Deck 22: Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism

Question 1

The war for Greek independence resulted in the

A) defeat of the Greek revolutionaries and the execution of all traitors.
B) execution of the sultan.
C) defeat of the Ottomans by the combined Russian, British, and French fleets.
D) collapse of the Egyptian monarchy.
E) complete destruction of the Ottoman Empire.

Answer 1

defeat of the Ottomans by the combined Russian, British, and French fleets.

Question 2

The ulama opposed Selim III's reforms because

A) they did not want to lose their military power.
B) Selim had recognized Napoleon as emperor.
C) of the power Selim had granted to the Janissaries.
D) they feared the secularization of law and taxation.
E) Selim wanted to eliminate Islam.

Answer 2

they feared the secularization of law and taxation.

Question 3

The Janissary corps was officially disband ed after

A) the Battle of Navarino saw them fail to protect the Ottoman Empire's navy.
B) they were systematically defeated in the battle for Greek independence and committed suicide rather than face dishonor.
C) the French army of Napoleon defeated them in Constantinople.
D) the Russians defeated them in the Crimean War.
E) the sultan secretly trained a new artillery unit, which bombarded the Janissaries and wiped them out.

Answer 3

the sultan secretly trained a new artillery unit, which bombarded the Janissaries and wiped them out.

Question 4

Pan-Slavism was the doctrine

A) of diminishing economic returns.
B) of freedom for all serfs.
C) that Slavic peoples should convert to Islam.
D) that asserted the essential unity of all Slavic peoples.
E) that emphasized the close connection between Slavic and European peoples.

Question 5

After the war for Greek independence, Mahmud II

A) officially dissolved the Janissaries.
B) eliminated the power of the religious elite.
C) restructured the bureaucracy, education, and laws.
D) formed alliances with western Europe.
E) attacked Persia.

Question 6

Which of the following was not among the earliest reforms of the Ottoman Empire?

A) Implementation of laws to protect women from abuse.
B) Standardization of taxation.
C) Controlling the provincial governors.
D) New taxes on coffee and tobacco.
E) Creation of European-style military units.

Question 7

The process of modernization in Russia in the nineteenth century was accomplished more smoothly than in the Ottoman Empire because

A) it had long been an issue, starting with Peter the Great.
B) the Russian court emulated European fashion and languages.
C) Alexander's reforms included bringing in Western advisers.
D) European monarchs accepted Russian tsars more readily than they accepted reforming rulers in Ottoman territories.
E) All of these

Question 8

Ottoman reforms

A) decreased the influence of women in society.
B) provided new universities for female students.
C) made women equal to men under the law.
D) provided women with greater job opportunities.
E) did not change women's position in society.

Question 9

The preferred language of the reformed educational system in the Ottoman Empire was

A) Turkish.
B) French.
C) Russian.
D) German.
E) Arabic.

Question 10

What was the major reason the Russian state resisted industrialization?

A) A deep suspicion of Western ideas, especially liberalism and socialism.
B) It was trying to initiate a communist revolution first.
C) Long-term disputes with Germany led to reluctance to use German advisers.
D) Serfs could not learn how to run machines.
E) Local landowners feared losing their labor force if peasants left the fields to go to factories.

Question 11

The Russian government viewed industrialization

A) as a necessary evil.
B) as the wave of the future.
C) as a sign of the decline of respect for religious authority.
D) as a potential environmental disaster waiting to happen.
E) with limited interest, preferring to import industrial goods.

Question 12

The significance of the Crimean War was that it

A) marked the transition to modern warfare with the use of breech-loading rifles.
B) was the first war that utilized battalions of African soldiers in Europe.
C) marked the end of the "age of innocence."
D) was the most destructive war in human history.
E) marked a brief return to chivalry.

Question 13

The root cause of the Crimean War was

A) Russia's desire to expand south for naval access to the Mediterranean Sea.
B) Russia's desire to spread Orthodox Christianity throughout the Ottoman Empire.
C) Ottoman domination of Serbia.
D) Russia's desire to cont rol Istanbul.
E) Russia's siding with Greece during the 1829 independence movement.

Question 14

Serbia became independent of the Ottoman Empire in 1805

A) because the Ottoman Empire was busy suppressing the Greek uprising.
B) but it was reabsorbed two decades later.
C) after Russian threats prevented the Ottomans from disarming Serbians following a Janissary revolt.
D) because Muhammad Ali recalled the Janissaries to Egypt.
E) by assassinating Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Question 15

The construction of a railroad in Russia

A) was halted by the intervention of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
B) relied on foreign experts.
C) created a link between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.
D) allowed new territories to be opened in the Asian steppes.
E) was never completed because of financial problems.

Question 16

The most persistent opponents of early Ottoman reforms were the

A) hereditary elites.
B) Janissaries.
C) religious leaders.
D) peasants and agriculturalists.
E) Jesuits.

Question 17

Although the Ottoman Empire emulated European modernization and stimulated commerce and urbanization, it was unable to solve which major problem?

A) Extraterritoriality, or foreign sovereignty within Ottoman states.
B) The imperial government's chronic shortage of money.
C) Resistance from Christian sectors, which brought European sanctions.
D) Overextension of the empire.
E) The banking crisis of the 1850s.

Question 18

Russian allies in the Crimean War against the Ottoman Empire included

A) England.
B) France.
C) Italy.
D) Greece.
E) None of these.

Question 19

Who became the leader of Egypt after the failure of the French, Mamluk, and Ottoman governments?

A) Gamal Nasser
B) Mohandas K. Gandhi
C) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
D) Muhammad Ali
E) Anwar Sadat

Question 20

The Tanzimat proclamations

A) called for public trials and equal protection under the law.
B) punished Janissaries and other secret military societies.
C) called for the destruction of the university system.
D) ensured that Muslims, Christians, and Jews would have their own separate codes of law.
E) called for a redistribution of wealth in an effort to create a more egalitarian society.

Question 21

Muhammad Ali was significant to the history of the Ottoman Empire because

A) he eventually became Sultan.
B) he captured Mecca and Medina.
C) his puritanical brand of Islam became increasingly popular in the nineteenth century.
D) he set an example for government and military reform.
E) he was the last important Janissary commander.

Question 22

Russia was similar to the Ottoman Empire for which of the following reasons?

A) The majority of Russia's population was Muslim.
B) Russia switched from religious law to secular law in the nineteenth century.
C) The majority of Russia's population was urban.
D) The economy in Russia was primarily based on agriculture.
E) Russia made no attempts at reform during the eighteenth century.

Question 23

Women in the Taiping Rebellion were

A) relegated to the home.
B) ordered to follow traditional footbinding.
C) allowed to work alongside men at the occupation of their choice.
D) organized into military brigades.
E) expected to stay in school.

Question 24

After the defeat of the Taiping Rebellion, the Qing empire was dominated by

A) the Bannermen.
B) Confucian scholars.
C) provincial governors.
D) Tibetan lamas.
E) European missionaries.

Question 25

The founder of the Taiping (Great Peace) Movement, Hong Xiquan,

A) was assassinated by members of the armed forces.
B) was inspired by Christianity.
C) led an uprising that Qing forces easily crushed .
D) overthrew the Qing dynasty and became the first peasant emperor.
E) advocated nonviolence.

Question 26

The stresses that led to the Taiping Rebellion in the Guangxi region were initially a result of

A) severe loss of rural population.
B) the presence of many Europeans in the region.
C) social tensions and for eign intrusion.
D) large numbers of Qing troops in the area.
E) the government prohibition against opium.

Question 27

The British military advantage in the Opium War was provided by

A) poison gas attacks.
B) new gunboats.
C) tank divisions.
D) the machine gun.
E) large numbers of troops.

Question 28

When Tsar Alexander I died in 1825, reformers in the military provoked

A) a confrontation with Japan that resulted in the Russo-Japanese War.
B) a border war with China.
C) a failed uprising called the Decembrist Revolt.
D) the Minister of Defense to resign.
E) widespread rebellion among the nobility.

Question 29

Most-favored-nation status meant that

A) any beneficial opportunities extended by China to another nation had to be offered to Britain as well.
B) the British gained a monopoly on trade with China.
C) China would allow missionaries from Britain only.
D) China and Britain obtained bilateral rights to attend each other's universities.
E) Britain was attempting to promote competition among Asian nations to see who would compete for British trade.

Question 30

Under the Tanzimat, Islamic law

A) remained dominant.
B) was gradually restricted to matters of family law.
C) was gradually restricted to matters of business law.
D) was gradually restricted to matters of penal law.
E) stopped being the exclusive preserve of the ulema.

Question 31

When the Qing banned the importation of opium, the British

A) stopped growing it.
B) made it illegal in England as well.
C) began growing cacao.
D) sent naval and marine forces to China.
E) sold their opium in the New World.

Question 32

The Ottoman military adopted the fez because

A) it made soldiers look taller.
B) absence of a brim made it possible to touch the forehead to the ground during prayer.
C) it was not considered modern.
D) absence of a brim made it easier for soldiers to see.
E) it was the traditional headgear worn at Islamic shrines.

Question 33

In the mid-nineteenth century, the term "The Eastern Question" referred to

A) the question of whether European powers should allow the Ottoman Empire to continue to exist.
B) the question of whether European powers shoudl allow the Qing dynasty to continue to exist.
C) the question of which European power should have most-favored nation status in trade with the Ottomans.
D) the problem of growing Russian military power.
E) escalating military tensions between China and Japan.

Question 34

Which of the following was not a result of the Treaty of Nanking?

A) Hong Kong became a British colony.
B) China was able to retain its tariffs to protect fledgling industries.
C) The British opened five Chinese treaty ports.
D) The Qing paid 21 million ounces of silver to England.
E) British residents were granted extraterritoriality.

Question 35

In the late eighteenth century, one of the ways the British sought to address their growing trade deficit with China was to

A) make porcelain for the Chinese market.
B) pay a special tribute to the Emperor.
C) engage in the smuggling of opium.
D) intimidate the Chinese with gunboats.
E) send Jesuit missionaries.

Question 36

The Opium War exposed the fact that the Qing land forces, the Bannermen, were

A) overpowering.
B) well trained but poorly led.
C) obsolete.
D) able to use martial arts to defeat the British navy.
E) traitors.

Question 37

Europeans felt a strong connection to the cause of Greek independence because

A) they had become increasingly dependent on the Greek olive supply.
B) they felt threatened by the conversions of numerous Greeks to Islam.
C) Greece was an important trading partner of France and Britain.
D) they believed that overthrowing Ottoman power was a way to reclaim Europe's classical heritage.
E) they believed an independent Greece would likely become a democracy.

Question 38

The Taiping Rebellion

A) was known as the bloodless civil war.
B) succeeded in its goal to Christianize China.
C) was a gambit designed to lure French and British forces to their destruction.
D) was the world's bloodiest civil war.
E) never actually took place.

Question 39

Napoleon's defeat in Russia

A) humiliated Alexander I.
B) forced European powers to acknowledge Russia's geopolitical importance.
C) left Europeans unimpressed.
D) did not lead to Russia's inclusion in diplomatic negotiations arranged by Europe.
E) spurred Russians to convert to Catholicism.

Question 40

While current historians argue that the Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires all ultimately collapsed because of economic pressures exerted by Europe, the rulers themselves felt more threatened by

A) European cultural refinement.
B) the moral power of Christianity.
C) European military superiority.
D) the quality of European manufactured goods.
E) European racism.

Question 41

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Tanzimat

Question 42

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Bannermen

Question 43

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Slavophiles

Question 44

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Young Ottomans

Question 45

The challenges faced by land-based empires outside western Europe were similar, no matter where in the world they were. Compare the Ottoman Empire and the Qing Empire in their challenges and their responses to the sea power of western European nations.

Question 46

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
extraterritoriality

Question 47

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Muhammad Ali

Question 48

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Serbia

Question 49

The Janissary revolt in Serbia and the execution of Selim III taught Ottoman leaders that reform had to be more systematic. The Ottoman response was the Tanzimat. Describe those reforms and evaluate their effectiveness.

Question 50

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Pan-Slavism

Question 51

What was the Eastern Question and how did it precipitate European and Russian intervention in Ottoman affairs?

Question 52

What were the significant long-term outcomes of the Crimean War?

Question 53

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Treaty of Nanking

Question 54

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
most-favored-nation status

Question 55

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Crimean War

Question 56

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Opium War

Question 57

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Taiping Rebellion

Question 58

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Decembrist Revolt

Question 59

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
treaty ports

Question 60

What w ere the results of Napoleon's invasion of Egypt? How did Egypt respond to this European aggression and what was the historical significance of that response?

Question 61

Discuss the factors within China and among the Chinese people that explain the powerful British presence in China by 1842.

Question 62

Nineteenth-century Qing China suffered from both foreign intrusion and social unrest. What was the most obvious demonstration of the Chinese people's dissatisfaction at midcentury? Explain in detail the causes and results of that unrest.