Deck 9: Intermediate Sanctions and Community Corrections

Question 1

Implementing intermediate sanctions has had three consequences. They include wider nets, stronger nets, and:​

A) ​flatter nets.
B) ​taller nets.
C) ​weaker nets.
D) ​different nets.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Evaluations of intensive supervision found that probation officers uncovered more rules violations than they did in regular probation.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

According to the text, there is strong evidence that traditional probation is ineffective with serious offenders.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Prison costs more than probation in the United States because it must provide total control over a person's life in a way probation cannot. ​

Question 5

Most correctional clients in the United States are under federal correctional authority. ​

Question 6

A continuum of sanctions means that punishments vary in intrusiveness and control.

Question 7

Judges may use a range of sanctions from those exerting a low level of ​control to those exerting a high level of control.

A) ​truth in sentencing
B) ​determinate
C) ​intermediate
D) ​mandatory

Question 8

One of the key problems facing the future of intermediate sanctions and community correction in the United States is the outright lack of community support. ​

Question 9

Based on recent research efforts, it appears that both state and county agencies cannot really benefit from the use of a continuum of sanctions.

Question 10

A day fine lets wealthier offenders off easier than it does the poor since those who have the means can escape formal punishment.

Question 11

Pretrial diversion targets mostly what type of offenses?​

A) ​alcohol
B) ​misdemeanor
C) ​felony
D) ​d. drug

Question 12

A majority of Americans approve intermediate sanctions for most forms of nonviolent crime. ​

Question 13

Offender movement within the continuum of sanctions is contingent upon:​

A) ​judicial discretion at each level of sentencing accountability.
B) ​program availability at each level of sentencing accountability.
C) ​performance at each level of sentencing accountability.
D) ​ all of these.

Question 14

Community service requires the offender to provide hours of free labor in a public place.

Question 15

One strength of intermediate sanctions is that there appears to be little racial, gender, or age bias in their application.

Question 16

Probation centers are where persistent probation violators reside for short periods of time.

Question 17

Restitution is compensation for financial, physical, or emotional loss.

Question 18

Administrators of traditional correctional agencies (e.g., jails, prisons, probation) often argue that they should also administer intermediate sanctions. ​

Question 19

The most important issue concerning use of intermediate sanctions has to do with prison overcrowding​

Question 20

The cost of prison continues to increase with the rising number of offenders entering the system.

Question 21

Judges sometimes complain that their sentencing choices are:​

A) ​indeterminate.
B) ​too lenient.
C) ​limited.
D) ​lacking consistency.

Question 22

Proponents of boot camps argue that young offenders get involved in crime because they lack:​

A) ​self-esteem.
B) ​decent job skills.
C) ​education.
D) ​both self-esteem and decent job skills.

Question 23

_______refers to a type of probation granted with conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a limited caseload.

A) Home confinement
B) ​Shock probation
C) ​Intensive supervision
D) ​Pretrial diversion

Question 24

More than two-thirds of people under correctional authority are:​

A) ​in prison.
B) ​under community supervision.
C) ​women.
D) ​mentally ill.

Question 25

The new movement that seeks to establish correctional programs falling between standard probation and prison is referred to as:​

A) ​secondary sanctions.
B) ​indeterminate sanctions.
C) ​primary sanctions.
D) ​intermediate sanctions.

Question 26

The concept of community corrections is best understood as a goal to:​

A) ​save money.
B) ​reduce reliance on prisons.
C) ​reduce crime.
D) ​both save money and reduce reliance on prisons.

Question 27

Because intermediate sanctions rely on discretion, there is an opportunity for:​

A) ​clemency.
B) ​forgiveness.
C) ​amnesty.
D) ​bias.

Question 28

Over dollars in fines is collected annually in the United States.

A) ​25 million
B) ​675 million
C) ​1 billion
D) ​3.7 billion

Question 29

Americans have traditionally tended to equate which of the following with punishment?​

A) ​probation
B) ​prison
C) ​parole
D) ​house arrest

Question 30

Probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a limited caseload is known as:​

A) ​intensive supervisionsupervision.
B) ​presentence
C) ​restricted supervision.supervision.
D) ​pretrial diversion

Question 31

Home confinement is best suited to:​

A) ​situational offenders.
B) ​offenders with substance abuse issues.
C) ​offenders with relatively long sentences.
D) ​low-risk offenders with relatively stable residences

Question 32

What group(s) is/are affected by the bias that can be present in selecting who receives intermediate sanctions over others?​

A) ​whites and juveniles
B) ​men
C) ​non-English speakers and immigrants
D) ​non-whites and women

Question 33

Studies of community service and restitution programs have generally found them vulnerable to:​

A) ​political attacks by conservative politicians.
B) ​budget cuts, since most are perceived as "extras."
C) ​he problem of net widening.
D) ​all of these.

Question 34

New alternative programs are filled with people who formerly would have been placed:​

A) ​on regular probation.
B) ​in prison.
C) ​in shock incarceration.
D) ​on parole.

Question 35

A major criticism of probation, as traditionally practiced, is that:​

A) ​it is too impersonal.
B) ​the probation officers don't really care about the client..
C) ​it is inadequate for a large number of offenders
D) ​there aren't enough offenders to make it work.

Question 36

Studies of nonprison alternatives find that even the most successful programs enroll offenders who would otherwise have been incarcerated.

A) ​a majority of
B) ​roughly ½ of
C) ​a minority of
D) ​slightly less than ¾ of

Question 37

__ refers to a condition that establishes a sum of money that must be paid by the offender either to the victim or to a public fund for victims of crime.

A) ​Service
B) ​Remunerative
C) ​Restitution
D) ​Recompense

Question 38

Early evaluations of intensive supervision reflect which the following?​

A) ​Offenders are likely to commit a serious offense in six months.
B) ​More technical violations occur than with traditional probation.
C) ​Little money is saved.
D) ​Probation officers dislike the program.

Question 39

Widespread adoption of intermediate sanctions may further exacerbate in prison populations.

A) ​racial disparities
B) overcrowding
C) ​gang tensions
D) ​mental illness

Question 40

Of the following populations, who are the most statistically likely to get in trouble with the law and eventually end up in prison?​

A) ​the mentally ill
B) ​children of people who have been incarcerated
C) ​spouses of people who have been incarcerated
D) ​indigent people

Question 41

Numeric Response
a.A range of correctional management strategies
b.Incarceration followed by sentence reduction
c.Sanctions can be calibrated and made equivalent
d.Designed for young offenders
e.Compensation for loss
f.Penalty based on an offender's income
g.Free labor as compensation
h.Government seizes assets used in criminal activity
i.Potential loss to victim/system
jTargets offenders subject to incarceration
Day fine​

Question 42

One basic argument for intermediate sanctions is that ______________, as traditionally practiced, is inadequate for a large number of criminal offenders. ​

A) ​work-release
B) ​imprisonment
C) ​probation
D) ​house arrest

Question 43

Most sanctions in Western democracies do not involve: ​

A) ​imprisonment.
B) ​probation.
C) ​restitution.
D) ​community corrections.

Question 44

Community service is for an injury to society by performance of service.

Question 45

Numeric Response
a.A range of correctional management strategies
b.Incarceration followed by sentence reduction
c.Sanctions can be calibrated and made equivalent
d.Designed for young offenders
e.Compensation for loss
f.Penalty based on an offender's income
g.Free labor as compensation
h.Government seizes assets used in criminal activity
i.Potential loss to victim/system
jTargets offenders subject to incarceration
ISP​

Question 46

Numeric Response
a.A range of correctional management strategies
b.Incarceration followed by sentence reduction
c.Sanctions can be calibrated and made equivalent
d.Designed for young offenders
e.Compensation for loss
f.Penalty based on an offender's income
g.Free labor as compensation
h.Government seizes assets used in criminal activity
i.Potential loss to victim/system
jTargets offenders subject to incarceration
Restitution​

Question 47

is when community programs reduce recidivism and increase their funding.

Question 48

Numeric Response
a.A range of correctional management strategies
b.Incarceration followed by sentence reduction
c.Sanctions can be calibrated and made equivalent
d.Designed for young offenders
e.Compensation for loss
f.Penalty based on an offender's income
g.Free labor as compensation
h.Government seizes assets used in criminal activity
i.Potential loss to victim/system
jTargets offenders subject to incarceration
Shock Incarceration​

Question 49

Numeric Response
a.A range of correctional management strategies
b.Incarceration followed by sentence reduction
c.Sanctions can be calibrated and made equivalent
d.Designed for young offenders
e.Compensation for loss
f.Penalty based on an offender's income
g.Free labor as compensation
h.Government seizes assets used in criminal activity
i.Potential loss to victim/system
jTargets offenders subject to incarceration
Community Service​

Question 50

Numeric Response
a.A range of correctional management strategies
b.Incarceration followed by sentence reduction
c.Sanctions can be calibrated and made equivalent
d.Designed for young offenders
e.Compensation for loss
f.Penalty based on an offender's income
g.Free labor as compensation
h.Government seizes assets used in criminal activity
i.Potential loss to victim/system
jTargets offenders subject to incarceration
Principle of interchangeability​

Question 51

Alternative sanctions tend to be designed for:​

A) ​women.
B) ​juveniles.
C) ​men.
D) ​misdemeanants.

Question 52

Numeric Response
a.A range of correctional management strategies
b.Incarceration followed by sentence reduction
c.Sanctions can be calibrated and made equivalent
d.Designed for young offenders
e.Compensation for loss
f.Penalty based on an offender's income
g.Free labor as compensation
h.Government seizes assets used in criminal activity
i.Potential loss to victim/system
jTargets offenders subject to incarceration
Continuum of sanctions​

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT one of four general types of community corrections control strategies used in the United States?​

A) ​drugs
B) ​human surveillance
C) ​electronics
D) ​cognitive therapy

Question 54

Numeric Response
a.A range of correctional management strategies
b.Incarceration followed by sentence reduction
c.Sanctions can be calibrated and made equivalent
d.Designed for young offenders
e.Compensation for loss
f.Penalty based on an offender's income
g.Free labor as compensation
h.Government seizes assets used in criminal activity
i.Potential loss to victim/system
jTargets offenders subject to incarceration
Boot camp​

Question 55

Numeric Response
a.A range of correctional management strategies
b.Incarceration followed by sentence reduction
c.Sanctions can be calibrated and made equivalent
d.Designed for young offenders
e.Compensation for loss
f.Penalty based on an offender's income
g.Free labor as compensation
h.Government seizes assets used in criminal activity
i.Potential loss to victim/system
jTargets offenders subject to incarceration
Stakes​

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT one of the main problems with the use of intermediate sanctions?​

A) ​selection of agencies
B) ​net widening effect
C) ​treatment follow-up
D) ​selection of offenders

Question 57

A continuum of sanctions is a range of correctional management strategies based on the degree of
and over the offender.

Question 58

measurement makes sure programs are having their intended effects.

Question 59

Numeric Response
a.A range of correctional management strategies
b.Incarceration followed by sentence reduction
c.Sanctions can be calibrated and made equivalent
d.Designed for young offenders
e.Compensation for loss
f.Penalty based on an offender's income
g.Free labor as compensation
h.Government seizes assets used in criminal activity
i.Potential loss to victim/system
jTargets offenders subject to incarceration
Forfeiture​

Question 60

The most important issue concerning the use of intermediate sanctions has to do with sentencing philosophy and: ​

A) ​funding.
B) ​creation.
C) ​design.
D) ​practice.

Question 61

provides incentives for people under community corrections to reduce sentences while completing programs.

Question 62

Discuss one intermediate sanction as imposed by each of the following: the judiciary, probation departments, and correctional departments. How are these sanctions different and how effective are they as formal punishments for individual offenders? In your opinion, does each of your three selections warrant continued use in our correctional system? Be sure to fully explain your answer. ​

Question 63

According to the authors, what are the three most significant problems facing the intermediate sanctions movement? Be sure to fully explain each problem in detail. Next, in your opinion, what can be done to address each issue? Again, be sure to fully explain your answers. ​

Question 64

refers to a sentence in which the offenders serve terms of incarceration in their own homes. ​

Question 65

sanctions are used when a client who struggles under community-based alternatives can instead be monitored through other sanctions such as house arrest rather than return to prison.

Question 66

is a sum of money that the offenders must pay to the victim or to a public fund.

Question 67

Describe, in detail, the rationale for non-prison based penalties. Do you agree or disagree with this reasoning? Be sure to fully explain your answer. ​

Question 68

refers to a criminal penalty based on the amount of income an offender earns in a day's work. ​

Question 69

The most widely used techniques of surveillance and control are established elements of ____________ programs.

Question 70

_ is a form of sanction that requires compensation for financial, physical, or emotional loss caused by an offender, in the form of payment of money either to the victim or to a public fund for crime victims​

Question 71

What does prison offer crime victims? In your opinion, are victims always satisfied with prison as justice? Why or why not? What types of need might a crime victim have and what types of intermediate sanctions might meet these needs?​

Question 72

In the United States is the most common criminal sanction used.

Question 73

Putting a person behind bars costs between 25 and 50 times as much a year as if they were on .

Question 74

is a type of sanction that requires the offender to provide a specified number of hours of free labor in some public service (e.g., volunteer work clean-ups). ​

Question 75

List and explain the three justifications for intermediate sanctions. Discuss the pros and cons of each as well as their overall perceived effectiveness. Based on your opinion, are these justifications sufficient for their continued adoption and application in corrections? Be sure to fully defend your stance. ​

Question 76

The differences in the style and philosophy of correctional programs in different localities reflect a basic truth about law and ___________.

Question 77

________ practice is an approach to develop supervision and services-based initiatives based on ​studies of "what works" to reduce recidivism.

Question 78

There are currently five programmatic incentives suggested by the Pew Charitable Trusts in an effort to alleviate prison overcrowding. Discuss these five and explain what each means. Determine how effective each will and will not be in solving the problem of criminal activity as well as recidivism.