Deck 20: Between Europe and China

Question 1

The Ottomans fought a two-century war with what powerful city-state?

A)Venice
B)Genoa
C)Carthage
D)Moscow
E)Aden

Answer 1

Venice

Question 2

What military class in the Ottoman Empire was exempt from taxes?

A)Janissaries
B)Askeri
C)Raya
D)None of these are correct.
E)All of these are correct.

Answer 2

Askeri

Question 3

The area devastated by revolts resulting in significant emigration and decreased agricultural production in the Ottoman Empire between 1590 and 1619 was

A)Istanbul.
B)Anatolia.
C)the Balkans.
D)Izmir.
E)Adan.

Answer 3

Anatolia.

Question 4

A new fourteenth-century Ottoman military elite was Christian prisoners of war, called

A)Janissaries.
B)Knights of the Cross.
C)Mamluks.
D)Caspian slaves.
E)Lollards.

Question 5

At the height of Ottoman "tulip period," particularly rare bulbs sold for the value of oxen.

A)2
B)10
C)22
D)200
E)220

Question 6

The Safavid Empire covered what modern-day nation?

A)Iraq
B)Iran
C)Turkey
D)India
E)China

Question 7

Tax farming-the paying of taxes in advance for the right to collect greater amounts from others-caused the Ottoman empire to rely more on

A)shifting the tax burden to the rich.
B)imposing a tariff on foreign agricultural products.
C)overfarming.
D)powerful provincial governors.
E)peasants working on government land to pay government expenses.

Question 8

The devshirme system involved

A)taking Christian children from the Balkans for Ottoman government and military service.
B)the forced conversion of Islamic children for military service.
C)the strict segregation of children of different genders.
D)female infanticide.
E)child agricultural labor.

Question 9

In governing his "flock" or raya, the sultan saw himself as

A)being the model of meekness and passivity.
B)providing equality to the sexes.
C)providing intellectual and scholastic leadership.
D)providing equality to all citizens.
E)providing justice and military protection.

Question 10

Combined Christian forces defeated the Ottoman navy in the Battle of Lepanto in

A)1066.
B)1453.
C)1565.
D)1571.
E)1683.

Question 11

The sultan who presided over a "golden age" and the greatest Ottoman assault on Christian Europe was

A)Sultan Mehmet II.
B)Mansa Musa.
C)Suleiman the Magnificent.
D)Babur.
E)Akbar.

Question 12

In 1453, the Ottoman capture of what city put an end to Byzantine rule?

A)Moscow
B)Rome
C)Jerusalem
D)Constantinople
E)Damascus

Question 13

According to the fatwas of Ebu's-Su'ud', what substance was considered reprehensible and illicit by the Shari'a?

A)Tobacco
B)Alcohol
C)Coffee
D)Hallucinogenic mushrooms
E)Sugar

Question 14

What was the name for trade agreements that led to European domination of Ottoman seaborne trade?

A)Concessions
B)Recessions
C)Capitulations
D)Tax farming
E)Fatwas

Question 15

The hybrid language spoken at court and by the "military" class was

A)Persian.
B)Farsi.
C)Arabic.
D)Osmanli.
E)Turkish.

Question 16

Which European city did the Ottomans try, and fail, to conquer in 1529 and 1683?

A)Belgrade
B)Kosovo
C)Constantinople
D)Vienna
E)Dubrovnik

Question 17

How did the Patrona Halil rebellion show "decay at the center" yet spell "benefit elsewhere"?

A)It provided the Janissaries with additional funding for gunpowder.
B)The cities at the center of the empire were burned to the ground.
C)The flow of gold and other valuable metals tended to benefit the provinces.
D)It demonstrated that local elites in the provinces were beginning to gain power relative to the sultan.
E)Even though the merchants were failing, it was a time of strength for the military.

Question 18

The rising status of Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire led to a refinement of their role in society. Which of the following were gains in their status?

A)being able to marry
B)being involved in business and commerce
C)becoming a hereditary order
D)None of these are correct.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 19

The trading of coffee from this port became the rage in the fifteenth century.

A)Venice
B)Istanbul
C)Malacca
D)Mocha
E)Zanzibar

Question 20

The size and influence of the Janissaries grew at the expense of

A)the sultans.
B)the bureaucracy.
C)the cavalry.
D)the colonies.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 21

The capital city of the Safavids was

A)Isfahan.
B)Istanbul.
C)Baghdad.
D)Delhi.
E)Mecca.

Question 22

Out of the struggle for power in Iran emerged a chief of Kurdish, Iranian, and Greek ancestry named

A)Mehmet.
B)Akbar.
C)Babur.
D)Isaac.
E)Ismail.

Question 23

In the Muslim world, homosexuality was

A)unknown.
B)encouraged.
C)introduced by the Silk Road.
D)disapproved, but relationships with adolescent boys were not unusual.
E)practiced only among the rich.

Question 24

One of the key teachings of the Shi'ite doctrine "Hidden Imam" is that

A)he is to lead the ulama to be under the control of the sultan.
B)he is expected to return as a messiah at the end of time.
C)he is to be found among the wandering ascetics.
D)he is to be completely disinterested in political affairs.
E)he is to inspire wars between the religious sects.

Question 25

The Mughal Empire is distinguished from the Ottomans and Safavids mostly because it was

A)not very warlike.
B)heavily influenced by the Chinese.
C)a Hindu land ruled by a Muslim minority
D)still controlled by the Mongols.
E)a democracy.

Question 26

One difference between the Ottoman and Iranian states was that the Ottoman state was based on Sunnism and that the Iranian state was based on

A)Shi'ism.
B)Zoroastrianism.
C)Kharijism.
D)Sufism.
E)Sikhism.

Question 27

Compared to Istanbul, which term would be least likely to apply to Isfahan?

A)centrally located
B)indefensible
C)cosmopolitan
D)lacking in cultural life
E)anticommercial

Question 28

The Ottomans' chief rival in Iran was the

A)Saranid Empire.
B)Mughal Empire.
C)Safavid Empire.
D)Persian Empire.
E)Uighur Empire.

Question 29

A woman seen in public in the Muslim world would most likely have been any of the following except

A)non-Muslim.
B)elderly.
C)very poor.
D)slaves.
E)married.

Question 30

In Iran, the mandated conversion to Shi'ism

A)was accepted as the word of god by the Sunnis.
B)was accomplished peacefully in building a multinational empire.
C)created a deep chasm between Iran and its Sunni neighbors.
D)was only for the select members of the qizilbash in Iran.
E)was done for purposes of unifying with the Abbasid Caliphate.

Question 31

The population of the Mughal Empire under Akbar was

A)between 5 and 10 million.
B)between 10 and 20 million.
C)between 20 and 30 million.
D)between 30 and 40 million.
E)more than 100 million.

Question 32

Land grants given by Mughal rulers in return for service were called

A)Mansabdars.
B)Mansabs.
C)Mughalies.
D)Mongols.
E)Mamluks.

Question 33

Islamic law

A)did not allow women to own any property.
B)did not discuss women's property ownership.
C)forbade women to own property after marriage.
D)allowed women to keep property after marriage.
E)made women equal with men.

Question 34

The Mughal Empire was quite prosperous in the sixteenth century because they

A)traded cotton cloth.
B)had an efficient government system.
C)faced few external threats.
D)All of these are correct.
E)had efficient government system and faced few external threats

Question 35

Iran became most closely associated with the manufacture of which item?

A)silk
B)coffee
C)porcelain
D)carpets
E)camel saddles

Question 36

Although European accounts discussed the custom of women wearing veils, which of the following is also true?

A)Islamic women wore elaborate headdresses of ostrich feathers and lace.
B)Both Islamic men and women covered their hair, arms, and legs.
C)Islamic women didn't cover the face or body.
D)Islamic women were never actually seen by Europeans.
E)There is no evidence that this is true.

Question 37

The founder of the Mughal Empire was

A)Akbar.
B)Babur.
C)Ali.
D)Mehmed.
E)Nanak.

Question 38

After the Mongols conquered the region in 1258, Iranian scholars and writers

A)read and wrote only in Persian.
B)read and wrote only in Arabic.
C)were relentlessly persecuted under the Safavids.
D)read Arabic as well as Persian, but favored Persian.
E)opposed the government's forging of diplomatic ties with Mughal India.

Question 39

Shi'ite doctrine says that all worldly rulers are temporarily standing in for the

A)Prophet Muhammad.
B)Shah Abbas.
C)Imam Husayn.
D)Isfahan King.
E)Hidden Imam.

Question 40

The martyrdom of Imam Husayn was remembered in the Shi'ite community with

A)emotional processions of Shi'ites through the streets.
B)the Easter mass.
C)a truce among all religious sects.
D)the pilgrimage to Mecca.
E)fasting.

Question 41

Which of the following best describes the rule of Peter the Great?

A)considered by many to be the greatest ruler of the Romanovs
B)constructed a small but formidable navy
C)broke Swedish control of the Baltic Sea
D)pushed the Russian elite to imitate European fashions
E)All of these are correct.

Question 42

Describe Akbar's "Divine Faith" and the religious toleration practiced during his rule of the Mughal Empire.

Question 43

In 1723 and beyond, rulers governing nearly independent states within the Mughal Empire were commonly called what? With the fragmentation of Mughal political order, who became president of an independent European stronghold of Pondicherry on India's east coast?

A)Vizier
B)Nawab
C)Pondicherry
D)Sultan
E)None of these is correct.

Question 44

Extensive migration in the East African lake region and Kenyan highlands was due to

A)attacks by Portuguese and English explorers.
B)long-lasting drought conditions.
C)the influx of Islam.
D)the beginning of the slave trade in those areas.
E)internecine wars.

Question 45

Akbar's "Divine Faith" incorporated elements of all of the following religions except

A)Zoroastrianism.
B)Islam.
C)Christian.
D)Sikh.
E)Buddhism.

Question 46

Extensive Islamic expansion into East Africa and Southeast Asia occurred

A)before the rapid European commercial expansion.
B)because Islam was most similar to native religions.
C)because Islam generally accepted converts and the offspring of mixed marriages as full members.
D)thanks to the support of Muslim land empires.
E)because Muhammad visited these places.

Question 47

Which term came to refer to the rulers of the Muscovy principality based in Moscow beginning in the sixteenth century?

A)Tsar
B)Sultan
C)King
D)Patriarch
E)Emperor

Question 48

Explain the economic and military crisis that led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire.

Question 49

Which of the following was part of Akbar's policy of religious reconciliation between Muslims and Hindus?

A)his marriage to a Rajput princess
B)the appointment of Hindu mansabdars
C)the elimination of the tax on non-Muslims
D)his allowing Hindus to settle legal disputes with Hindu law
E)All of these are correct.

Question 50

Instructions: Answer the following question(s).
What three factors were responsible for the expansion of the Ottoman Empire beginning around 1300? Explain your answer in detail.

Question 51

Which wealthy Russian family led the early Russian exploration of Siberia?

A)Romanovs
B)Cossacks
C)Saracens
D)Strogonovs
E)Muscovites

Question 52

Nadir Shah's sack of Delhi was symbolized by what act?

A)forcing the sultan's widow to marry him
B)burning all Hindu religious books
C)Slaughter of the Rajput enemies
D)confiscating the peacock throne
E)burning down the Taj Mahal

Question 53

Which of the following is a reason for the decline of the Mughals under Aurangzeb?

A)the land-grant system
B)resistance in the southern provinces
C)alienation of the Sikhs
D)symbolic loss of the peacock throne from Delhi
E)All of these are correct.

Question 54

Islam effectively countered the aggressive Christianity of Europeans, particularly

A)in the Brunei Sultanate in Borneo and in the Acheh Sultanate in Sumatra.
B)in Safavid Persia and in the Ottoman Empire.
C)in the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Manchu Empire.
D)in South Africa and Zimbabwe.
E)None of these is correct; Christianity usually won out.

Question 55

Why did the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires decline simultaneously?

A)inability to adjust to the changes in military technology and the world economy
B)natural disasters
C)the bubonic plague
D)declining birthrates combined with fertility problems
E)a religious prohibition against banking

Question 56

What was the primary feature that distinguished the Mughal Empire from the Ottomans and Safavids? Explain your answer in detail.

Question 57

What Portuguese capital in East African was taken by the Arabs of Oman in 1698?

A)Kilwa
B)Malindi
C)Mombasa
D)Mozambique
E)Fort Dauphin

Question 58

One of the most significant stimuli for European expansion into Southeast Asia in the seventeenth century was

A)religious minorities trying to escape Protestant or Catholic persecution in Europe during the Thirty Years War.
B)joint-stock trade companies.
C)missionary work by Jesuits to stem the spread of Islam.
D)the increased value of cotton due to the Industrial Revolution.
E)European addiction to coffee.

Question 59

A 1649 law transformed Russian peasants into

A)migrants.
B)slaves.
C)infidels.
D)serfs.
E)None of these is correct.

Question 60

Compare and contrast the culture and society of the two important Muslim cities, Istanbul and Isfahan.

Question 61

Akbar showed toleration toward what native majority religion?

Question 62

Who founded the Safavid Empire?

Question 63

Describe the expansion of the Russian Empire in terms of language, religion, and ethnicity.

Question 64

Swahili is an Arabic word meaning

Question 65

What was the purpose and consequence of Peter the Great's secret trip to Europe in the winter of 1697-1698?

Question 66

Discuss the effects of integrating law and culture in the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires with respect to the relationship between religious law and local tradition. You should refer to the Diversity and Dominance section, as well as the text itself.

Question 67

Founded around 1300, the Ottoman Empire lasted until .

Question 68

Why did the trade empires in the Indian Ocean region succeed while the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires declined?