Deck 14: The Troubled Mind: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Who would be exhibiting normal behavior under the statistical definition of abnormality? ​

A)a U.S. president (one of 43 men in history)
B)a Nepalese speaker (approximately 30 million out of over 7 billion people on earth)
C)a person with an IQ above 115 (almost 16% of the population)
D)a resident of the United States with a motor vehicle (for every 1,000 residents, there are approximately 800 motor vehicles)

Answer 1

a resident of the United States with a motor vehicle (for every 1,000 residents, there are approximately 800 motor vehicles)

Question 2

Most children with autism spectrum disorder have a level of auditory filtering that is ____ a group of typical, healthy children. ​

A)the same as
B)mildly different than
C)very different than
D)substantially different than

Answer 2

very different than

Question 3

In order to understand the reciprocal relationships between factors that lead to psychological disorders, which is the most helpful perspective?

A)evolutionary
B)integrated
C)developmental
D)biological

Answer 3

integrated

Question 4

Under an integrated approach to psychological disorders, each perspective ____. ​

A)will have more to say about some disorders than about others
B)contributes equally to understanding each disorder
C)narrows down numerous factors in order to determine a primary causal factor
D)must be viewed as independent entities to reach a balanced conclusion

Question 5

Ethan, a 5-year-old with autism spectrum disorder, often rocks back and forth repetitively. He also gets upset if he cannot follow each step of his familiar routines. A possible source of repetitive or ritualistic behavior is ____. ​

A)a failure to develop a normal theory of mind
B)a general dysfunction in sensory networks
C)slow development of language skills
D)a low level of energy

Question 6

A disorder characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills, and often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior, is called ____.

A)somatic symptom disorder
B)attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
C)autism spectrum disorder
D)antisocial personality disorder

Question 7

The pediatrician tells Danny's mother that his attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is due to underactivity of specific neurotransmitters in his brain. Which approach to psychological disorders does this exemplify? ​

A)psychological
B)historical
C)biological
D)supernatural

Question 8

A drawback to the purely statistical approach to abnormality is that it might result in very different definitions of psychological disorder ____.

A)from one person to the next
B)from one disorder to the next
C)from one day to the next
D)from one culture to the next

Question 9

Kevin is a graduate student in psychology and is fascinated by the topic of psychological disorders. He wants to study why they occur and how he, as a future therapist, can help restore healthy psychological functioning in those who suffer from such conditions. Kevin should probably focus on ________  psychology.

A)psychiatric
B)abnormal
C)developmental
D)forensic

Question 10

Ryan is 4 years old. He does not like to make eye contact, does not engage in reciprocal games with his parents or other children, and does not express awareness of others' points of view. His deficits, which have been diagnosed as autism spectrum disorder, may be due to ____. ​

A)a lack of auditory filtering
B)slow development of language skills
C)visual and auditory sensitivity
D)a failure to develop a normal theory of mind

Question 11

What is the current edition of the DSM ? ​

A)DSM-II
B)DSM-III
C)DSM-IV-TR
D)DSM-5

Question 12

Courtney is desperately sad, has trouble concentrating, and has lost some of her appetite. She has started to skip most of her classes and can't maintain eye contact with others for long. She calls her college's mental health help line and says, "I'm so worried about my grades that my stomach hurts. I don't know what to do." Based on the text's continuum from normal behavior to severely disordered behavior, Courtney's status would be considered ____. ​

A)normal
B)moderately disordered
C)psychological disorder, less severe
D)psychological disorder, more severe

Question 13

What is the system for classification of psychological disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association? ​

A)International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
B)Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders
C)American Guide for Psychiatric Diagnosis
D)Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Question 14

Dr. Moran believes that depression is purely the result of chemical imbalances of the brain and that a simple prescription should address each of his patient's needs. This single-perspective thinking usually leads to ____. ​

A)more effective treatments
B)a more accurate understanding of causal factors
C)better outcomes
D)single-perspective treatments

Question 15

Jacob is 9 years old. He dislikes and often avoids doing things that require sustained mental effort, such as his schoolwork and homework. According to the DSM , ____.

A)he has met one criterion for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
B)he may be showing signs of early-onset schizophrenia
C)he is demonstrating a symptom of generalized anxiety disorder
D)he has met one criterion for autism

Question 16

Which of the following is an accurate statement?

A)Rates of psychological disorders in young adults are lower than in the general population and appear to be increasing.
B)College students have about the same rates of psychological disorders as their same-age peers who are not attending college.
C)College students have far fewer psychological disorders than their same-age peers who are not attending college.
D)Rates of psychological disorders in young adults are higher than in the general population but appear to be decreasing.

Question 17

The presence of two or more disorders in the same individual would be called ____ disorders.

A)bimodal
B)bipathological
C)comorbid
D)cofunctional

Question 18

Psychologists find that agreeing on the differences between typical and abnormal behaviors is surprisingly difficult. However, deciding that an individual's behaviors and mental processes are abnormal is essential because ____.

A)it provides a benchmark for statistical analysis of these behaviors
B)it is the first step toward labeling that person with a psychological disorder and providing treatment
C)it establishes a cross-cultural consensus of what constitutes a disorder
D)it protects society from possible psychopathological behavior

Question 19

The text defines abnormal behavior as behavior that is unusual, distressing, and ____.

A)harmful to self or others
B)culturally insensitive
C)a deviation from the norm
D)illegal

Question 20

Which of the following is one of the proposed reasons for the rapid increase in autism rates over the last two decades?

A)There is increased awareness of the disorder among parents and health care providers.
B)There is declining availability of services for children with autism spectrum disorder.
C)Diagnostic criteria are more rigorously applied.
D)An unknown environmental trigger has been found.

Question 21

Family and twin studies examining the rates of autism spectrum disorder have provided compelling evidence for a genetic influence in the development of the condition. In fact, the concordance rate of autism spectrum disorder was ______ in identical twins (Ronald & Hoekstra, 2011). ​

A)24% to 28%, or maybe slightly less
B)varying between 40% and 49%
C)steady, at 50% to 55%
D)76% to 88%, and possibly more

Question 22

A delusion is a(n)____. ​

A)false perception
B)belief in the supernatural
C)instinctual reaction
D)false, illogical belief

Question 23

Which of the following statements is true regarding attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? ​

A)The highest prevalence rates are in the Southwest.
B)Regional discrepancies might represent the DSM 's varying diagnostic criteria for different parts of the country.
C)Regional discrepancies might be associated with low socioeconomic status, which is considered a risk factor.
D)The highest prevalence rates are in the Northeast.

Question 24

Schizophrenia is a disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought and speech, disorders of movement, avolition/asociality, and ____.

A)restricted affect
B)excessive emotionality and tears
C)weight fluctuation
D)hypersexuality

Question 25

Mira has hallucinations and delusions. Which of the following is a hallucination, as opposed to a delusion? ​

A)Mira believes that her neighbors are watching her through the television.
B)Mira hears critical voices commenting on her every action.
C)Mira knows that Brad Pitt, the actor, is in love with her.
D)Mira feels that the CIA is trying to kill her.

Question 26

Which of the following is true regarding the role of genes in schizophrenia? ​

A)A single gene has been identified for schizophrenia that is present in most families that experience more than one case of the disorder.
B)There is little support for a genetic basis for schizophrenia.
C)Based on adoption studies, socioeconomic status is more determinative of schizophrenia than genetic factors.
D)A large number of different genes have been implicated in the development of schizophrenia and appear to overlap with those involved with bipolar disorder.

Question 27

One unfortunate result of the scientifically unsupported contention that vaccinations play a major role in the development of autism spectrum disorder is that in the first half of 2008, rates of ______ cases in the United States doubled as compared to the rates observed between 2000 and 2007. ​

A)mumps
B)measles
C)rubella
D)shingles

Question 28

The weight of scientific evidence (Schechter & Grether, 2008)indicates that thimerosal, a mercury-containing preservative that has been used in vaccines, ____. ​

A)has been found to cause autism spectrum disorder
B)may contribute to the development of autism spectrum disorder
C)plays no part in the development of autism spectrum disorder
D)caused autism spectrum disorder when used in the routine measles/mumps/rubella vaccination

Question 29

Lielle is 5 years old and cannot sit still. She is almost always active and noisy and has difficulty maintaining sustained attention and following instructions in her kindergarten class. What condition might she have? ​

A)autism spectrum disorder
B)somatic symptom disorder
C)generalized anxiety disorder
D)attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Question 30

When compared to normal non-autistic controls, those with autism spectrum disorder have been found to have smaller minicolumns in the cerebral cortex. Related to information processing, smaller minicolumns ____. ​

A)apply a response to similar stimuli
B)favor the process of discrimination
C)favor the process of generalization
D)assist in language acquisition

Question 31

One reliable correlate of schizophrenia is the presence of enlarged ventricles, which indicates that schizophrenia is associated with ____. ​

A)frontal lobe activity
B)neural degeneration
C)synapses that rely on glutamate
D)excessive dopamine activity

Question 32

In the development of autism spectrum disorder, environmental factors are likely to interact with genetics, especially ____. ​

A)during sensitive periods of brain development
B)when the mother consumes alcohol during pregnancy
C)for parents who are known carriers of genetic disorders
D)at the time of conception

Question 33

Which of the following is a potential cause of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? ​

A)sugar
B)food additives
C)poor parenting
D)thimerosal

Question 34

The parts of the brain implicated in ADHD, such as the prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia, feature large amounts of ____ activity. Many of the medications used to treat ADHD work by boosting the activity of this chemical. ​

A)benzodiazepine
B)serotonin
C)dopamine
D)orexin

Question 35

A brain imaging study showed that, in healthy children, peak cortical thickness occurred around the age of 7.5 years, and in children with ADHD, on average around 10.5 years. This finding implies that children with ADHD ____. ​

A)can be expected to lag behind their same-age peers in some tasks but will eventually experience improvement
B)will never be as intelligent as their same-age peers
C)can be expected to go through puberty approximately 3 years behind their same-age peers
D)will never catch up with their same-age peers

Question 36

John says to his mother, "I will rake the leaves this afternoon. Let's leave soon for the store. We can store the leaves in the basement." This is an example of ____. ​

A)avolition
B)catatonia
C)loosening of associations
D)delusions of grandeur

Question 37

The lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia for a person in the general population is about 1%. For an identical twin of someone with schizophrenia, it is about ____. ​

A)​15%
B)​18%
C)​27%
D)​50%

Question 38

Jane sometimes sits for hours with her arm bent behind her head and one leg crossed under her. Her mother tries to reposition her but she resists. This is an example of ____.

A)restricted affect
B)avolition
C)catatonia
D)asociality

Question 39

Recent research attention on the causes of autism focuses on the expression of genes during brain development, with specific attention to ____.

A)a single gene
B)gene expression in the parietal lobe
C)those affected by vaccines
D)a very large number of genes

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true regarding attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? ​

A)Fewer than 40% of surveyed pediatricians reported using the DSM criteria to evaluate cases of ADHD.
B)Almost 90% of the children in a very large sample who were receiving medication for ADHD met the carefully constructed criteria spelled out in the DSM .
C)The DSM provides precise criteria to distinguish between normal and abnormal inattentiveness and hyperactivity.
D)The combination of inattentiveness and hyperactivity in children is, by definition, ADHD.

Question 41

Which of the following is true regarding the role of dopamine in schizophrenia? ​

A)Medications that block dopamine activity can produce schizophrenia-like hallucinations and delusions.
B)An overactive dopamine system may be the major biochemical culprit in many cases of schizophrenia.
C)Phencyclidine (PCP, or angel dust)can reduce schizophrenia-like symptoms by acting on synapses that use dopamine as their neurotransmitter.
D)The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia accounts for 90% to 95% of the symptoms that people with schizophrenia experience.

Question 42

What is the ratio of women to men affected by bipolar disorder? ​

A)​1 to 3
B)​1 to 2
C)​3 to 2
D)​2 to 1

Question 43

Which of the following is true regarding the prevalence of major depressive disorder? ​

A)As many as 50% of women may experience depression during their lifetimes.
B)Men may make their depressed mood more apparent by drinking alcohol.
C)People over 60 are about one third as likely as people between 18 and 29 to be diagnosed with depression.
D)Men are diagnosed with depression more frequently than women in non-Western cultures.

Question 44

Lisa, who is 8 years old, has many of the symptoms of bipolar disorder. Which of the following would be the most appropriate diagnosis for Lisa according to DSM-5 ? ​

A)bipolar I disorder
B)bipolar II disorder
C)disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
D)mixed psychoaffective disorder

Question 45

The symptoms of depression that occur in a person diagnosed with bipolar disorder are ____.

A)the same as the symptoms in major depressive disorder
B)distinct from the symptoms in unipolar disorder
C)the same as the symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder
D)distinct from the symptoms in major depressive disorder

Question 46

Of the following, who is demonstrating mania? ​

A)Ron, who screams at his girlfriend for talking too much with another man
B)Alicia, who is euphoric over her approaching wedding day
C)John, who feels so cheerful that he talks extensively and rapidly with strangers on the subway and on the street
D)Shelley, who becomes aggressive after drinking several margaritas

Question 47

Tony is 16. His oldest brother is in his twenties and is showing signs that the doctors now believe are related to schizophrenia. Tony and his friends enjoy relaxing by listening to music and smoking marijuana. How might this affect Tony's risk of developing schizophrenia? ​

A)It will double his risk.
B)It will not have an effect.
C)It will increase the risk by 25%
D)It will depend on whether he continues to smoke in his twenties and thirties.

Question 48

Concordance rates among identical twins for bipolar disorder are commonly reported to be ____.

A)as low as 25%
B)30% to 40%
C)60% to 70%
D)as high as 70%

Question 49

What is the ratio of the incidence of schizophrenia in members of lower socioeconomic groups compared to higher socioeconomic groups?

A)about 5 to 1
B)slightly under 3 to 1
C)more than 1 to 2
D)right around 1 to 5

Question 50

What is bipolar disorder? ​

A)a disorder characterized by impairments in identity, in personality traits, and in the establishment of empathy or intimacy
B)a mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression
C)a disorder characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion
D)a disorder characterized by disruptions in a person's identity, memory, or consciousness

Question 51

Who of the following falls within the group most likely to have the lowest rate of bipolar disorder? ​

A)Adrien, from Germany, who eats lots of boiled vegetables such as cabbage
B)Daniel, from Korea, whose family has always eaten a lot of fish
C)Jeff, a Canadian, who has been taking omega-3 supplements for over 2 years
D)Roberto, from Italy, who enjoys tomatoes in any form

Question 52

In the general population of the United States, women make up about two thirds of all cases of major depressive disorder. In contrast, rates of depression among the Amish are equal for men and women. How does the text interpret this result? ​

A)Gender differences in depression are biological.
B)Amish men do not drink alcohol and therefore are less depressed.
C)Amish women do not work outside the home and therefore are less depressed.
D)Gender differences in depression are more likely due to situational factors.

Question 53

A major depressive disorder is defined as a disorder characterized by lengthy periods of depressed mood, loss of pleasure in normal activities, disturbances in sleep and appetite, difficulty concentrating, feelings of hopelessness, and ____. ​

A)episodes of learned helplessness
B)hedonistic thoughts
C)persistent rumination
D)possible thoughts of suicide

Question 54

Women experience depression more frequently than men do. This discrepancy between rates of depression in men and women has been observed to ____. ​

A)be independent of race, ethnicity, social class, and country of residence
B)be dependent on race, ethnicity, social class, and country of residence
C)vary by race, ethnicity, social class, and country of residence
D)be causally related to race, ethnicity, social class, and country of residence

Question 55

Mania, unlike many other disorders, actually ____.

A)increases the ability to listen quietly to another
B)reduces a sense of self-importance
C)reduces risk-taking behavior
D)increases productive, goal-directed behavior

Question 56

Javier adores his new girlfriend, whom he finds very attractive and intelligent. However, no matter what he does, she criticizes him: his appearance, his opinions, his cooking, the gifts he buys for her, and all of his other actions. He is feeling more and more discouraged despite his best efforts to make her happy. This is likely a case of ____. ​

A)generalized anxiety disorder
B)rumination
C)major depressive disorder
D)learned helplessness

Question 57

African immigrants living in London neighborhoods were more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia if they lived in a predominantly White neighborhood than if they lived in a primarily non-White neighborhood (Boydell et al., 2001). According to the text, what do these findings suggest?

A)Persons susceptible to schizophrenia experienced downward drift to these neighborhoods.
B)Certain ethnicities are more biologically vulnerable to schizophrenia than others.
C)The stress of social isolation due to minority status might contribute to the risk of schizophrenia.
D)Persons may self-select neighborhoods in order to live among those similar to themselves.

Question 58

Most patients with schizophrenia demonstrate a lower level of frontal lobe activity than healthy control participants. Why would this difference be significant? ​

A)The frontal lobes are important to higher cognitive processes and attention.
B)The frontal lobes manage motor skills and speech.
C)The frontal lobes are important to stress reaction and the formation of memories.
D)The frontal lobes manage vision and hearing.

Question 59

Teens typically experience a burst of cortical gray matter growth at puberty followed by a wave of gray matter loss extending into their early twenties. Teens diagnosed with schizophrenia experience ____. ​

A)no loss of gray matter
B)loss of abnormally low levels of gray matter
C)loss of gray matter that spreads in waves into their early twenties
D)loss of gray matter that progresses like a drip through midlife

Question 60

Who of the following is among a group that seems to have a disproportionate risk for bipolar disorder?

A)Paul Pierce, a basketball player
B)Mitt Romney, a politician
C)Mark Zuckerberg, a computer programmer/entrepreneur
D)Angelina Jolie, an actress

Question 61

Of the following, who is most likely to have anxiety, as opposed to fear? ​

A)Dave, who sweats profusely when he watches a horror movie
B)Sam, who clutches the door handle when his girlfriend drives very fast
C)Emily, who is so worried about her psychology final that she is unable to study
D)Randi, who sees a snake in the garden and screams

Question 62

Professor Hall is giving a surprise test in economics class. All other things being equal, which of the following students is likely to make the most errors on the exam? ​

A)Sandra, who has been in a depressed mood but keeps picturing the rainbow she saw just before class
B)Carl, who is picturing the cheeseburger he is going to have for lunch
C)Lorena, who is depressed that her boyfriend broke up with her and cannot stop thinking about how awful she feels
D)Peter, who is confused about his attraction to Sara and is thinking about next steps

Question 63

According to the diathesis-stress model, a psychological disorder such as depression might be caused by stress interacting with which of the following? ​

A)events over the life course
B)a reduction in positive reinforcement or an increase in negative outcomes
C)an individual's biological predisposition
D)negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future

Question 64

An anxiety disorder features anxiety that ____. ​

A)is due entirely to genetic factors
B)affects roughly 65% of the population
C)temporarily increases one's level of performance
D)is not proportional to a person's circumstances

Question 65

Four students in sociology class received a D on their final project and are required to rewrite and resubmit it. In their responses to this situation, who exemplifies the attribution style that is most prone to depression? ​

A)Gina, who feels that she never does well on written assignments and that she's just not good at sociology
B)Colin, who thinks this assignment was silly and that overall his grade point average will be fine
C)Beth, who realizes that the flu really hampered her thinking on this project and that she can do better on the rewrite
D)Bill, who realizes that he did not put enough time into the project and that he needs to allocate his time better during finals week

Question 66

Generalized anxiety disorder is a condition characterized by excessive anxiety and worry that ____.

A)includes panic attacks and phobias
B)disrupts daily life
C)affects most of the general population
D)is not correlated with particular objects or situations

Question 67

Among college students, suicide is the ____. ​

A)leading cause of death
B)second leading cause of death
C)fourth leading cause of death
D)seventh leading cause of death

Question 68

Which of the following is true of anxiety? ​

A)People appear to have genetic vulnerabilities to specific types of anxiety disorders.
B)Evidence of a predisposition to anxiety appears early in life.
C)Children first show anxiety to novel situations around the time they start to crawl.
D)Highly reactive infants are usually calm by the time they are 4 or 5 years old.

Question 69

Which of the following biological factors may be implicated in depression? ​

A)smaller hippocampal volume
B)increased right prefrontal cortex activity
C)a surplus of serotonin availability at the synapses
D)lower levels of natural benzodiazepine activity

Question 70

Which of the following scenarios is most suggestive of someone who might intend to commit suicide? ​

A)Jesse purchases bungee cords and sheets of plastic, saying that they are for her car trip home at the end of the school year.
B)Nat purchases a significant amount of alcohol, using a fake ID, to share with his friends.
C)Melanie cleans her dorm room from top to bottom when final exams are over.
D)Ethan gives his roommate his hardcover collection of Harry Potter books, saying, "I want you to have these."

Question 71

A research study (Gollan et al., 2010)found that the recognition of facial expressions by people with depression followed which of the following patterns? ​

A)Participants with depression were more likely than control participants to misidentify happy or surprised facial expressions.
B)Participants with depression were more sensitive to sad faces than control participants, especially at lower intensities.
C)Participants with depression were less likely than control participants to misidentify harsh facial expressions, such as fear or anger.
D)The severity of the participants' depression was negatively correlated with their accuracy in recognizing sad faces.

Question 72

The experience of intense fear and autonomic arousal in the absence of real threat is called a(n)____. ​

A)panic attack
B)anxiety attack
C)phobia
D)panic disorder

Question 73

Roy is a competitive snowboarder with a dream of being on the Olympic team someday. After a series of poor finishes and falls during competitions, he tells his parents that he was never very good, he will never make the Olympic team, and snowboarding is a stupid sport anyway. Inside he begins to think that he will never be happy doing anything but snowboarding, and that he must be a huge failure. His parents worry that he is becoming depressed. This is a ____. ​

A)biological explanation of depression
B)cognitive theory of depression
C)social explanation of depression
D)learning theory of depression

Question 74

A biological bridge between the experience of stress, circadian rhythms, and the development of depression is formed by hormones released at times of stress, including ____. ​

A)cortisol
B)serotonin
C)orexins
D)benzodiazepines

Question 75

As a child, Kim was always highly reactive to new situations. In addition, her mother was a worrywart, so Kim learned to view the world as a place requiring vigilance. When her father died, Kim's doctor attributed her stress levels to general anxiety disorder (GAD). The source of her GAD is best described by using a(n)____. ​

A)social explanation
B)cognitive explanation
C)integrated perspective
D)biological explanation

Question 76

Social and evolutionary theories of depression and loneliness suggest that these states might promote an individual's survival by ____. ​

A)increasing serotonin levels
B)avoiding infectious diseases
C)strengthening his or her independence
D)promoting better relationships with others

Question 77

Which brain structures are thought to be involved in generalized anxiety disorder? ​

A)the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
B)the amygdala and prefrontal cortex
C)the cerebellum and hypothalamus
D)the amygdala and pons

Question 78

Mia's doctor tells her that her depression and sleep problems are related. How would the doctor most likely explain this? Mia's doctor tells her that her depression and sleep problems are related. How would the doctor most likely explain this? ​

A)Mia has too little dopamine activity at the synapse.
B)Mia is spending too little time in rapid eye movement (REM)sleep.
C)Mia is spending too much time in rapid eye movement (REM)sleep.
D)Mia has too much dopamine activity at the synapse.

Question 79

Approximately ____% of those who attempt suicide show some prior evidence of their intent to do so.

A)25​
B)​33
C)​50
D)​75

Question 80

Which of the following is a cognitive explanation for Jim's generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)? ​

A)Jim feels that worrying prevents bad things from happening.
B)Jim's father and other family members experienced GAD.
C)Jim likes how alcoholic drinks soothe his feelings of anxiety.
D)Jim's wife recently moved out of their home after 15 years of marriage.