Deck 9: Corrections in America a Portrait in Color

Question 1

Probation is a less severe sentence than prison; this difference may indicate that the advantage of receiving probation is more likely to be reserved for:

A)Asians.
B)whites.
C)Hispanics.
D)African Americans.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Outside of tribal settings, Tribal Healing to Wellness Courts are known as:

A)Community Corrections.
B)Drug Courts.
C)Halfway Houses.
D)Rehabilitation Centers.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The phenomenon of drug courts in American criminal justice emerged in:

A)the late 1970s.
B)the early 1980s.
C)the mid 1980s.
D)the late 1980s.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Ja cobs argues that, without exception, early research on the adjustment of men to life in prison disregarded the issue of:

A)race
B)homosexuality.
C)violence.
D)A ll of these are correct.

Question 5

As late as the _____ some prisons segregated prisoners according to race as a matter of official policy.

A)2000s
B)1970s
C)1950s
D)1990s

Question 6

About _____ percent of Hispanic males in the United States are under correctional supervision.

A)8
B)10
C)12
D)14

Question 7

In 2009, more than ___________ people were incarcerated in federal and state prison and local jails.

A)300 thousand
B)1.6 million
C)half a million
D)2.1 million

Question 8

The decision to release a prison inmate on discretionary parole is made by:

A)a court.
B)a prison administrator.
C)a parole board.
D)a governor.

Question 9

The majority of all the people under correctional supervision are:

A)incarcerated in prison.
B)incarcerated in jail.
C)on parole.
D)on probation.

Question 10

Mandatory parole occurs in jurisdictions using:

A)mandatory minimum sentencing.
B)determinate sentencing.
C)indeterminate sentencing.
D)split sentencing.

Question 11

Advocates argue that the Tribal Healing to Wellness Courts are a modern revitalization of Native American principles of:

A)justice.
B)authority.
C)retribution .
D)tradition.

Question 12

The overall U.S. incarceration rate in 2014 was ___ prisoners per  100,000 U.S. residents over age 18.

A)712
B)412
C)512
D)612

Question 13

The most common issue dealt with in the Tribal Courts is the problem of:

A)physical violence.
B)domestic violence.
C)drug abuse.
D)alcohol abuse.

Question 14

Recent data on federal parole reveal that approximately 78 percent of ______  parole discharges were from successful completion of parole conditions.

A)state
B)county
C)federal
D)city

Question 15

Tribal Healing to Wellness Courts have __________ in off-reservation crimes.

A)full jurisdiction
B)co-jurisdiction
C)limited influence
D)significant influence

Question 16

All methods and procedures adopted by Tribal Healing to Wellness Courts are firmly grounded in:

A)dispute resolution mechanisms.
B)statutory law.
C)retributive justice.
D)medical guidelines.

Question 17

The decision to revoke parole is:

A)discretionary.
B)unusual.
C)legislative.
D)mandatory.

Question 18

The racial disparity for probation is __________ the racial disparity for the prison population.

A)greater than
B)not as great as
C)about equal to
D)harder to determine than

Question 19

Some religious movements concern prison officials and social commentators because of their apparent assertions of:

A)retribution.
B)racial supremacy.
C)rebellion.
D)pacifism.

Question 20

The majority of all the people under correctional supervision  are on probation, totaling more than ____million people.

A)2.6
B)3.9
C)5.1
D)4.3

Question 21

Currently, six states __________ the teachings of the Five Percenters; other states label all followers as gang members.

A)ban
B)permit
C)censor
D)have legally challenged

Question 22

The Asatru followers practice a form of __________ religion  based on early Nordic traditions.

A)Pagan
B)Christian
C)Muslim
D)Protestant

Question 23

The Mexican Mafia is distinguished by a predominant Marxist/Maoist/Leninist communist ideology .

Question 24

The Five Percent movement began in __________ in 1964 and has spread across the country.

Question 25

Although the Aryan Brotherhood espouses white supremacy, they shun neo-Nazi ideologies as being excessively radical and extremist.

Question 26

The decision to revoke parole is __________.  It is based on a determination of eligibility.

Question 27

Prison gangs are also referred to as:

A)organized crime groups.
B)racial/ethnic threat groups.
C)racial/ethnic networks.
D)security threat groups.

Question 28

Mandatory parole occurs in jurisdictions using determinate sentencing.

Question 29

The decision to revoke parole is discretionary; parole authorities may choose to overlook a violation and not send the person back to prison. This use of discretion does not tend to open the door for possible discrimination.

Question 30

Religion often emerges as a source of ________ among prison inmates.  

Question 31

A series of court decisions have declared de jure racial segregation in prisons to be unconstitutional. However, inmates still tend to self-segregate.

Question 32

Hispanic offenders have a lower level of overrepresentation compared to their  percentage in the general population for both state and federal prison populations.

Question 33

The most common issue dealt with in Tribal Courts is _________   abuse .

Question 34

The U.S. Supreme Court, in its opinion in__________ v. California , overturned a lower court ruling indicating that the California DOC could not use racial classifications in prison to assign mandatory segregated housing.

Question 35

Prison gangs are an insignificant part of understanding the prison environment and incidental to the inmate social system.

Question 36

In the international arena, the United States consistently has the highest incarceration rate in the world.

Question 37

The U.S. Supreme Court ( Fulwood v. Clemmer )ordered the District of Columbia Department of Corrections to "stop treating the Muslims differently from other religious groups.^"

Question 38

The Five Percent movement began in __________ in 1964.

A)Sing Sing Penitentiary
B)Soledad Prison
C)Harlem
D)Chicago

Question 39

Discretionary parole decisions are made by prison administrators to conditionally release prisoners.

Question 40

In 2005, the U.S. Supreme Court in Johnson v. California ruled that the DOC  could not use racial classifications in prison to assign mandatory segregated housing  based on ________.

A)gender
B)race
C)religion
D)culture

Question 41

Currently, nearly _____ percent of persons sentenced to prison will be released to parole supervision rather than simply being released at the expiration of their sentence.

Question 42

How has the overrepresentation of African Americans in state and federal prison populations changed since 1926?

Question 43

How have expressions of race and religion been controlled among incarcerated populations over time? How have court rulings affected the treatment of these issues?

Question 44

The term __________ refers to offenders who return to offending after experiencing a criminal conviction and the corresponding punishment .

Question 45

Timothy Flanagan argues that inmates' age  at commitment, history of drug use, and current incarceration offense are most predictive  of general __________rates.

Question 46

Describe the religious movements discussed in this chapter and explain how they have come to concern prison officials and social commentators. What impacts to the prison environment have been observed, both internal and external to the prison walls?

Question 47

Explain how the racial and ethnic composition of female prison populations differs from that of male prison populations. 

Question 48

How have Supreme Court rulings altered the way that prisons respond to the issues of racial segregation and prison gangs?

Question 49

The findings by Morgan and Smith are similar to the sentencing research that finds that ______variables are the strongest predictors of a decision to incarcerate and length of prison sentence.

Question 50

Outside of tribal settings, courts similar to Tribal Healing to Wellness Courts are known as __________ courts.