Deck 13: Corrections.

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the organization of corrections in the United States?

A) ​Centralized
B) ​Fragmented
C) ​Unified
D) ​Nationalized

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is true in comparing federal prisoners with state prisoners?

A) ​Federal prisoners are more often violent offenders.
B) ​Federal prisoners are convicted for the same types of crimes as state prisoners.
C) ​Federal prisoners are less likely to be foreigners.
D) ​Federal prisoners are disproportionately comprised of drug offenders.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Where in the United States were the first penitentiaries located?

A) ​New Jersey and Pennsylvania
B) ​New York and New Jersey
C) ​New York and Pennsylvania
D) ​Nevada and Pennsylvania

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following signaled a new round of reform in prisons by focusing on the goal of punishment as the moral regeneration of criminals?

A) ​Cincinnati Declaration of Principles
B) ​Declaration of Independence
C) ​New York Declaration of Prisons
D) ​Pennsylvania Declaration of Penology

Question 5

For which claimed freedom or right have prisoners been least successful in persuading federal courts to provide protection?

A) ​Freedom of speech
B) ​Freedom of religion
C) ​Right against unreasonable search and seizure
D) ​Right against cruel and unusual punishment

Question 6

What type of policy did federal courts generally maintain with respect to rights of prisoners prior to the 1960s?

A) ​"Hands-on"-active intervention for many rights
B) ​"Hands-off"-rarely recognize any rights for prisoners
C) ​Intervention for freedom of speech only
D) ​Intervention to prevent unreasonable searches only

Question 7

Correctional programs are operated by which level of government?

A) ​Federal
B) ​State
C) ​County
D) ​All of the above

Question 8

The primary function of jails is to

A) ​hold persons for less than one year.
B) ​hold persons for more than one year.
C) ​hold persons for more than five years.
D) ​avoid the stigma of prison.

Question 9

Jails are administered locally by

A) ​private citizens who volunteer.
B) ​appointed civil servants.
C) ​elected officials.
D) ​off-duty police officers.

Question 10

Which of the following is true about privately run prisons?

A) ​Private prisons are regarded as more costly.
B) ​Private prisons are regarded as unreliable.
C) ​The profit incentive can interfere with the quality of service.
D) ​Private prisons do not have to comply with the standards of federal agencies.

Question 11

State correctional facilities are classified according to the

A) ​size of the prison population.
B) ​level of security.
C) ​race of the prisoners.
D) ​geographic characteristics of the area.

Question 12

In all states,the administration of prisons is

A) ​part of the executive branch.
B) ​part of the legislative branch.
C) ​part of the judicial branch.
D) ​jointly run by executive and international branches.

Question 13

The organization of corrections in the United States leaves the primary responsibility for administering prisons with the

A) ​states.
B) ​United Nations.
C) ​regional governing associations.
D) ​towns.

Question 14

During the nineteenth century,which of the following was not a principle that guided female prison reform?

A) ​The separation of women prisoners from men
B) ​The provision of care in keeping with the needs of women
C) ​The management of women's prisons by female staff
D) ​Making female prisons decidedly "female institutions"

Question 15

At the federal level,probation officers are appointed by which of the following?

A) ​President
B) ​Congress
C) ​Federal judiciary
D) ​Attorney General

Question 16

The period of history when philosophers and reformers challenged the prison tradition with new ideas about the individual,limits of government,and rationalism was called the

A) ​Enlightenment.
B) ​Renaissance.
C) ​Civil War.
D) ​Reconstruction.

Question 17

What system held prisoners in isolation at night and made them work with fellow prisoners in shops during the day?

A) ​Medical
B) ​Congregate
C) ​Separate confinement
D) ​Crime control

Question 18

Which model makes greater use of incarceration,longer sentences,mandatory sentences,and strict supervision of probationers and parolees?

A) ​Congregate model
B) ​Medical model
C) ​Rehabilitation model
D) ​Crime control model

Question 19

The central idea of the community corrections approach is the __________ restrictive alternative.

A) ​most
B) ​least
C) ​average
D) ​"supermax"

Question 20

A model that was based on the assumption that the goal of corrections should be to reintegrate the offender into the community is referred to as the ________ model.

A) ​congregate
B) ​medical
C) ​rehabilitation
D) ​community corrections

Question 21

Prisons that are managed by corporations are called ____________________ prisons.

Question 22

The Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause has been a source of protection against discrimination applied to prisoners because of their

A) ​race.
B) ​gender.
C) ​religion.
D) ​all of the above.

Question 23

The administration of prisons is part of the ____________________ branch of government.

Question 24

In 1982,President Ronald Reagan's declaration against drugs was referred to as the

A) ​"Attack on Drugs"
B) ​"War on Drugs"
C) ​"Battle against Drugs"
D) ​"Crusade against Drugs"

Question 25

____________________ is the formal government removal of an alien from the United States.

Question 26

The ____________________ was created by Congress in 1930,and currently operates a system of prisons located throughout the nation.

Question 27

Which of the following are subject to deportation if arrested?

A) ​Illegal immigrants
B) ​Sentenced illegal immigrants
C) ​Sentenced legal immigrants
D) ​All of the above

Question 28

An institution intended to punish criminals by isolating them from society is called a(n)____________________.

Question 29

Most inmates in jails are under ____________________ years of age.

Question 30

The gender of the large majority of jail inmates is ____________________.

Question 31

The ____________________ model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by biological influences.

Question 32

Which of the following is true concerning prison rates in Europe compared with rates in the United States?

A) ​Europe and the United States have similar incarceration rates.
B) ​Europe has a higher incarceration rate.
C) ​The United States has a higher incarceration rate.
D) ​Europe and the United States have identical incarceration rates.

Question 33

Prisoners in ___________typically spend up to 23 hours per day in their cells.

A) ​maximum security
B) ​supermaximum security
C) ​minimum security
D) ​boot camps

Question 34

Which of the following factors is not among the plausible explanations presented by Cole and Smith for the growth in the prison population?

A) ​Tougher sentencing
B) ​Prison construction
C) ​The War on Drugs
D) ​Fewer offenders being sentenced to the community

Question 35

The correctional responsibilities of the federal government are divided between the ________________ and the Administrative Office of the United States Courts.

Question 36

Which of the following is true concerning crime rates and the prison population since 1991?

A) ​Crime rates and the prison population are both declining.
B) ​Crime rates and the prison population are both increasing.
C) ​Crime rates and the prison population are both stable.
D) ​Crime rates are decreasing and the prison population is increasing.

Question 37

Under the ____________________ system,inmates' labor was sold to private employers.

Question 38

____________________ are secure facilities in which inmates stay for less than one year.

Question 39

Prisoners' right to due process requires that they

A) ​be allowed to conduct religious services.
B) ​be given food and medical care.
C) ​have access to television and recreation.
D) ​have hearings when charged with serious disciplinary infractions.

Question 40

An institution for young offenders emphasizing training is called a(n)____________________.

Question 41

The Declaration of Principles concerning corrections addressed the issue of female prisoners.

Question 42

Under the ____________________ system,inmates benefited from continued recordings of good behavior,which increased their grade toward release.

Question 43

All states run their prisons in an identical manner.

Question 44

Prior to the nineteenth century,female prisoners were treated no differently than male prisoners.

Question 45

A basic principle of the Pennsylvania System was an emphasis upon the social interaction among prisoners.

Question 46

Correctional goals and methods are never influenced by social and political values.

Question 47

The federal government provides all of the funding for American prisons.

Question 48

President Reagan's crusade against illegal narcotics was called the ____________________.

Question 49

The rehabilitation model of corrections involved recommendations regarding behavior changes from social scientists.

Question 50

Prior to 1800,Americans copied Europeans by using physical punishment such as flogging.

Question 51

The Quakers of Pennsylvania were instrumental in prison reform.

Question 52

Private prisons are a billion-dollar industry.

Question 53

The U.S.Supreme Court has determined that cruel and unusual punishment must be based on the ____________________ in the institution.

Question 54

Almost one-half of the incarcerated population is comprised of women.

Question 55

Private prisons are less flexible than state prisons.

Question 56

There is no "real difference" between jails and prisons.

Question 57

Throughout the history of the United States,ideas about punishment have remained roughly the same.

Question 58

Under the New York System,prisoners produced goods for sale to cover operating costs.

Question 59

Private prisons are believed to have lower operating costs than state prisons.

Question 60

Twenty percent of incarcerated persons are men.

Question 61

Previously,prisons used inmates to help keep other inmates "in line." Inmates were sometimes selected to assist guards with security prior to the Ruiz v.Estelle decision.Why do you think prisons discontinued using inmates to provide security?

Question 62

Jails house persons awaiting trial,or who have been sentenced to less than one year of incarceration.

Question 63

Throughout most of the twentieth century,the number of persons incarcerated either declined or remained stable.

Question 64

Under the ______ system,inmates were leased to contractors who provided the prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for their labor.

A) ​lease
B) ​contract labor
C) ​congregate
D) ​confinement

Question 65

Jails are typically populated with poorly educated and low-income people.

Question 66

The __________ is responsible for the punishment of federal offenders.

A) ​Federal Bureau of Incarceration
B) ​Federal Bureau of Prisons
C) ​Federal Bureau of Preventative Crime
D) ​Federal Bureau of Crime Displacement

Question 67

The War on Drugs has drastically reduced drug use.

Question 68

What were the main criticisms of the separate confinement and congregate systems? Why did the United States move away from these methods of incarceration?

Question 69

One explanation for the increase in the incarceration rate in the 1990s was the increase in the number of arrests.

Question 70

What challenges do female prisoners face during incarceration? How do these differ from those faced by male prisoners?

Question 71

A _______ is an institution intended to punish criminals by isolating them from society and from one another so they can reflect on their past misdeeds,repent,and reform.

A) ​jail
B) ​penitentiary
C) ​reformatory
D) ​dormitory

Question 72

The states in the northeast part of the United States have shown the largest increase in prison populations.

Question 73

Discuss two landmark cases in which constitutional rights were extended to prisoners? Do you think that prisoners have too many rights (after all,once incarcerated,you lose many rights along with your freedom)?

Question 74

Jails are operated locally by elected officials.

Question 75

How has the use of technology affected prisoners? How has it challenged guards?

Question 76

Jails are predominately filled with women.

Question 77

How does the use of segregation affect prisoners,especially during their initial confinements?

Question 78

Which of the following is not a principle of the separate confinement system?

A) ​Prisoners would not be treated vengefully but should be convinced that?through hard and selective forms of suffering they could change their lives.
B) ​Solitary confinement would prevent further corruption inside prison.
C) ​Solitary confinement is expensive.
D) ​In isolation, offenders would reflect on their transgressions and repent.

Question 79

Which model of corrections do you think would be most successful in reducing criminal behavior following incarceration?

Question 80

Discuss the pros and cons of prison privatization.