Deck 3: The History of Corrections in America

Question 1

Incarceration, in the tradition of the early English workhouse, developed in the immediate aftermath of the American Revolutionary War.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The ideas of inmate classification, parole, and rehabilitative programs were first created and put into practice at the Elmira Reformatory for boys.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Until the early 1900s, Americans followed the European practice of relying on brutal forms of corporal punishment.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Within 40 years of their initiation, penitentiaries had become overcrowded, understaffed, and minimally financed.

Question 5

The positivist school looked to free will and rational thought as the reason for crime.

Question 6

Convict labor for profit became an essential part of the Pennsylvania penitentiary system throughout the early 1800s.

Question 7

Corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be treated is known as the crime control model.

Question 8

The infamous Attica Prison Riot that took place in September 1971 at New York State's Attica Correctional Facility aided and inspired the move toward a community corrections model.

Question 9

Not until the 1960s were there serious attempts made to implement the ideas of the medical model of corrections in the United States.

Question 10

Social and political values greatly influence correctional thought and practices.

Question 11

The country that gave the world its first penitentiary is:

A) ​England.
B) ​France.
C) ​Egypt.
D) ​the United States.

Question 12

The concept of separate confinement was introduced in several different locations; which one became the fullest expression of rehabilitation through separate confinement?

A) ​Potomac, Maryland
B) ​Auburn, New York
C) ​Trenton, New Jersey
D) ​Cherry Hill, Pennsylvania

Question 13

The Progressives thought it necessary to know the life history of each offender in order to devise an appropriate treatment plan for that specific individual.

Question 14

Many ideas that arose from the Enlightenment fostered the thinking that crime is caused by:

A) ​human nature.
B) ​forces in the environment.
C) ​biology.
D) ​sin.

Question 15

The Auburn System focused on a congregate system of operations.

Question 16

English trends and practices greatly influenced American corrections.

Question 17

The original penitentiary relied on penance and contemplation as the means for the criminal offender to move from sin toward perfection.

Question 18

In New England, the Puritans maintained a society governed by what type of principles?

A) ​legalistic
B) ​religious
C) ​socialist
D) ​capitalist

Question 19

Correctional practices, especially the use of the penitentiary, developed similarly across the United States.

Question 20

The Pennsylvania System focused on the isolation of inmates and serving penance.

Question 21

The penitentiary was to be a place where:

A) ​offenders were isolated from bad influences in society.
B) ​offenders were isolated from one another.
C) ​offenders could reflect on their misdeeds.
D) ​all of these

Question 22

During the Progressive Reform Era, two main correctional strategies were implemented. They included improving conditions in social environments and:

A) ​feeding inmates a more nutritious diet.
B) ​ensuring prisoners were not in solitude.
C) ​reintegrating inmates into society.
D) ​rehabilitating individual offenders.

Question 23

By the mid-1800s, reformers became disillusioned with the _____________ since rehabilitation or deterrence was not being realized.

A) ​parole system
B) ​contract-lease system
C) ​penitentiary
D) ​mark system

Question 24

With the rise of the medical model, the emphasis in corrections shifted to:

A) ​vocational programs for criminals.
B) ​educational programs for offenders.
C) ​the treatment and diagnosis of criminals.
D) ​work release programs for criminals.

Question 25

In regard to the convict lease system, prisoners were:

A) ​used only for prison maintenance .
B) ​used for non-profit labor purposes.
C) ​used for labor for profit by private interests.
D) ​confined to work in their cells performing meaningless tasks.

Question 26

The medical model of corrections began to be implemented during the:

A) ​1890s.
B) ​1920s.
C) ​1930s.
D) ​1960s.

Question 27

Between 1790 and 1830, the population in urban America:

A) ​sharply declined.
B) ​sharply increased.
C) ​remained unchanged.
D) ​none of the above.

Question 28

The _________________ refers to an institution intended to isolate prisoners from society and each other so that they could reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and undergo reformation.

A) ​panopticon
B) ​jail
C) ​reformatory
D) ​penitentiary

Question 29

The opening of both Western (1825) and Eastern State (1829) Penitentiaries in Pennsylvania marked the full implementation of the ____________ system of corrections.

A) ​the congregate
B) ​inmate labor
C) ​the separate confinement
D) ​contract-lease

Question 30

The "congregate" system of prison discipline was first instituted at the:

A) ​Walnut Street Jail.
B) ​Sing Sing Penitentiary.
C) ​Eastern Penitentiary.
D) ​Auburn Penitentiary.

Question 31

The approach to criminology is based on the assumption that human behavior is a product of biological, economic, psychological, and social factors, and that the scientific method can be applied to ascertain the causes of individual behavior.

A) ​Classical School
B) ​Positivist School
C) ​Progressive School
D) ​Neoclassical School

Question 32

The was an institution for young offenders that emphasized training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole.

A) ​penitentiary
B) ​jail
C) ​juvenile detention center
D) ​reformatory

Question 33

During the colonial period most Americans lived under laws and practices transferred from ___________ and adapted to local conditions.

A) ​Italy
B) ​England
C) ​Germany
D) ​France

Question 34

Eastern State Penitentiary was designed by:

A) ​John Howard.
B) ​John Haviland.
C) ​Jeremy Bentham.
D) ​Cesare Lombroso.

Question 35

Separate confinement was first implemented in:

A) ​Eastern State Penitentiary.
B) ​Western State Penitentiary.
C) ​Auburn Penitentiary.
D) ​Walnut Street Jail.

Question 36

The first institution to embody the principles of the Cincinnati Prison Congress was:

A) ​Sing Sing Prison.
B) ​Auburn State Penitentiary
C) ​Elmira Reformatory.
D) ​Cincinnati City Prison.

Question 37

The leasing of convicts to private entrepreneurs first took hold in the:

A) ​North.
B) ​West.
C) ​South.
D) ​East.

Question 38

The was a penitentiary system developed in Pennsylvania in which each inmate was held in isolation from other inmates.

A) ​congregate system
B) ​assemble system
C) ​separate confinement system
D) ​segregated confinement system

Question 39

______________________ has been credited with creating the mark system of graduated confinement in England, which called for an inmate to obtain marks toward early release.

A) ​John Howard
B) ​Sir Walter Crofton
C) ​Jeremy Bentham
D) ​Alexander Maconochie

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT one of the major reforms created and successfully implemented by the Progressives?

A) ​probation
B) ​determinate sentencing
C) ​parole
D) ​indeterminate sentencing

Question 41

_______________________was commissioned the first Warden of the Auburn State Penitentiary in New York in 1821; he instituted a system that called for the inmates to adhere to strict discipline and to wear pinstripes and to walk in lockstep.

A) ​Zebulon Brockway
B) ​Elam Lynds
C) ​John Haviland
D) ​Sanford Bates

Question 42

Match each item to the phrase or sentence below.
a.Designed for young offenders
b.Earned through behavior, education, and labor
c.Treatment is required for offenders
d.Done by inmate labor
e.Contractors exchange food and clothing for convict labor
f.Reintegration is the goal
g.Developed in Auburn, NY
h.Incarceration and supervision control behavior
i.Isolates prisoners from society
j.Sociological, biological, and psychological causes of crime
Community corrections

Question 43

Match each item to the phrase or sentence below.
a.Designed for young offenders
b.Earned through behavior, education, and labor
c.Treatment is required for offenders
d.Done by inmate labor
e.Contractors exchange food and clothing for convict labor
f.Reintegration is the goal
g.Developed in Auburn, NY
h.Incarceration and supervision control behavior
i.Isolates prisoners from society
j.Sociological, biological, and psychological causes of crime
Mark system

Question 44

Match each item to the phrase or sentence below.
a.Designed for young offenders
b.Earned through behavior, education, and labor
c.Treatment is required for offenders
d.Done by inmate labor
e.Contractors exchange food and clothing for convict labor
f.Reintegration is the goal
g.Developed in Auburn, NY
h.Incarceration and supervision control behavior
i.Isolates prisoners from society
j.Sociological, biological, and psychological causes of crime
Congregate system

Question 45

According to the _____________________ model of corrections, criminals can be controlled appropriately through more direct use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision.

A) ​due process
B) ​crime control
C) ​medical
D) ​reformatory

Question 46

The first two decades of the 1900s, referred to as ______________, set the dominant tone for U.S. social thought and political action through the 1960s.

Question 47

Beginning in the 1930s, reformers put forward the _____________ model of corrections, which viewed criminal behavior as caused by psychological or biological deficiencies.

A) ​medical
B) ​due process
C) ​community
D) ​crime control

Question 48

Although the idea of ______________ had been developed in Australia and Ireland in the 1850s and instituted at the Elmira Reformatory in 1876, not until the mid-1920s did this practice become readily accepted and implemented throughout the United States.

A) ​work-release
B) ​probation
C) ​parole
D) ​determinate sentencing

Question 49

The reformatory movement emphasized education and __________________ , and on the basis of an inmate's successful participation in both could conceivably earn him/her early release.

A) ​training
B) ​religion
C) ​treatment
D) ​penance

Question 50

According to community-based corrections, the goal of the criminal justice system is to:

A) ​punish the offender.
B) ​reintegrate the offender.
C) ​focus on the victim.
D) ​achieve justice.

Question 51

Match each item to the phrase or sentence below.
a.Designed for young offenders
b.Earned through behavior, education, and labor
c.Treatment is required for offenders
d.Done by inmate labor
e.Contractors exchange food and clothing for convict labor
f.Reintegration is the goal
g.Developed in Auburn, NY
h.Incarceration and supervision control behavior
i.Isolates prisoners from society
j.Sociological, biological, and psychological causes of crime
Positivist school

Question 52

_________________ is an alternative to incarceration which allows offenders to be treated in the community under supervised conditions.

A) ​Parole
B) ​Probation
C) ​Contract-lease
D) ​Determinate sentencing

Question 53

Match each item to the phrase or sentence below.
a.Designed for young offenders
b.Earned through behavior, education, and labor
c.Treatment is required for offenders
d.Done by inmate labor
e.Contractors exchange food and clothing for convict labor
f.Reintegration is the goal
g.Developed in Auburn, NY
h.Incarceration and supervision control behavior
i.Isolates prisoners from society
j.Sociological, biological, and psychological causes of crime
Reformatory

Question 54

Match each item to the phrase or sentence below.
a.Designed for young offenders
b.Earned through behavior, education, and labor
c.Treatment is required for offenders
d.Done by inmate labor
e.Contractors exchange food and clothing for convict labor
f.Reintegration is the goal
g.Developed in Auburn, NY
h.Incarceration and supervision control behavior
i.Isolates prisoners from society
j.Sociological, biological, and psychological causes of crime
Penitentiary

Question 55

Match each item to the phrase or sentence below.
a.Designed for young offenders
b.Earned through behavior, education, and labor
c.Treatment is required for offenders
d.Done by inmate labor
e.Contractors exchange food and clothing for convict labor
f.Reintegration is the goal
g.Developed in Auburn, NY
h.Incarceration and supervision control behavior
i.Isolates prisoners from society
j.Sociological, biological, and psychological causes of crime
Crime control model

Question 56

The ______________ were a group that looked to the social, economic, biological, and psychological rather than religious or moral explanations for the causes of crime.

Question 57

Match each item to the phrase or sentence below.
a.Designed for young offenders
b.Earned through behavior, education, and labor
c.Treatment is required for offenders
d.Done by inmate labor
e.Contractors exchange food and clothing for convict labor
f.Reintegration is the goal
g.Developed in Auburn, NY
h.Incarceration and supervision control behavior
i.Isolates prisoners from society
j.Sociological, biological, and psychological causes of crime
Lease system

Question 58

Match each item to the phrase or sentence below.
a.Designed for young offenders
b.Earned through behavior, education, and labor
c.Treatment is required for offenders
d.Done by inmate labor
e.Contractors exchange food and clothing for convict labor
f.Reintegration is the goal
g.Developed in Auburn, NY
h.Incarceration and supervision control behavior
i.Isolates prisoners from society
j.Sociological, biological, and psychological causes of crime
Medical model

Question 59

An institution intended to isolate offenders from society and one another so they could reflect on their misdeeds, repent, and undergo reformation is called a .

Question 60

Match each item to the phrase or sentence below.
a.Designed for young offenders
b.Earned through behavior, education, and labor
c.Treatment is required for offenders
d.Done by inmate labor
e.Contractors exchange food and clothing for convict labor
f.Reintegration is the goal
g.Developed in Auburn, NY
h.Incarceration and supervision control behavior
i.Isolates prisoners from society
j.Sociological, biological, and psychological causes of crime
Contract labor system

Question 61

The medical model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by social, psychological, or biological deficiencies that require .

Question 62

The _________________ penitentiary system of incarceration called for inmates to be held in isolation at night but to work with other inmates during the day under a rule of silence.

Question 63

Immediately following the Civil War, the ______________ system of corrections permitted inmates to be loaned to private contractors who provided prisoners food and clothing in exchange for their labor.

Question 64

The 1980s in corrections centered on crime control through and risk containment.

Question 65

Although conceptualized by early English reformers, the penitentiary first appeared in the United States in the city of ____________, when part of the Walnut Street Jail was converted to allow for separate confinement.

Question 66

Discuss the importance that the state of Pennsylvania played within the correctional system. What impact if any does it still have on our correctional institutions today?

Question 67

After the Civil War, southern legislatures passed the , harsh laws designed to control newly freed African Americans.

Question 68

The first director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons upon authorization by Congress in 1929 was? .

Question 69

The opening of Eastern State Penitentiary in 1829 marked the full development and implementation of the _______________ system.

Question 70

Compare and contrast the Pennsylvania system to the New York system of corrections. Discuss the pros and cons of each. Are any of the concepts still used in prisons today? If so how, and if not, why not?​

Question 71

Discuss the historical development of parole and indeterminate sentencing. Does either have a place in the current correctional climate or would we be better off to abolish them? Defend your answer.

Question 72

In 1682, with the arrival of William Penn, Pennsylvania adopted the "___________," which was based on humane Quaker principles and emphasized hard labor in a house of correction as punishment for most crimes.

Question 73

Progressives implemented probation, , and parole throughout the United States.

Question 74

The nature and practices of corrections relate to environment. What kinds of conditions were prevalent in the South after the Civil War and how did this landscape affect corrections? Was anything unique or distinct in this region?

Question 75

A _________________ is an institution that is created for young offenders that emphasizes education and training, a mark system of classification, parole, and indeterminate sentences.

Question 76

The congregate penitentiary system was more concerned with instilling good work habits to prevent a relapse into crime than with ________________ an offender's character.

Question 77

The social and political climate of the 1960s gave rise to a model of corrections.

Question 78

Progressives wanted to know the ______________ of an offender so that they could devise an individualized treatment program.