Deck 1: The Corrections System

Question 1

The organizational turf of criminal justice agencies is very clear because there is no blurring around the edges regarding the responsibility for different types of actions.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Corrections consists of subunits, each with its own function and responsibilities. Some examples are probation offices, halfway houses, and prisons.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania now houses more prisoners than any other state in the country.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Large corrections systems damage families and communities, and increase racial inequality.

Question 5

Although the increase in prison population receives the most publicity, a great portion of correctional growth has occurred in:

A) ​probation and parole.
B) community corrections.
C) treatment programs.
D) ​fines and restitution .

Question 6

Corrections has one clear primary goal: rehabilitation.

Question 7

Conservatives and liberals tend to share the same ideas about how to deal with crime.

Question 8

The growth in the corrections system has resulted mostly from deliberate policies that have increased the severity of sentences.

Question 9

Counting jails and prisons, approximately how many citizens are incarcerated?

A) ​1 million
B) ​2.3 million
C) 3 million
D) ​4.3 million

Question 10

The nonprofessional staff that works within the prison system normally possesses a college education.

Question 11

Most of the correctional sentences carried out in the U.S. happen at the state and local level.

Question 12

Correctional practices and processes all affect one another because offenders pass through in a kind of assembly line with return loops.

Question 13

People who undertake careers in corrections do so because they find the field an excellent place to express their most cherished values.

Question 14

When all forms of correctional supervision are taken into account, what percent of all adults in the United States are under some form of correctional control?

A) ​more than 8%
B) nearly 3%
C) less than 1%
D) ​roughly 12%

Question 15

Although the increase in prison populations receives the most publicity, a greater proportion of correctional growth has occurred in probation and parole.

Question 16

The central purpose of corrections is to rehabilitate the offender.

Question 17

From the earliest accounts of humankind, punishment has been used as one means of social control.

Question 18

The rate of incarceration in the United States is one of the lowest in the world.

Question 19

Corrections has a non-reciprocal relationship with its environment (i.e., society).

Question 20

One out of African American children has a parent who has been to prison.

A) ​2
B) ​7
C) ​5
D) ​10

Question 21

Interdependence between staff and offenders is considered a(n) ______________ relationship:

A) ​informal enforcement
B) ​exchange
C) ​security
D) ​screening

Question 22

According to the authors, corrections has a(n) relationship with its environment.

A) ​reciprocal
B) ​inverse
C) ​oppositional
D) ​purposeful

Question 23

As systems grow and mature, they become more:

A) ​familiar.
B) ​complex.
C) ​unusual.
D) ​simplistic.

Question 24

According to the authors, is a method of applying scientific knowledge to practical purposes in a particular field.

A) ​technology
B) ​language
C) ​politics
D) ​persuasion

Question 25

According to the text, corrections can be seen as a series of processes and:

A) ​agencies.
B) ​relationships.
C) ​decisions.
D) ​partnerships.

Question 26

Which important sociological scholar argued that criminals and their punishment are functional in society, and actually help to define norms and expectations for conformity?

A) ​Emile Durkheim
B) ​Cesare Beccaria
C) ​Travis Hirshchi
D) ​Cesare Lombroso

Question 27

Probation and parole officers state that their original decision to become involved in this particular career field is based on their desire to:

A) ​become financially secure.
B) ​help people.
C) ​take criminals out of society.
D) ​advance their careers.

Question 28

A common concern shared by both liberal and conservative politicians is that:

A) ​probation efforts must increase.
B) ​crime rates have increased, thus more prisons are needed.
C) ​punishment does not work.
D) ​the cost of corrections is out of line.

Question 29

Your authors divide some of the controversies, issues, and themes that arise in the study of corrections into three main areas: upholding social values, ________________, and ____________________.

A) ​managing the correctional organization and portraying a strong public image
B) ​working with offenders and interpreting U.S. Supreme Court rulings
C) ​managing the correctional organization and working with offenders
D) ​portraying a strong public image and interpreting U.S. Supreme Court rulings

Question 30

Systems learn, grow, and improve according to what?

A) ​policies
B) ​procedures
C) ​feedback
D) ​laws

Question 31

Approximately of all people under correctional supervision are living in the community on probation or parole.

A) ​one-fifth
B) ​one-half
C) ​one-third
D) ​two-thirds

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT one of the "Big 4" states in corrections?

A) ​Texas
B) ​California
C) ​Florida
D) ​Pennsylvania

Question 33

According to the text, corrections ideally serves which goal(s)?

A) ​treatment
B) ​protection
C) ​punishment
D) ​both protection and punishment

Question 34

Like all other government services, corrections is constantly confronted by frequently shifting _____________ forces that further complicate administration.

A) ​political and technological
B) ​financial and social
C) ​psychological and political
D) ​social and political

Question 35

Which of the following countries now has the highest incarceration rate in the world?

A) ​the United States
B) ​Russia
C) ​South Africa
D) ​Japan

Question 36

What is the central purpose of corrections?

A) ​to rehabilitate offenders
B) ​to protect society
C) ​to carry out the criminal sentence
D) ​to correct behavior

Question 37

Organizations develop to keep operating with inmates having regular and predictable responses to the staff.

A) ​routines
B) ​policies
C) ​procedures
D) ​all of these

Question 38

The interdependence of people in corrections makes the concept of ______________ important to understanding their daily world.

A) ​exchange
B) ​values
C) ​punishment
D) ​treatment

Question 39

According to the authors, which system of government divides power between one national government and multiple state governments?

A) ​federalism
B) ​democracy
C) ​communism
D) ​capitalism

Question 40

The effectiveness of correctional strategies is:

A) ​temporary.
B) ​uncertain.
C) ​unlikely.
D) ​predictable.

Question 41

Most correctional offenders today are housed in which types of facilities?

A) ​federal prisons
B) ​state prisons
C) ​private prisons
D) ​county jails

Question 42

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b.A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c.Mutual transfer of resources
d.Workers who provide programs and services
e.Power between national and state government
f.Method of applying scientific knowledge
g.One of the goals of corrections
h.Common goals influenced by the environment
i.Conforms to the rules of society
j.Manages accused or convi
Punishment

Question 43

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b.A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c.Mutual transfer of resources
d.Workers who provide programs and services
e.Power between national and state government
f.Method of applying scientific knowledge
g.One of the goals of corrections
h.Common goals influenced by the environment
i.Conforms to the rules of society
j.Manages accused or convi
Exchange

Question 44

According to the text, which of the following is NOT one of the key issues facing corrections today?

A) ​obtaining funding
B) ​correctional uncertainty
C) ​goal conflict
D) ​carrying out punishments

Question 45

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b.A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c.Mutual transfer of resources
d.Workers who provide programs and services
e.Power between national and state government
f.Method of applying scientific knowledge
g.One of the goals of corrections
h.Common goals influenced by the environment
i.Conforms to the rules of society
j.Manages accused or convi
Social control

Question 46

The phrase "under some form of correctional supervision" is referring to the following three forms of control: , , and .

Question 47

A system of government in which power and responsibilities are divided between a national government and individual state governments is known as .

Question 48

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b.A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c.Mutual transfer of resources
d.Workers who provide programs and services
e.Power between national and state government
f.Method of applying scientific knowledge
g.One of the goals of corrections
h.Common goals influenced by the environment
i.Conforms to the rules of society
j.Manages accused or convi
Federalism

Question 49

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b.A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c.Mutual transfer of resources
d.Workers who provide programs and services
e.Power between national and state government
f.Method of applying scientific knowledge
g.One of the goals of corrections
h.Common goals influenced by the environment
i.Conforms to the rules of society
j.Manages accused or convi
Jails

Question 50

An institution for incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually felons, is called .

Question 51

Corrections is a means of social:

A) ​balance.
B) ​engineering.
C) ​enslavement.
D) ​control.

Question 52

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b.A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c.Mutual transfer of resources
d.Workers who provide programs and services
e.Power between national and state government
f.Method of applying scientific knowledge
g.One of the goals of corrections
h.Common goals influenced by the environment
i.Conforms to the rules of society
j.Manages accused or convi
Corrections

Question 53

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b.A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c.Mutual transfer of resources
d.Workers who provide programs and services
e.Power between national and state government
f.Method of applying scientific knowledge
g.One of the goals of corrections
h.Common goals influenced by the environment
i.Conforms to the rules of society
j.Manages accused or convi
System

Question 54

_____________________ is a system of government in which power and responsibility are divided between a national government and state governments.

A) ​Socialism
B) ​Monarchy
C) ​Federalism
D) ​Oligarchy

Question 55

A(n) _________________ is a complex whole consisting of interdependent parts whose operations are directed toward common goals and influenced by the environment in which they function.

A) ​structure
B) ​system
C) ​monopoly
D) ​enterprise

Question 56

According to the text, every aspect of the corrections field raises questions that concern deeply held values about:

A) ​money.
B) ​politics.
C) ​social relations.
D) ​punishment.

Question 57

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b.A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c.Mutual transfer of resources
d.Workers who provide programs and services
e.Power between national and state government
f.Method of applying scientific knowledge
g.One of the goals of corrections
h.Common goals influenced by the environment
i.Conforms to the rules of society
j.Manages accused or convi
Prison

Question 58

___________________ are public service workers who interact directly with citizens in the course of their work, granting access to government programs and providing services with them.

A) ​Street-focused diplomats
B) ​Sidewalk aristocrats
C) ​Social entrepreneurs
D) ​Street-level bureaucrats

Question 59

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b.A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c.Mutual transfer of resources
d.Workers who provide programs and services
e.Power between national and state government
f.Method of applying scientific knowledge
g.One of the goals of corrections
h.Common goals influenced by the environment
i.Conforms to the rules of society
j.Manages accused or convi
Technology

Question 60

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a.Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b.A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c.Mutual transfer of resources
d.Workers who provide programs and services
e.Power between national and state government
f.Method of applying scientific knowledge
g.One of the goals of corrections
h.Common goals influenced by the environment
i.Conforms to the rules of society
j.Manages accused or convi
Street-level bureaucrats

Question 61

Discuss the concept of social control and how it has affected the correctional system as a whole.

Question 62

Public service workers who interact directly with citizens are known as .

Question 63

The term " " refers to methods of applying scientific knowledge to practical purposes in a
particular field.

Question 64

_____________________ refers to actions and practices of individuals and institutions that are designed to induce conformity with the rules and norms of society.

Question 65

____________________ refers to the variety of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of individuals who have been accused or convicted of criminal offenses.

Question 66

A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods no longer than 48 hours is called a .

Question 67

Define and discuss what is meant by a system and how our correctional "system" meets this definition.

Question 68

The states of and have the largest prison populations in the United States.

Question 69

A mutual transfer of resources based on decisions regarding the costs and benefits of alternative actions is referred to as .

Question 70

The term ______________________ usually refers to any action applied to offenders after they have been convicted and implies that action is meant to change offenders according to society's needs.

Question 71

Correctional practices affect the community, and community values and expectations in turn affect corrections. Give an example of each and discuss the reciprocal relationship between corrections and its environment.

Question 72

According to the authors, key issues in corrections are divided into three main areas: managing the correctional organization, working with offenders, and .

Question 73

Corrections has always struggled with conflicting goals. Identify several corrections goals and explain how they conflict with one another. How can this conflict be minimized? Is it possible that this goal conflict may actually be good for corrections?

Question 74

Define federalism and discuss how it impacts the various correctional systems throughout our nation.

Question 75

Define and discuss what is meant by the "great experiment" in social control. What, if anything, have we learned from this "great experiment"?

Question 76

The twin goals of corrections are and .

Question 77

Define what is meant by the term "exchange." Present some examples of "exchanges" in your daily life. Why is "exchange" an important concern for correctional officers and inmates?

Question 78

Twenty-five years ago, the "three P's"-probation, prisons, and parole-dominated correctional practice. Today all kinds of activities come under the heading of corrections. Identify at least three other practices or programs that are considered part of corrections. Discuss how their existence has fostered the growth of corrections.

Question 79

The 19th-century sociologist ____________________ argued that crime is normal and that punishment performs the important function of spotlighting societal rules and values.