation agriculture.
C) an expansion of liberties and political rights for the free population.
D) an increase in the royal governor's power.
E) a government crackdown on small farmers that limited everyone's political rights.

Question 59

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Pilgrims

Question 60

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
creoles

Question 61

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
capitalism

Question 62

Discuss the role played by African traders and political leaders in the Atlantic slave trade. What steps did Africans take to control the trade with Europeans, and how successful were they? How did the slave trade differ across different regions of Africa?

Question 63

Explain the Atlantic economy that developed around trade. Use the terms capitalism and mercantilism in your explanation.

Question 64

What effect did European colonization have on the environment and peoples of the Americas?

Question 65

What role did religion play in European settlement of the Americas? Discuss Spanish, Portuguese, French, and British uses of Christianity as a tool of colonization.

Question 66

What were the effects of the Middle Passage on both slave traders and slaves?

Question 67

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
chartered companies

Question 68

Discuss the differences in colonial management practiced by the European states in the Americas. How did the different reasons for colonization lead to different levels of governmental presence in the colonies, and how did this governmental presence affect the social structure?

Question 69

The English and French did not colonize the Americas until almost a century after the Spanish and Portuguese. Why? How were the French and English colonies both similar to and different from those of Spain and Portugal?

Question 70

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
maroon

Question 71

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
driver

Question 72

Compare and contrast the different colonial regions established i n English Nort h America. In what ways were they similar or different?

Question 73

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
mercantilism

Question 74

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
New France

Question 75

Compare and contrast the European mercantilist and capitalist systems.

Question 76

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
seasoning

Question 77

What was the life of a slave like on a West Indian sugar plantation in the eighteenth century? Include details from slaves' work lives, as well as from their family and social lives.

Question 78

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Atlantic system

Question 79

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Dutch West India Company

Question 80

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Royal African Company