Deck 22: American Corrections

Question 1

If we could do it all again, we would likely have envisioned the corrections system we have today.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Replacing decrepit facilities is cost effective.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The philosophy of the U.S. corrections system has remained static over the years.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The key consideration that the new generation of correctional leaders will face is how to redirect an enormous enterprise in need of a new vision.

Question 5

Corrections has a clear mission in the process of handling offenders and the overall goal of their individual agencies.

Question 6

Most correctional employees receive equal pay raises regardless of performance.

Question 7

Evidence-based practice has come to stand for a strategy of correctional development.

Question 8

Crime rates are the lowest they have been in a generation.

Question 9

The length of an inmate's prison stay has nearly tripled over the last 30 years.

Question 10

Programs that have been proven ineffective by research efforts are easily discarded for new innovative strategies.

Question 11

The number of people under correctional control currently totals over:

A) ​2 million.
B) ​4 million.
C) ​7 million.
D) ​9 million.

Question 12

More African American men attend colleges and universities than are behind bars.

Question 13

Although the correctional population has increased significantly over the past few decades, the number of officers and staff has decreased dramatically.

Question 14

The U.S. corrections system has become much harsher than other systems of a free society.

Question 15

The short-term history of corrections seems dominated by fads.

Question 16

The term refers to the use of technology to monitor those on community corrections.

A) ​techno-corrections
B) ​techno-prison
C) ​techno-warden
D) ​techno-jails

Question 17

Most of those in charge of today's corrections system would argue that what we are doing is:

A) ​effective.
B) ​self-destructive.
C) ​fair.
D) ​reasonable.

Question 18

There are two goals for corrections staff: attracting the right people to work in corrections and motivating them to remain once employed.

Question 19

Corrections, as a system today, now has a clear and distinct mission.

Question 20

Jails, prisons, probation, and parole all struggle to work effectively together.

Question 21

A constitutional and traditional barricade in our government is:

A) ​harsh punishment.
B) ​the separation of powers.
C) ​disproportionality.
D) ​interagency cooperation.

Question 22

One example of techno-corrections is:

A) ​electronic monitoring.
B) ​guard tower controls.
C) ​probation officers.
D) ​work-release centers.

Question 23

A structural problem with corrections is that the system depends on significant factors:

A) ​outside of its control.
B) ​that conflict with one another.
C) ​that cannot be administered fairly.
D) ​outside budget capabilities.

Question 24

If the correctional mission is unclear, the best correctional strategies and techniques often:

A) ​have a high rate of success.
B) ​work effectively.
C) ​do not seem to work.
D) ​enjoy wide public support.

Question 25

The history of corrections has taught us that we often the people we try to help.

A) ​cure
B) ​reach
C) ​neglect
D) ​injure

Question 26

In recent years there has been a dramatic growth in what type of studies?

A) ​leadership effectiveness
B) ​program effectiveness
C) ​prison effectiveness
D) ​vision effectiveness

Question 27

The social costs of the growth of the penal system have been borne most substantially by:

A) ​working-class families.
B) ​suburban communities.
C) ​upper-class families.
D) ​minority communities.

Question 28

Leadership studies suggest that:

A) ​good leaders can handle any situation.
B) ​great leaders are born not made.
C) ​Winston Churchill is the ideal leader.
D) ​skills must fit the situation.

Question 29

In the 1960s, most people agreed that the primary mission of corrections was:

A) ​retribution.
B) ​rehabilitation.
C) ​incapacitation.
D) ​deterrence.

Question 30

Corrections' main resource is:

A) ​money.
B) ​power.
C) ​personnel.
D) ​law.

Question 31

The most experienced correctional workers have seen highly praised programs:

A) ​gain widespread support.
B) ​achieve great ends.
C) ​come and go.
D) ​fail to be implemented.

Question 32

The most stringent correctional methods are applied in practice.

A) ​fairly
B) ​disproportionately
C) ​sparingly
D) ​liberally

Question 33

The authors contend that the field of corrections will get nowhere without:

A) ​ample resources.
B) effective methodologies.
C) ​effective leadership.
D) ​a new vision.

Question 34

Compared to the 1970s, those who go to prison serve sentences that are:

A) ​nearly twice as short.
B) ​nearly twice as long.
C) ​nearly identical.
D) ​incomparable.

Question 35

According to the authors, most correctional administrators find that their greatest frustrations lie in:

A) ​budgetary constraints.
B) ​legal constraints.
C) ​lack of interagency partnerships.
D) ​lack of a clear mission.

Question 36

The "Iron Law of Prison Populations" refers to the size of a prison population determined by the number of people who are sent to prison and their:

A) ​gender.
B) ​length of stay.
C) ​classification.
D) ​age.

Question 37

The crime rate today is about what it was in:

A) ​1953.
B) ​1963.
C) ​1973.
D) ​1993.

Question 38

A recent trend that aims to improve agency coordination is:

A) ​mission clarity.
B) ​partnerships.
C) ​restructuring.
D) ​method clarity.

Question 39

Corrections lacks a clear:

A) ​mission.
B) ​method.
C) ​structure.
D) ​approach.

Question 40

A potential threat to administrators' ability to manage the correctional system is:

A) ​media coverage.
B) ​privatization.
C) ​personnel.
D) ​a schizophrenic public.

Question 41

The growth of the American correctional system has affected minority group members.

Question 42

Most correctional administrators find that their greatest frustrations lie in getting other ___________ to avoid actions that severely constrain their ability to function.

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major forces that are now shaping corrections in the United States?

A) ​professionalization
B) ​techno-corrections
C) ​evidence-based practices
D) ​increasing crime rates

Question 44

Correctional is difficult to assess.

Question 45

The challenge we face is bringing our more into line with our .

Question 46

A is a situation that forces one to choose between two unsatisfactory alternatives.

Question 47

According to the authors, all of the following are considered to be major dilemmas facing corrections, except:

A)​time.
B)​methods.
C)​mission.
D)​structure.

Question 48

_________________, along with fiscal constraints, has produced unprecedented concern about correctional costs.

Question 49

When American penologists met in Cincinnati in 1870, they affirmed a mission of ______________ that become a model of corrections around the world.

Question 50

The public's desire to punish criminals is not backed up by willingness to for the cost of punishment.

Question 51

Correctional leaders, the authors assert, should articulate their and establish a clearer policy to guide its implementation.

Question 52

The main resource of corrections is ____________.

Question 53

The problem of ___________ in corrections is one of interdependence and coordination.

Question 54

Several forces contribute to the constant change in corrections, predominantly professional associations and ____________.

A) ​lobbyists
B) ​government agencies
C) ​the general public
D) ​the media

Question 55

The National Institute of Corrections is a division of the _____________ housed within the Department of Justice.

A) ​Corrections Corp. of America
B) ​American Corrections Association
C) ​Federal Corrections Association
D) ​Federal Bureau of Prisons

Question 56

The parade of new programs shifts the emphasis from to .

Question 57

A national clearinghouse of information about correctional practices is the:

A) ​American Correctional Association.
B) ​National Institute of Corrections.
C) ​California Peace Officers Association.
D) ​American Probation and Parole Association.

Question 58

The list of correctional methods includes reduced caseloads, offender counseling, family counseling, group treatment, restitutions, and offender classification.

Question 59

A new force for steady correctional growth and development that is likely to outstrip professional associations and government agencies is:

A) ​you.
B) ​the media.
C) ​professors of criminal justice.
D) ​comprehensive research.

Question 60

One of the initial recruiting problems for those working within corrections is the low starting .

Question 61

Borrowed from the field of medicine, the ______________ creates an experiment in which some people are given the treatment and an identical group is not, so whatever difference in how the two groups turn out is assumed to be the result of the treatment or non-treatment.

Question 62

Determine in accordance with the authors what "good leadership" means in terms of the current corrections system. Determine what it will take for leaders to more widely implement "what works" in corrections. What changes will need to be made for the future of corrections?​

Question 63

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Interacting with clients to change their behavior
b.Corrections is divided against itself
c.Problem of attraction and motivation
d.Choice between unsatisfactory alternatives
e.Focusing on prisons
f.Looking for patterns and consistencies in study findings
g.Expectations and goals
h.Assigning a group to a valid program and one group to a non-valid program
i.Achieves correctional goals through technology
j.Disproportionately affected minority group members
Motivational interviewing​

Question 64

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Interacting with clients to change their behavior
b.Corrections is divided against itself
c.Problem of attraction and motivation
d.Choice between unsatisfactory alternatives
e.Focusing on prisons
f.Looking for patterns and consistencies in study findings
g.Expectations and goals
h.Assigning a group to a valid program and one group to a non-valid program
i.Achieves correctional goals through technology
j.Disproportionately affected minority group members
Dilemma​

Question 65

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Interacting with clients to change their behavior
b.Corrections is divided against itself
c.Problem of attraction and motivation
d.Choice between unsatisfactory alternatives
e.Focusing on prisons
f.Looking for patterns and consistencies in study findings
g.Expectations and goals
h.Assigning a group to a valid program and one group to a non-valid program
i.Achieves correctional goals through technology
j.Disproportionately affected minority group members
Regressive approach​

Question 66

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Interacting with clients to change their behavior
b.Corrections is divided against itself
c.Problem of attraction and motivation
d.Choice between unsatisfactory alternatives
e.Focusing on prisons
f.Looking for patterns and consistencies in study findings
g.Expectations and goals
h.Assigning a group to a valid program and one group to a non-valid program
i.Achieves correctional goals through technology
j.Disproportionately affected minority group members
Mission​

Question 67

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Interacting with clients to change their behavior
b.Corrections is divided against itself
c.Problem of attraction and motivation
d.Choice between unsatisfactory alternatives
e.Focusing on prisons
f.Looking for patterns and consistencies in study findings
g.Expectations and goals
h.Assigning a group to a valid program and one group to a non-valid program
i.Achieves correctional goals through technology
j.Disproportionately affected minority group members
Correctional growth​

Question 68

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Interacting with clients to change their behavior
b.Corrections is divided against itself
c.Problem of attraction and motivation
d.Choice between unsatisfactory alternatives
e.Focusing on prisons
f.Looking for patterns and consistencies in study findings
g.Expectations and goals
h.Assigning a group to a valid program and one group to a non-valid program
i.Achieves correctional goals through technology
j.Disproportionately affected minority group members
Internal structure​

Question 69

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Interacting with clients to change their behavior
b.Corrections is divided against itself
c.Problem of attraction and motivation
d.Choice between unsatisfactory alternatives
e.Focusing on prisons
f.Looking for patterns and consistencies in study findings
g.Expectations and goals
h.Assigning a group to a valid program and one group to a non-valid program
i.Achieves correctional goals through technology
j.Disproportionately affected minority group members
Techno-corrections​

Question 70

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Interacting with clients to change their behavior
b.Corrections is divided against itself
c.Problem of attraction and motivation
d.Choice between unsatisfactory alternatives
e.Focusing on prisons
f.Looking for patterns and consistencies in study findings
g.Expectations and goals
h.Assigning a group to a valid program and one group to a non-valid program
i.Achieves correctional goals through technology
j.Disproportionately affected minority group members
Personnel

Question 71

After having read all of the chapters by these authors and having acquired a great deal of knowledge about the correctional system, decide if you see yourself working within this field. Regardless of whether you were to choose not to have a career in this field, what one or more contributions do you feel you could make toward corrections as a whole?​

Question 72

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Interacting with clients to change their behavior
b.Corrections is divided against itself
c.Problem of attraction and motivation
d.Choice between unsatisfactory alternatives
e.Focusing on prisons
f.Looking for patterns and consistencies in study findings
g.Expectations and goals
h.Assigning a group to a valid program and one group to a non-valid program
i.Achieves correctional goals through technology
j.Disproportionately affected minority group members
Random field trial​

Question 73

List and explain the four substantial forces that are now shaping the U.S. corrections system. Of the four, which do you feel may have the most impact? In contrast, which do you feel will have the least impact? Be sure to explain your responses for both questions.

Question 74

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Interacting with clients to change their behavior
b.Corrections is divided against itself
c.Problem of attraction and motivation
d.Choice between unsatisfactory alternatives
e.Focusing on prisons
f.Looking for patterns and consistencies in study findings
g.Expectations and goals
h.Assigning a group to a valid program and one group to a non-valid program
i.Achieves correctional goals through technology
j.Disproportionately affected minority group members
Systematic review​

Question 75

The field of corrections will go nowhere without effective _____________.

Question 76

The emergence of professionalization in corrections has led to two important consequences: the field is _____________, and performance meets a higher standard.

Question 77

Most correctional officials recognize that focusing on prisons is a ___________ rather than a ____________ approach.

Question 78

Discuss what is meant when it is said that corrections has an ambiguous mission. What role does a mission play? How does this ambiguity affect the system? What does the public want from the system? What do offenders want? What do victims want? Communities? Discuss whether or how these desires can be reconciled.