Deck 2: Victimization and Criminal Behavior.

Question 1

Classical criminology argues that criminal behavior is irrational.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Race is a key factor in exposure to crime.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Wealthy people can take measures to protect themselves from some types of crime.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

A state of anomie is where rules or norms that guide behavior have been strengthened or reinforced.

Question 5

Similar to men,women who engage in criminal activity disproportionately come from poor families.

Question 6

The tangible costs of crime are large.

Question 7

Freud proposed a psychoanalytic theory that crime is caused by unconscious drives and forces.

Question 8

Labeling is an example of a social process theory.

Question 9

The intangible costs of crime are small.

Question 10

Television feeds our fear of crime​

Question 11

Marxism is an example of social conflict theory.

Question 12

Most theories about crime focus on both the poor and the wealthy.

Question 13

Most theories about crime are based on men.

Question 14

Personal lifestyles do not influence exposure to victimization.

Question 15

Fear of crime is greatest in urban areas.

Question 16

Emilie Durkheim believed that crime was an unnatural part of social life.

Question 17

Research shows that the number of women being arrested has decreased significantly.

Question 18

Reduction in crime rates reduces the fear of crime.

Question 19

Cesare Lombroso's medical training led him to believe that certain people are born criminals.

Question 20

Positivist criminologists believe that science can be used to discover the causes of crime and to treat deviants.

Question 21

According to recent statistics,the crime the highest percentage of Americans fear or worry over is now​

A) ​getting mugged.
B) ​getting murdered.
C) ​being the victim of identity theft.
D) ​being a victim of terrorism.

Question 22

Theories of crime causation do not affect laws and crime policies.

Question 23

Wilson and Herrnstein's book Crime and Human Nature (1985)argued that certain biological factors such as sex,age,body type,and intelligence predispose some people to crime.

Question 24

The fear of crime is greatest in

A) ​rural areas.
B) ​suburban areas.
C) ​urban areas.
D) ​the workplace.

Question 25

According to your text,which of the following statements best reflects race victim crime statistics?​

A) ​Most violent crime is interracial.
B) ​Whites are most likely to be victims of violent crimes.
C) ​Most victims and offenders are from different social classes.
D) ​Whites are not fearful of being victimized by black strangers.
E) ​African Americans and other minorities are most likely to be victims of violent crimes.

Question 26

Crime has many kinds of costs,including economic,psychological,and emotional.

Question 27

Which of the following statements is true about crime in America?

A) ​Crime rates are increasing and Americans are not fearful of crime.
B) ​Crime rates are decreasing and Americans are not fearful of crime.
C) ​Crime rates are increasing and Americans are fearful of crime.
D) ​Crime rates are decreasing and Americans are fearful of crime.

Question 28

Which type of criminology used science to study the body,mind,and environment of the offender?​

A) ​Classical
B) ​Neoclassical
C) ​Positivist
D) ​Victimology

Question 29

______________ explanations view the cause of criminal behavior from a mental condition,a personality disturbance,or limited intellect​

A) ​Biological
B) ​Psychological
C) ​Criminogenic
D) ​Sociological

Question 30

According to the lifestyle exposure model,who is most likely to be victimized because of where they live and how they spend their leisure time?

A) ​Elderly white females
B) ​Elderly white males
C) ​Elderly black females
D) ​Young black males
E) ​Young white males

Question 31

What stage of life is most significant in Sigmund Freud's theory of personality?​

A) ​Fetal development
B) ​Early childhood
C) ​Adulthood
D) ​Middle age

Question 32

Crime in poor areas is always​

A) ​high.
B) ​low.
C) ​moderate.
D) ​nonexistent.
E) ​none of the above, because others factors affect crime rates.

Question 33

Which of the following is not a main principle of classical criminology?​

A) ​Criminal behavior is rational.
B) ​People who commit crimes weigh the costs and benefits.
C) ​Fear of punishment keeps most people in check.
D) ​Punishment should be tailored to each individual person.

Question 34

According to the lifestyle exposure model,which of the following does not affect victimization?​

A) ​Exposure
B) ​Associations
C) ​Lifestyle
D) ​Adaptations
E) ​Self-control

Question 35

Psychoanalytic theory explains criminal behavior as resulting from

A) ​overdeveloped id.
B) ​perfectly developed ego.
C) ​underdeveloped or overdeveloped superego.
D) ​underdeveloped or overdeveloped ego.

Question 36

If crime is learned behavior,then policies to promote stable families should exist.

Question 37

Freud's psychoanalytic theory focuses on​

A) ​adult experiences causing criminal behavior.
B) ​social explanations of crime.
C) ​biological explanations of crime.
D) ​unconscious drives and forces explaining crime.

Question 38

The fear of crime is fed by​

A) ​television.
B) ​news media.
C) ​personal communication in social networks.
D) ​all of the above.

Question 39

Repetitive victimization refers to individuals who are victimized by crime more than once during a relatively brief period of time.

Question 40

If a person is defined as criminogenic,this means that he or she​

A) ​became a criminal as an adult.
B) ​was born a criminal.
C) ​became a criminal as a result of a traumatic experience.
D) ​will never become a criminal.

Question 41

Prior to the 1970s,why was it assumed that women did not commit serious crimes?​

A) ​Women were not physically strong enough.
B) ​Women were assumed to be very dependent and nurturing.
C) ​Women were not given the opportunities to commit such crimes.
D) ​Women were too intelligent.

Question 42

What are the three types of social process theories?​

A) ​Learning, control, and labeling
B) ​Biological, psychological, and sociological
C) ​Id, ego, and superego
D) ​Critical, radical, and Marxist

Question 43

Most women criminals come from __________ families.

A) ​upper-class
B) ​middle-class
C) ​lower-class
D) ​upper-middle-class

Question 44

Which of the following is not a feature of the positivist criminology approach?​

A) ​Human behavior is controlled by physical, mental, and social factors, not by free will.
B) ​Human behavior is determined by free will.
C) ​Criminals are different from noncriminals.
D) ​Science can be used to discover the causes of crime and to treat deviants.

Question 45

What two things must a theory explain if it does a good job of explaining gender differences in offending?​

A) ​The gender gap, and differences in types of offenses committed by men and women
B) ​The fact that women are more criminal than men, and also commit more serious crimes
C) ​The role of victimization in offending, and the disparate treatment of minority offenders
D) ​The income inequalities between men and women, and the fact that women are more likely to live with their children

Question 46

Which of the following argued that the women's movement increased the role of women in criminal activity?​

A) ​Sigmund Freud
B) ​Freda Adler
C) ​Edwin Sutherland
D) ​Richard Herrnstein

Question 47

The role of victims in fostering the context or triggering the action that led to their own victimization in a crime is referred to as​

A) ​victim precipitation.
B) ​revictimization.
C) ​repetitive victimization.
D) ​victim notification.

Question 48

Which of the following theories involves the use of criminal law to control society's poor and have-nots?​

A) ​Social conflict
B) ​Learning
C) ​Social structure
D) ​Labeling

Question 49

Who created the theory of differential association?​

A) ​Sigmund Freud
B) ​James Q. Wilson
C) ​Cesare Lombroso
D) ​Edwin Sutherland

Question 50

In relation to men,women commit​

A) ​more crime.
B) ​the same amount of crime.
C) ​less crime.
D) ​more violent crimes.

Question 51

Women's share of arrests is highest for which type of crime?​

A) ​Robbery
B) ​Rape
C) ​Murder
D) ​Larceny-theft

Question 52

Which of the following is a common measure taken by poorer individuals in an attempt to reduce the fear of crime,as described in the text?​

A) ​Hiring private security companies
B) ​Moving to the suburbs
C) ​Installing home security systems
D) ​Working the night shift

Question 53

Which theory views family and peers as primary influences on criminal activity?​

A) ​Control theory
B) ​Labeling theory
C) ​Learning theory
D) ​Conflict theory

Question 54

Which of the following is not a right guaranteed by the Justice for All Act in federal criminal cases?​

A) ​The right to be questioned by the accused
B) ​The right to reasonable notice of any court proceeding, parole proceeding, release, or escape of the accused
C) ​The reasonable right to confer with the federal prosecutor
D) ​The right to proceedings free of unreasonable delay

Question 55

Which medical researcher suggested that when environmental lead finds its way into the developing brain,it disturbs impulse control?​

A) ​Cesar Lombroso
B) ​Sigmund Freud
C) ​Emile Durkheim
D) ​Herbert Needleman

Question 56

Which theory contains the idea that any person,regardless of education,class,or upbringing,can become a criminal?​

A) ​Biological theory
B) ​Social process theory
C) ​Social conflict theory
D) ​Social structure theory

Question 57

________ theory,a type of social process theory,stresses that social links keep people in line with accepted norms.

A) ​Labeling
B) ​Learning
C) ​Control
D) ​Normal

Question 58

A ________ explanation of criminal acts argues that being a member of a social group shapes behavior.

A) ​biological
B) ​psychological
C) ​sociological
D) ​physiological

Question 59

Which of the following is more closely linked to exposure to crime?​

A) ​Having a higher income
B) ​Living in a rural area
C) ​Living in a suburban area
D) ​Living in a city

Question 60

Individual Americans influence criminal justice policy through their involvement in community organizations,such as​

A) ​neighborhood associations.
B) ​parent-teacher organizations.
C) ​church groups.
D) ​all of the above.

Question 61

Explain the difference between repetitive victimization and revictimization.

Question 62

Explain Cesare Lombroso's biological theory focusing on criminogenic traits.Are such theories used in modern criminology?Why or why not?​

Question 63

Explain what life course theories seek to do.

Question 64

Compare and contrast positivist criminology and classical criminology.What are the similarities,and what are the differences?​

Question 65

How might you explain the renewed interest in biological explanations of crime?​

Question 66

Dominic is currently a successful high school teacher. When Dominic was 17 years old he was recruited by a gang. He joined the gang in order to establish a sense of belonging. Dominic went through the initiation process when he found out that his last "duty" was to rob a local gas station at gunpoint. Dominic went into the store, but readily noticed that his old high school football coach was standing in line to check out. Dominic went up to the coach, who he has always had a special relationship with, and told him what he just about to do. The coach immediately was able to get Dominic assistance to get out of the gang. He was able to attend a different school in a different county, which eventually lead to a college degree.Dominic always wonders what would have happened if he had ventured deeper in the gang style.
Dominic has high,prominent cheekbones.This physical attribute in a criminal would be considered a(n)​

A) ​criminogenic trait.
B) ​psychoanalytic trait.
C) ​antisocial trait.
D) ​sociopath.

Question 67

Compare and contrast two of the following three explanations for criminal behavior:
∙ Biological?∙ Psychological?∙ Sociological​

Question 68

Jeff frequently visits the local bar on his way home from his second shift factory job. He and his coworkers will often have a beer or two before going home for the night. Jeff and his friends are anxious to arrive to the bar on this particular night due to his favorite NFL team playing. He hopes they will arrive to view the fourth quarter of the game. As he enters the bar, he notes a group of noisy, obnoxious rival fans that had one too many drinks. Jeff ask the group to quiet down so he could hear the game. He was immediately approached by the members of the group asking if they wanted to make an issue of the game. Before Jeff could answer, one member of the group throws a punch. Within minutes, a full bar brawl has ensued.  Jeff ends up with a fractured skull, which has resulted in brain damage.
Jeff was the first individual to speak with authority to the group that eventually harmed him.This would be known as​

A) ​victim precipitation.
B) ​revictimization.
C) ​repetitive victimization.
D) ​victimization.

Question 69

Christina is a single mother of two children. She grew up in a home filled with violence. Her mother was frequently high on crack cocaine as she entered her teen years. Christina's dad has not been a part of her life since she was four. She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised in a home like she grew up in. Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter. She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for another woman. Christina feel into a massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol and other illegal drugs. Christina started selling drugs and herself to maintain her habit until she was arrested by an undercover officer. She is currently serving a six year prison sentence.
Christina's depression played a significant part in her criminal lifestyle.Which theory best explains why this is so?​

A) ​Gender explanations
B) ​Life course explanations
C) ​Sociological explanations
D) ​Psychological explanations

Question 70

Christina is a single mother of two children. She grew up in a home filled with violence. Her mother was frequently high on crack cocaine as she entered her teen years. Christina's dad has not been a part of her life since she was four. She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised in a home like she grew up in. Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter. She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for another woman. Christina feel into a massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol and other illegal drugs. Christina started selling drugs and herself to maintain her habit until she was arrested by an undercover officer. She is currently serving a six year prison sentence.
Freda Adler would theorize that Christina committed her crimes because women are seeking​

A) ​equality.
B) ​transition.
C) ​financial gain.
D) ​structure.

Question 71

Christina is a single mother of two children. She grew up in a home filled with violence. Her mother was frequently high on crack cocaine as she entered her teen years. Christina's dad has not been a part of her life since she was four. She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised in a home like she grew up in. Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter. She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for another woman. Christina feel into a massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol and other illegal drugs. Christina started selling drugs and herself to maintain her habit until she was arrested by an undercover officer. She is currently serving a six year prison sentence.
Which major theory of criminality would best explain Christina's criminal behavior based upon her formative years?​

A) ​Psychological
B) ​Social contract
C) ​Social process
D) ​Social structure

Question 72

Dominic is currently a successful high school teacher. When Dominic was 17 years old he was recruited by a gang. He joined the gang in order to establish a sense of belonging. Dominic went through the initiation process when he found out that his last "duty" was to rob a local gas station at gunpoint. Dominic went into the store, but readily noticed that his old high school football coach was standing in line to check out. Dominic went up to the coach, who he has always had a special relationship with, and told him what he just about to do. The coach immediately was able to get Dominic assistance to get out of the gang. He was able to attend a different school in a different county, which eventually lead to a college degree.Dominic always wonders what would have happened if he had ventured deeper in the gang style.
Dominic participated in crime as a teen,but was able to go on and make a successful life for himself.Which theory would Dominic's case best support?​

A) ​Psychological theory
B) ​Life course theory
C) ​Sociological theory
D) ​Gender theory

Question 73

Discuss two of the factors discussed in your text that demonstrate how anyone may be a victim of crime.

Question 74

Dominic is currently a successful high school teacher. When Dominic was 17 years old he was recruited by a gang. He joined the gang in order to establish a sense of belonging. Dominic went through the initiation process when he found out that his last "duty" was to rob a local gas station at gunpoint. Dominic went into the store, but readily noticed that his old high school football coach was standing in line to check out. Dominic went up to the coach, who he has always had a special relationship with, and told him what he just about to do. The coach immediately was able to get Dominic assistance to get out of the gang. He was able to attend a different school in a different county, which eventually lead to a college degree.Dominic always wonders what would have happened if he had ventured deeper in the gang style.
Dominic was encouraged to participate in gang behavior by his "friends."Edwin Sutherland referred to this as​

A) ​anomie.
B) ​strain.
C) ​differential association.
D) ​process.

Question 75

Jeff frequently visits the local bar on his way home from his second shift factory job. He and his coworkers will often have a beer or two before going home for the night. Jeff and his friends are anxious to arrive to the bar on this particular night due to his favorite NFL team playing. He hopes they will arrive to view the fourth quarter of the game. As he enters the bar, he notes a group of noisy, obnoxious rival fans that had one too many drinks. Jeff ask the group to quiet down so he could hear the game. He was immediately approached by the members of the group asking if they wanted to make an issue of the game. Before Jeff could answer, one member of the group throws a punch. Within minutes, a full bar brawl has ensued.  Jeff ends up with a fractured skull, which has resulted in brain damage.
Jeff will most likely file a _____ lawsuit against the offenders who injured him,which will not be difficult to win.

A) ​criminal
B) ​tort
C) ​civil
D) ​motion

Question 76

Jeff frequently visits the local bar on his way home from his second shift factory job. He and his coworkers will often have a beer or two before going home for the night. Jeff and his friends are anxious to arrive to the bar on this particular night due to his favorite NFL team playing. He hopes they will arrive to view the fourth quarter of the game. As he enters the bar, he notes a group of noisy, obnoxious rival fans that had one too many drinks. Jeff ask the group to quiet down so he could hear the game. He was immediately approached by the members of the group asking if they wanted to make an issue of the game. Before Jeff could answer, one member of the group throws a punch. Within minutes, a full bar brawl has ensued.  Jeff ends up with a fractured skull, which has resulted in brain damage.
Jeff will receive assistance from a volunteer agency that helps to navigate the court system.Such a group is often referred to as a(n)_________ assistance program.

A) ​inmate
B) ​legal aid
C) ​offender
D) ​victim

Question 77

According to these theories crime is the result of underlying social conditions such as poverty,inequality,and unemployment.

A) ​Biological
B) ​Psychological
C) ​Social structure
D) ​Social process

Question 78

Jeff frequently visits the local bar on his way home from his second shift factory job. He and his coworkers will often have a beer or two before going home for the night. Jeff and his friends are anxious to arrive to the bar on this particular night due to his favorite NFL team playing. He hopes they will arrive to view the fourth quarter of the game. As he enters the bar, he notes a group of noisy, obnoxious rival fans that had one too many drinks. Jeff ask the group to quiet down so he could hear the game. He was immediately approached by the members of the group asking if they wanted to make an issue of the game. Before Jeff could answer, one member of the group throws a punch. Within minutes, a full bar brawl has ensued.  Jeff ends up with a fractured skull, which has resulted in brain damage.
Because Jeff and his coworkers were attending a bar late at night,they could be considered at a higher risk of criminal activity.This is known as _________ theory.

A) ​lifestyle-exposure
B) ​routine activities
C) ​social control
D) ​learning

Question 79

Explain how income impacts the crime rate.Why do individuals who live in lower socioeconomic conditions have higher rates of crime and are also more likely to become victims of crime?​

Question 80

Discuss two factors from your book addressing why women may constitute such a small percentage of criminal activity in relation to men.