Deck 10: Decision Making by Individuals and Groups

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سؤال
Alex, the CEO of WizzWare Inc., is in charge of making the decision about merging WizzWare Inc. with another company. This decision is a _____.

A)programmed decision
B)simple decision
C)routine decision
D)nonprogrammed decision
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سؤال
Which of the following is true of nonprogrammed decisions?

A)They are routine decisions.
B)They have an established procedure.
C)They are new and complex decisions.
D)They are the decisions that a manager has taken in the past.
سؤال
Which of the following is an assumption of the rational model of decision making?

A)The outcome will be feasible only in theory.
B)The decision maker is aware of all the possible alternatives.
C)The decision maker cannot calculate the probability of success for each alternative.
D)The decision maker has an inconsistent system of preferences, which is used to choose alternatives.
سؤال
Identify an assumption of the bounded rationality model of decision making.

A)Managers make decisions by rules of thumb, or heuristics.
B)Managers are aware of all the possible alternatives.
C)Managers recognize that their conception of the world is complex.
D)Managers choose the best alternative after thorough analysis.
سؤال
_____ refers to a logical, step-by-step approach to decision making with a thorough analysis of alternatives and their consequences.

A)Instrumentality
B)Rationality
C)Proportionality
D)Conventionality
سؤال
Which of the following is true of the rational model of decision making?

A)It assumes that there are limits on how rational can a decision maker be.
B)It suggests that it is impossible to calculate the probability of success.
C)In this model, the decision maker strives to select the best possible alternative.
D)In this model, the decision maker selects the first alternative that is good enough.
سؤال
_____ is the first step in the decision-making process.

A)Identifying the objective of a decision
B)Recognizing the real problem
C)Gathering information relevant to a problem
D)Evaluating different courses of action
سؤال
Which of the following is an assumption of the bounded rationality model?

A)Managers are aware of all the possible alternatives.
B)Managers select the first alternative that is satisfactory.
C)Managers can calculate the probability of success for each alternative.
D)Managers have a consistent system of preferences, which is used to choose the best alternative.
سؤال
The bounded rationality model assumes that managers:

A)select the alternative that is completely rational.
B)always select the best possible alternative.
C)recognize that their conception of the world is complex.
D)are comfortable making decisions without determining all the alternatives.
سؤال
The bounded rationality model assumes that managers _____ because the costs of optimizing in terms of time and effort are too great.

A)satisfice
B)rationalize
C)examine facts and details
D)reject heuristics
سؤال
Which of the following is true of programmed decisions?

A)They are new and complex decisions.
B)They require creative solutions.
C)They have an established decision rule.
D)They require detailed judgment.
سؤال
Identify a true statement about the rational model of decision making.

A)It fails to reflect the reality of managerial decision making.
B)It assumes that a decision maker is not aware of all the possible alternatives.
C)It considers time constraints and limits to human knowledge in decision making.
D)It captures the realistic way of decision making.
سؤال
Identify an assumption of the rational model of decision making.

A)The decision maker has a consistent system of preferences.
B)The decision maker is not aware of all the possible alternatives.
C)The decision maker cannot determine the probability of success for each alternative.
D)There are time constraints and limits to human knowledge and information-processing capabilities.
سؤال
Which of the following is a nonprogrammed decision?

A)Scheduling shifts for a group of workers.
B)Buying a new car.
C)Following a standard operating procedure.
D)Conducting routine servicing of a machine.
سؤال
In the context of the decision-making process, after a solution is implemented, the next step is to:

A)monitor the situation.
B)calculate the probability of success.
C)evaluate alternative courses of action.
D)recognize the need for a decision.
سؤال
Which of the following is a programmed decision?

A)Scheduling shifts for a group of workers.
B)Buying a company.
C)Purchasing a cell phone of a new brand.
D)Visiting an unfamiliar restaurant.
سؤال
The second step of decision making involves:

A)determining what is to be accomplished by a decision.
B)gathering information relevant to a problem.
C)selecting the best course of action.
D)recognizing the need for a decision.
سؤال
The _____ of decision making rests on the idea that there are constraints that force a decision maker to be less than completely rational.

A)rational model
B)truth-wins rule
C)bounded rationality model
D)two-thirds majority rule
سؤال
The rational model of decision making assumes that:

A)the decision maker has an inconsistent system of preferences.
B)there are limits on how rational a decision maker can be.
C)decision makers make decisions by rules of thumb.
D)the decision maker can calculate the probability of success for each alternative.
سؤال
In the rational model of decision making, the decision maker strives to:

A)satisfice.
B)optimize.
C)support a failing course of action.
D)develop shortcuts.
سؤال
In situations characterized by _____, individuals who make decisions that turn out to be poor choices tend to hold fast to those choices, even when substantial costs are incurred.

A)escalation of commitment
B)path dependency
C)group polarization
D)participative decision making
سؤال
Jake, the CEO of WinWest Inc., launches a new product. Despite the product's persistent failure, he is unwilling to withdraw it from the market because he believes that the product will be profitable in the long term. This scenario is an example of _____.

A)path dependency
B)risk aversion
C)escalation of commitment
D)participative decision making
سؤال
In the context of the Z problem-solving model, which of the following preferences is used to generate alternatives?

A)Feeling
B)Sensing
C)Intuiting
D)Thinking
سؤال
In the context of decision making, using the _____ can help an individual develop his or her nonpreferences.

A)truth-wins rule
B)two-thirds majority rule
C)bounded rationality model
D)Z problem-solving model
سؤال
_____ are shortcuts in decision making that save mental activity.

A)Mnemonics
B)Heuristics
C)Kinesics
D)Proxemics
سؤال
One of the reasons managers face limits to their rationality is that they:

A)are aware of all the possible alternatives.
B)must make decisions under risk and time pressure.
C)have a consistent system of preferences.
D)calculate the probability of success for each alternative.
سؤال
Which of the following preferences is used in the first step of the Z problem-solving model to gather information about a problem?

A)Feeling
B)Sensing
C)Intuiting
D)Thinking
سؤال
Which of the following is a method of reducing escalation of commitment?

A)Splitting the responsibility for project decisions
B)Increasing a decision maker's cognitive dissonance
C)Motivating decision makers to be highly optimistic about their decisions
D)Encouraging decision makers to not give up on their poor choices
سؤال
In the context of decision making, which of the following is true of Z problem-solving model?

A)It discards the role of emotion in decision making.
B)It assumes that the outcome will be completely rational.
C)It assumes that managers satisfice; that is, they select the first alternative that is "good enough."
D)It helps managers use both preferences and nonpreferences to make decisions more effectively.
سؤال
Two supermarkets getting involved in a price war and continuing it despite incurring heavy losses is an example of _____.

A)path dependency
B)risk aversion
C)escalation of commitment
D)participative decision making
سؤال
Escalation of commitment occurs when managers:

A)lack optimism.
B)stop supporting a poor decision.
C)recognize that they cannot control the future.
D)strive to reduce their cognitive dissonance.
سؤال
Continuing to support a failing course of action is known as _____.

A)path dependency
B)escalation of commitment
C)group polarization
D)participative decision making
سؤال
Which of the following is an assumption of the bounded rationality model?

A)Managers are aware of all the possible alternatives.
B)Managers have a consistent system of preferences, which is used to choose the best alternative.
C)Managers can calculate the probability of success for each alternative.
D)Managers develop shortcuts, called heuristics, to make decisions in order to save mental activity.
سؤال
Which of the following is true of heuristics?

A)They help managers make decisions based on what has worked in past experiences.
B)They are assumptions in the rational model of decision making.
C)They are the risks and challenges involved in decision making.
D)They help managers to form a consistent system of preferences, which is used to choose the best alternative.
سؤال
In the context of decision making, which of the following is a limitation that is shared by the rational model, the bounded rationality model, and the Z problem-solving model?

A)The lack of acknowledgement of time constraints and limits to human knowledge.
B)A decision maker's unwillingness to abandon a bad decision.
C)The failure to consider the role of emotion in decision making.
D)A decision maker's failure to use nonpreferences to make effective decisions.
سؤال
Which of the following preferences is used in the final step of the Z problem-solving model to determine how the people involved will be affected?

A)Feeling
B)Sensing
C)Intuiting
D)Thinking
سؤال
One of the reasons that escalation of commitment occurs is the:

A)lack of optimism in managers.
B)illusion of having control on the future.
C)willingness to abandon bad decisions.
D)continuous effort to increase cognitive dissonance.
سؤال
In the context of the preferences in the Z problem-solving model, _____ is used to analyze the alternatives objectively.

A)Feeling
B)Sensing
C)Intuiting
D)Thinking
سؤال
Cognitive style is defined as an individual's:

A)preferred method for gathering information and evaluating alternatives.
B)tendency to choose options that entail fewer risks and less uncertainty.
C)tendency to continue to support a failing course of action.
D)preferred method for interacting with and responding to a learning material.
سؤال
_____ is the tendency to choose options that entail fewer risks and less uncertainty.

A)Risk monitoring
B)Risk aversion
C)Risk rationalization
D)Risk optimization
سؤال
One social decision scheme is the _____, in which a group supports whatever position is taken by most of its members.

A)majority-wins rule
B)truth-wins rule
C)two-thirds majority rule
D)first-shift rule
سؤال
_____ is a fast, positive force in decision making that is utilized at a level below consciousness and involves learned patterns of information.

A)Intuition
B)Logical reasoning
C)Imagination
D)Analytic thinking
سؤال
To develop the left half of the brain, one can:

A)ask what-if questions.
B)engage in play.
C)follow one's intuition.
D)set goals to complete a task.
سؤال
In the context of social decision schemes, the _____ predicts that the correct decision will emerge as an increasing number of members realize its appropriateness.

A)majority-wins rule
B)truth-wins rule
C)two-thirds majority rule
D)first-shift rule
سؤال
Which of the following statements is true of group decision making?

A)There is no pressure within a group to conform and fit in.
B)It brings more knowledge through the pooling of group member resources.
C)It requires considerably less amount of time as compared with individual decision making.
D)There is a decreased acceptance of and commitment to the decision made by a group.
سؤال
_____ are simple rules used to determine final group decisions.

A)Heuristics
B)Social decision schemes
C)Nominal group techniques
D)Mindguards
سؤال
_____ is a positive force that occurs in groups when group members are stimulated to produce new solutions to problems through the process of mutual influence and encouragement within the group.

A)Creativity
B)Synergy
C)Intuition
D)Cognitive consonance
سؤال
Identify an assumption of intuition involved in decision making.

A)It is slow.
B)It is used at a level below consciousness.
C)It is an extension of logical reasoning.
D)It is mainly controlled by the left hemisphere of the brain.
سؤال
The left half of the brain is the center for _____.

A)creative functions
B)planning
C)intuition
D)left-hand control
سؤال
According to research findings, _____.

A)men are more risk averse than women
B)more experienced managers are more risk averse than younger managers
C)successful managers are more risk averse than unsuccessful managers
D)younger managers take fewer risks than more experienced managers
سؤال
An assumption of intuition involved in the decision-making process is that:

A)it is slow.
B)it focuses on rational thinking.
C)it is used at a level above consciousness.
D)it appears to be a positive force in decision making.
سؤال
In the context of creativity, _____ occurs when an individual senses an insight for solving a problem.

A)incubation
B)illumination
C)verification
D)preparation
سؤال
Which of the following diminishes creativity in decision making?

A)Trying to be logical
B)Divergent thinking
C)Increasing intrinsic motivation
D)Analyzing ambiguity
سؤال
_____ is a process influenced by individual and organizational factors that results in the production of novel and useful ideas, products, or both.

A)Creativity
B)Rationalization
C)Receptivity
D)Objectification
سؤال
In the context of decision making, _____ has been described as the ability to know or recognize quickly and readily the possibilities of a situation.

A)preparation
B)intuition
C)verification
D)illumination
سؤال
Research indicates that _____.

A)women are more risk averse than men
B)younger managers are more risk averse than more experienced managers
C)successful managers are more risk averse than unsuccessful managers
D)men are more risk averse than women
سؤال
Which of the following techniques can be used to develop the right half of the brain?

A)Setting goals for completing tasks.
B)Solving logical reasoning questions.
C)Asking what-if questions.
D)Working on number skills.
سؤال
The right half of the brain is the center for _____.

A)creativity
B)logic
C)language
D)planning
سؤال
In the context of decision making, which of the following is an assumption of intuition?

A)It involves learned patterns of information.
B)It is used at a level above consciousness.
C)It is a negative force in decision making.
D)It is slow.
سؤال
In the context of creativity, _____ is a process of reflective thought and is often conducted subconsciously.

A)incubation
B)illumination
C)verification
D)preparation
سؤال
Managers seldom use their intuition to make decisions.
سؤال
According to research results, individuals with higher self-esteem and those who are given an opportunity to affirm an important value are more likely to deescalate.
سؤال
To guard against groupthink, devil's advocacy or dialectical inquiry would be effective.
سؤال
Participative decision making is associated with:

A)the ability to know the possibilities of a situation.
B)less creativity among employees.
C)reduced productivity.
D)employee job satisfaction.
سؤال
Excessive optimism is one of the reasons for escalation of commitment.
سؤال
Research indicates that men are more risk averse than women and that younger, less experienced managers are more risk averse than older managers.
سؤال
By using the Z problem-solving model, managers can focus only on their preferences and avoid their nonpreferences to make decisions effectively.
سؤال
Which of the following is true of quality circles?

A)They extend participative decision making into teams.
B)They are included in total quality management.
C)They are empowered to act on their own recommendations.
D)They are generated from the top down.
سؤال
Recent research examining the effects of cultural diversity on decision making has found that when individuals in a group are racially dissimilar, _____.

A)they are reluctant to engage in open information sharing
B)they discourage dissenting perspectives
C)they arrive at better decisions than racially similar groups
D)they tend to engage in smaller debate in decision making than racially similar groups.
سؤال
Which of the following encourages groupthink?

A)Low group cohesiveness
B)Diversity among group members
C)Domination of the group by one forceful member
D)Time constraints
سؤال
Those prone to making risky decisions are more likely to take the lead in group discussions.
سؤال
A _____ is a small group of employees who work voluntarily on company time, typically one hour per week, to address work-related problems such as quality control, cost reduction, production planning and techniques, and even product design.

A)quality circle
B)quality team
C)social group
D)self-managed team
سؤال
Which of the following is a symptom of groupthink?

A)Illusions of group immorality
B)Illusions of vulnerability
C)Low group cohesiveness
D)Peer pressure
سؤال
The organizational foundations include a _____ that is essential because of the uncertainty within an organization.

A)nominal group technique
B)social organizational scheme
C)supportive organizational culture
D)social comparison approach
سؤال
According to the Z problem-solving model, Intuiting is used to gather information about a problem.
سؤال
Incubation means seeking out new experiences and opportunities to learn because creativity grows from a base of knowledge.
سؤال
In the creative process, illumination involves determining if a solution or idea is valid.
سؤال
The disadvantages of group decision making include:

A)reduced commitment to a decision.
B)reduced understanding of a decision.
C)domination of a group by one forceful member.
D)convoluted knowledge due to the pooling of group members.
سؤال
Which of the following is true of quality teams?

A)They emphasize the generation of ideas.
B)They operate in parallel fashion to an organization's structure.
C)They extend participative decision making into teams.
D)They make data-based decisions about improving product and service quality.
سؤال
Which of the following is an individual prerequisite for participative decision making?

A)The capability to prevent critical analysis of decisions
B)The motivation to act autonomously
C)The tendency to protect a group from negative feedback
D)The ability to become psychologically detached in participative activities
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Deck 10: Decision Making by Individuals and Groups
1
Alex, the CEO of WizzWare Inc., is in charge of making the decision about merging WizzWare Inc. with another company. This decision is a _____.

A)programmed decision
B)simple decision
C)routine decision
D)nonprogrammed decision
D
2
Which of the following is true of nonprogrammed decisions?

A)They are routine decisions.
B)They have an established procedure.
C)They are new and complex decisions.
D)They are the decisions that a manager has taken in the past.
C
3
Which of the following is an assumption of the rational model of decision making?

A)The outcome will be feasible only in theory.
B)The decision maker is aware of all the possible alternatives.
C)The decision maker cannot calculate the probability of success for each alternative.
D)The decision maker has an inconsistent system of preferences, which is used to choose alternatives.
B
4
Identify an assumption of the bounded rationality model of decision making.

A)Managers make decisions by rules of thumb, or heuristics.
B)Managers are aware of all the possible alternatives.
C)Managers recognize that their conception of the world is complex.
D)Managers choose the best alternative after thorough analysis.
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5
_____ refers to a logical, step-by-step approach to decision making with a thorough analysis of alternatives and their consequences.

A)Instrumentality
B)Rationality
C)Proportionality
D)Conventionality
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6
Which of the following is true of the rational model of decision making?

A)It assumes that there are limits on how rational can a decision maker be.
B)It suggests that it is impossible to calculate the probability of success.
C)In this model, the decision maker strives to select the best possible alternative.
D)In this model, the decision maker selects the first alternative that is good enough.
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7
_____ is the first step in the decision-making process.

A)Identifying the objective of a decision
B)Recognizing the real problem
C)Gathering information relevant to a problem
D)Evaluating different courses of action
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8
Which of the following is an assumption of the bounded rationality model?

A)Managers are aware of all the possible alternatives.
B)Managers select the first alternative that is satisfactory.
C)Managers can calculate the probability of success for each alternative.
D)Managers have a consistent system of preferences, which is used to choose the best alternative.
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9
The bounded rationality model assumes that managers:

A)select the alternative that is completely rational.
B)always select the best possible alternative.
C)recognize that their conception of the world is complex.
D)are comfortable making decisions without determining all the alternatives.
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10
The bounded rationality model assumes that managers _____ because the costs of optimizing in terms of time and effort are too great.

A)satisfice
B)rationalize
C)examine facts and details
D)reject heuristics
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11
Which of the following is true of programmed decisions?

A)They are new and complex decisions.
B)They require creative solutions.
C)They have an established decision rule.
D)They require detailed judgment.
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12
Identify a true statement about the rational model of decision making.

A)It fails to reflect the reality of managerial decision making.
B)It assumes that a decision maker is not aware of all the possible alternatives.
C)It considers time constraints and limits to human knowledge in decision making.
D)It captures the realistic way of decision making.
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13
Identify an assumption of the rational model of decision making.

A)The decision maker has a consistent system of preferences.
B)The decision maker is not aware of all the possible alternatives.
C)The decision maker cannot determine the probability of success for each alternative.
D)There are time constraints and limits to human knowledge and information-processing capabilities.
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14
Which of the following is a nonprogrammed decision?

A)Scheduling shifts for a group of workers.
B)Buying a new car.
C)Following a standard operating procedure.
D)Conducting routine servicing of a machine.
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15
In the context of the decision-making process, after a solution is implemented, the next step is to:

A)monitor the situation.
B)calculate the probability of success.
C)evaluate alternative courses of action.
D)recognize the need for a decision.
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16
Which of the following is a programmed decision?

A)Scheduling shifts for a group of workers.
B)Buying a company.
C)Purchasing a cell phone of a new brand.
D)Visiting an unfamiliar restaurant.
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17
The second step of decision making involves:

A)determining what is to be accomplished by a decision.
B)gathering information relevant to a problem.
C)selecting the best course of action.
D)recognizing the need for a decision.
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18
The _____ of decision making rests on the idea that there are constraints that force a decision maker to be less than completely rational.

A)rational model
B)truth-wins rule
C)bounded rationality model
D)two-thirds majority rule
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19
The rational model of decision making assumes that:

A)the decision maker has an inconsistent system of preferences.
B)there are limits on how rational a decision maker can be.
C)decision makers make decisions by rules of thumb.
D)the decision maker can calculate the probability of success for each alternative.
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20
In the rational model of decision making, the decision maker strives to:

A)satisfice.
B)optimize.
C)support a failing course of action.
D)develop shortcuts.
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21
In situations characterized by _____, individuals who make decisions that turn out to be poor choices tend to hold fast to those choices, even when substantial costs are incurred.

A)escalation of commitment
B)path dependency
C)group polarization
D)participative decision making
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22
Jake, the CEO of WinWest Inc., launches a new product. Despite the product's persistent failure, he is unwilling to withdraw it from the market because he believes that the product will be profitable in the long term. This scenario is an example of _____.

A)path dependency
B)risk aversion
C)escalation of commitment
D)participative decision making
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23
In the context of the Z problem-solving model, which of the following preferences is used to generate alternatives?

A)Feeling
B)Sensing
C)Intuiting
D)Thinking
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24
In the context of decision making, using the _____ can help an individual develop his or her nonpreferences.

A)truth-wins rule
B)two-thirds majority rule
C)bounded rationality model
D)Z problem-solving model
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25
_____ are shortcuts in decision making that save mental activity.

A)Mnemonics
B)Heuristics
C)Kinesics
D)Proxemics
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26
One of the reasons managers face limits to their rationality is that they:

A)are aware of all the possible alternatives.
B)must make decisions under risk and time pressure.
C)have a consistent system of preferences.
D)calculate the probability of success for each alternative.
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27
Which of the following preferences is used in the first step of the Z problem-solving model to gather information about a problem?

A)Feeling
B)Sensing
C)Intuiting
D)Thinking
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28
Which of the following is a method of reducing escalation of commitment?

A)Splitting the responsibility for project decisions
B)Increasing a decision maker's cognitive dissonance
C)Motivating decision makers to be highly optimistic about their decisions
D)Encouraging decision makers to not give up on their poor choices
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29
In the context of decision making, which of the following is true of Z problem-solving model?

A)It discards the role of emotion in decision making.
B)It assumes that the outcome will be completely rational.
C)It assumes that managers satisfice; that is, they select the first alternative that is "good enough."
D)It helps managers use both preferences and nonpreferences to make decisions more effectively.
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30
Two supermarkets getting involved in a price war and continuing it despite incurring heavy losses is an example of _____.

A)path dependency
B)risk aversion
C)escalation of commitment
D)participative decision making
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31
Escalation of commitment occurs when managers:

A)lack optimism.
B)stop supporting a poor decision.
C)recognize that they cannot control the future.
D)strive to reduce their cognitive dissonance.
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32
Continuing to support a failing course of action is known as _____.

A)path dependency
B)escalation of commitment
C)group polarization
D)participative decision making
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33
Which of the following is an assumption of the bounded rationality model?

A)Managers are aware of all the possible alternatives.
B)Managers have a consistent system of preferences, which is used to choose the best alternative.
C)Managers can calculate the probability of success for each alternative.
D)Managers develop shortcuts, called heuristics, to make decisions in order to save mental activity.
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34
Which of the following is true of heuristics?

A)They help managers make decisions based on what has worked in past experiences.
B)They are assumptions in the rational model of decision making.
C)They are the risks and challenges involved in decision making.
D)They help managers to form a consistent system of preferences, which is used to choose the best alternative.
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35
In the context of decision making, which of the following is a limitation that is shared by the rational model, the bounded rationality model, and the Z problem-solving model?

A)The lack of acknowledgement of time constraints and limits to human knowledge.
B)A decision maker's unwillingness to abandon a bad decision.
C)The failure to consider the role of emotion in decision making.
D)A decision maker's failure to use nonpreferences to make effective decisions.
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36
Which of the following preferences is used in the final step of the Z problem-solving model to determine how the people involved will be affected?

A)Feeling
B)Sensing
C)Intuiting
D)Thinking
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37
One of the reasons that escalation of commitment occurs is the:

A)lack of optimism in managers.
B)illusion of having control on the future.
C)willingness to abandon bad decisions.
D)continuous effort to increase cognitive dissonance.
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38
In the context of the preferences in the Z problem-solving model, _____ is used to analyze the alternatives objectively.

A)Feeling
B)Sensing
C)Intuiting
D)Thinking
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39
Cognitive style is defined as an individual's:

A)preferred method for gathering information and evaluating alternatives.
B)tendency to choose options that entail fewer risks and less uncertainty.
C)tendency to continue to support a failing course of action.
D)preferred method for interacting with and responding to a learning material.
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40
_____ is the tendency to choose options that entail fewer risks and less uncertainty.

A)Risk monitoring
B)Risk aversion
C)Risk rationalization
D)Risk optimization
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41
One social decision scheme is the _____, in which a group supports whatever position is taken by most of its members.

A)majority-wins rule
B)truth-wins rule
C)two-thirds majority rule
D)first-shift rule
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42
_____ is a fast, positive force in decision making that is utilized at a level below consciousness and involves learned patterns of information.

A)Intuition
B)Logical reasoning
C)Imagination
D)Analytic thinking
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43
To develop the left half of the brain, one can:

A)ask what-if questions.
B)engage in play.
C)follow one's intuition.
D)set goals to complete a task.
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44
In the context of social decision schemes, the _____ predicts that the correct decision will emerge as an increasing number of members realize its appropriateness.

A)majority-wins rule
B)truth-wins rule
C)two-thirds majority rule
D)first-shift rule
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45
Which of the following statements is true of group decision making?

A)There is no pressure within a group to conform and fit in.
B)It brings more knowledge through the pooling of group member resources.
C)It requires considerably less amount of time as compared with individual decision making.
D)There is a decreased acceptance of and commitment to the decision made by a group.
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46
_____ are simple rules used to determine final group decisions.

A)Heuristics
B)Social decision schemes
C)Nominal group techniques
D)Mindguards
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47
_____ is a positive force that occurs in groups when group members are stimulated to produce new solutions to problems through the process of mutual influence and encouragement within the group.

A)Creativity
B)Synergy
C)Intuition
D)Cognitive consonance
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48
Identify an assumption of intuition involved in decision making.

A)It is slow.
B)It is used at a level below consciousness.
C)It is an extension of logical reasoning.
D)It is mainly controlled by the left hemisphere of the brain.
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49
The left half of the brain is the center for _____.

A)creative functions
B)planning
C)intuition
D)left-hand control
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50
According to research findings, _____.

A)men are more risk averse than women
B)more experienced managers are more risk averse than younger managers
C)successful managers are more risk averse than unsuccessful managers
D)younger managers take fewer risks than more experienced managers
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51
An assumption of intuition involved in the decision-making process is that:

A)it is slow.
B)it focuses on rational thinking.
C)it is used at a level above consciousness.
D)it appears to be a positive force in decision making.
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52
In the context of creativity, _____ occurs when an individual senses an insight for solving a problem.

A)incubation
B)illumination
C)verification
D)preparation
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53
Which of the following diminishes creativity in decision making?

A)Trying to be logical
B)Divergent thinking
C)Increasing intrinsic motivation
D)Analyzing ambiguity
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54
_____ is a process influenced by individual and organizational factors that results in the production of novel and useful ideas, products, or both.

A)Creativity
B)Rationalization
C)Receptivity
D)Objectification
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55
In the context of decision making, _____ has been described as the ability to know or recognize quickly and readily the possibilities of a situation.

A)preparation
B)intuition
C)verification
D)illumination
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56
Research indicates that _____.

A)women are more risk averse than men
B)younger managers are more risk averse than more experienced managers
C)successful managers are more risk averse than unsuccessful managers
D)men are more risk averse than women
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57
Which of the following techniques can be used to develop the right half of the brain?

A)Setting goals for completing tasks.
B)Solving logical reasoning questions.
C)Asking what-if questions.
D)Working on number skills.
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58
The right half of the brain is the center for _____.

A)creativity
B)logic
C)language
D)planning
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59
In the context of decision making, which of the following is an assumption of intuition?

A)It involves learned patterns of information.
B)It is used at a level above consciousness.
C)It is a negative force in decision making.
D)It is slow.
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60
In the context of creativity, _____ is a process of reflective thought and is often conducted subconsciously.

A)incubation
B)illumination
C)verification
D)preparation
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61
Managers seldom use their intuition to make decisions.
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62
According to research results, individuals with higher self-esteem and those who are given an opportunity to affirm an important value are more likely to deescalate.
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63
To guard against groupthink, devil's advocacy or dialectical inquiry would be effective.
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64
Participative decision making is associated with:

A)the ability to know the possibilities of a situation.
B)less creativity among employees.
C)reduced productivity.
D)employee job satisfaction.
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65
Excessive optimism is one of the reasons for escalation of commitment.
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66
Research indicates that men are more risk averse than women and that younger, less experienced managers are more risk averse than older managers.
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67
By using the Z problem-solving model, managers can focus only on their preferences and avoid their nonpreferences to make decisions effectively.
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68
Which of the following is true of quality circles?

A)They extend participative decision making into teams.
B)They are included in total quality management.
C)They are empowered to act on their own recommendations.
D)They are generated from the top down.
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69
Recent research examining the effects of cultural diversity on decision making has found that when individuals in a group are racially dissimilar, _____.

A)they are reluctant to engage in open information sharing
B)they discourage dissenting perspectives
C)they arrive at better decisions than racially similar groups
D)they tend to engage in smaller debate in decision making than racially similar groups.
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70
Which of the following encourages groupthink?

A)Low group cohesiveness
B)Diversity among group members
C)Domination of the group by one forceful member
D)Time constraints
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71
Those prone to making risky decisions are more likely to take the lead in group discussions.
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72
A _____ is a small group of employees who work voluntarily on company time, typically one hour per week, to address work-related problems such as quality control, cost reduction, production planning and techniques, and even product design.

A)quality circle
B)quality team
C)social group
D)self-managed team
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73
Which of the following is a symptom of groupthink?

A)Illusions of group immorality
B)Illusions of vulnerability
C)Low group cohesiveness
D)Peer pressure
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74
The organizational foundations include a _____ that is essential because of the uncertainty within an organization.

A)nominal group technique
B)social organizational scheme
C)supportive organizational culture
D)social comparison approach
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75
According to the Z problem-solving model, Intuiting is used to gather information about a problem.
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76
Incubation means seeking out new experiences and opportunities to learn because creativity grows from a base of knowledge.
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77
In the creative process, illumination involves determining if a solution or idea is valid.
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78
The disadvantages of group decision making include:

A)reduced commitment to a decision.
B)reduced understanding of a decision.
C)domination of a group by one forceful member.
D)convoluted knowledge due to the pooling of group members.
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79
Which of the following is true of quality teams?

A)They emphasize the generation of ideas.
B)They operate in parallel fashion to an organization's structure.
C)They extend participative decision making into teams.
D)They make data-based decisions about improving product and service quality.
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80
Which of the following is an individual prerequisite for participative decision making?

A)The capability to prevent critical analysis of decisions
B)The motivation to act autonomously
C)The tendency to protect a group from negative feedback
D)The ability to become psychologically detached in participative activities
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