Deck 14: Making Ethical Choices

Question 1

Donald Trump's decision to fire missiles at a Syrian airbase were considered by some to be humanitarian, and, therefore, justified by:

A)just law.
B)human-made law.
C)positivist law.
D)natural law.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Bagram prison is in:

A)Iraq.
B)Afghanistan.
C)Iran.
D)Cuba.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A theme in this book is the contradiction between formal codes of ethics and __________.

A)individuals
B)unethical people
C)subcultures
D)criminal impulses

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The concept of a "torture warrant" is most closely associated with the work of:

A)Jethro Eisenstein.
B)George McCready.
C)Alan Dershowitz.
D)Hugo Grotius.

Question 5

Waterboarding ________

A)simulates drowning.
B)is also known as "stress-positioning."
C)is no longer controversial in the United States.
D)is frequently used in Great Britain.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about Abu Ghraib is false?

A)Soldiers guarding prisoners were not given clear directions from commanding officers regarding the treatment of prisoners.
B)The newest version of the Army Field Manual specifically prohibits waterboarding.
C)Soldiers tasked with running Abu Ghraib had not been trained in the Geneva Conventions.
D)Soldiers responsible for the abuses successfully used the "superior orders" defense to escape prosecution.

Question 7

________________ is the ethical justification for all the counter-terrorism measures discussed in the text.

A)Retribution
B)Utilitarianism
C)Distributive justice
D)Libertarianism

Question 8

The deliberate, negligent, or reckless use of force against noncombatants, by state or non-state actors for ideological ends and in the absence of a substantively just legal process is called:

A)war.
B)civil unrest.
C)terrorism.
D)self-defense.

Question 9

In the case of _______________ , the U.S. Supreme Court held that detainees in Guantanamo could challenge their detention in U.S. federal courts, a petition known as habeas corpus.

A)Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
B)Rasul v. Bush
C)Clark v. Martinez
D)Hamdan v. Rumsfeld

Question 10

The "just war" arguments are primarily based on:

A)ethical formalism.
B)natural law.
C)ethics of virtue.
D)ethics of necessity.

Question 11

The concept that allows for an unintended bad consequence as long as the means and end are good is called the:

A)principle of double effect.
B)ends-means theory.
C)positive effect principle.
D)intention-result corollary.

Question 12

According to the text, which of the following is not true about information obtained through torture?

A)Information obtained via torture is not admissible in criminal proceedings.
B)Torture victims are likely to offer additional information in an attempt to win favor from their interrogators.
C)Department of Justice lawyers provided Guantanamo interrogators with a legal opinion allowing them to use "enhanced interrogation."
D)Torture victims are more likely to lie in order to stop the torture.

Question 13

In the case of Clark v. Martinez , the U.S. Supreme Court held that the government may not indefinitely detain ____________without some due process.

A)illegal immigrants
B)terrorists
C)children
D)refugees

Question 14

"National security letters" are letters issued by the ____________ to access private information without a warrant.

A)CIA
B)FBI
C)NCIS
D)NSA

Question 15

In the case of ________________ , the U.S. Supreme Court held that the military commissions were outside the President's power to create and were, therefore, invalid.

A)Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
B)Rasul v. Bush
C)Clark v. Martinez
D)Hamdan v. Rumsfeld

Question 16

The "doctrine of necessity" argues that

A)there must be secrecy concerning interrogation tactics so they can be more effective.
B)war, while regrettable, is sometimes necessary.
C)police power must arise from the consent of the people.
D)all accused offenders must be given legal representation.

Question 17

The case that dealt with a U.S. citizen held without due process protections as an enemy combatant was:

A)Clark v. Martinez .
B)Hamdi v. Rumsfeld .
C)Hamdan v. Rumsfeld .
D)Moussaki v. Bush .

Question 18

Which of the following statements about the Patriot Act is false?

A)When first enacted, the Patriot Act required all individuals on visas report to immigration offices.
B)When first enacted, the Patriot Act included provisions that allowed federal agents to "sneak and peek."
C)When first enacted, the Patriot Act included provisions that allowed federal agents to utilize national security letters to circumvent warrant requirements.
D)The Patriot Act has remained unchanged since it was first passed.

Question 19

Where do most terrorist attacks occur in the world?

A)Europe
B)The United States
C)South America
D)Africa

Question 20

Renditions are:

A)interrogations.
B)court hearings.
C)kidnappings.
D)treaty agreements.

Question 21

You are the police chief in a large American city. Prior to 9/11, your city's crime rates had been declining steadily, due in part to a commitment to community-oriented policing. In order to gather intelligence, you consider utilizing so-called mosque crawlers, which are:

A)remote-controlled surveillance devices.
B)computer programs that automatically search websites for certain keywords.
C)agents who infiltrate mosques and Muslim neighborhoods to gather intelligence.
D)pamphlets distributed in Muslim neighborhoods offering rewards for tips.

Question 22

In 2003, President Bush determined that it was vital to the national security of the United States to invade Iraq and force the removal of Saddam Hussein's government. In addition to the brutality Hussein inflicted on his people, including the use of chemical weapons, the Bush Administration believed Hussein was in possession of weapons of mass destruction. Colin Powell appeared before the United Nations to show aerial photographs that were interpreted as proof that Iraq was pursuing a nuclear weapon. Hussein's refusal to cooperate with international inspectors lent credence to this belief. Further, the President accused Hussein of cooperating with al-Qaeda. The pursuit of Saddam Hussein caused many civilian casualties among the Iraqi people. The civilian casualties were not intended; in fact, great care was taken to keep the civilian casualties to a minimum. According to the ________________, then, the act of toppling Hussein was considered a good act.

A)categorical imperative
B)Dirty Harry dilemma
C)natural law
D)principle of double effect

Question 23

You are a colonel in the U.S. Army, responsible for running an Afghanistan prison that houses captured Taliban and al-Qaeda soldiers. If you approve the use of interrogation techniques that America has found objectionable when used against U.S. soldiers, your decision fails the ________________ test.

A)universalism
B)double-effect
C)natural law
D)positivist law

Question 24

Edward Snowden worked for the:

A)FBI
B)CIA
C)NSA
D)KGB

Question 25

The rights-based approach would be consistent with recognizing human rights, and the crime control approach would be consistent with:

A)utilitarianism.
B)widespread government surveillance.
C)reduction of civil liberties.
D)all of these are correct.

Question 26

In 2003, President Bush determined that it was vital to the national security of the United States to invade Iraq and force the removal of Saddam Hussein's government. In addition to the brutality Hussein inflicted on his people, including the use of chemical weapons, the Bush Administration believed Hussein was in possession of weapons of mass destruction. Colin Powell appeared before the United Nations to show aerial photographs that were interpreted as proof that Iraq was pursuing a nuclear weapon. Hussein's refusal to cooperate with international inspectors lent credence to this belief. Further, the President accused Hussein of cooperating with al-Qaeda. Prior to beginning the invasion, the Bush Administration presented justification to the United Nations, and also attempted to resolve the nuclear weapon issue by working with the International Atomic Energy Agency. The United Nations issued numerous sanctions against Iraq. Seeking approval and cooperation from these international bodies before beginning the invasion is consistent with:

A)positivist law.
B)natural law.
C)the principle of double effect.
D)the "front page" test.

Question 27

You are the police chief in a large American city. Prior to 9/11, your city's crime rates had been declining steadily, due in part to a commitment to community-oriented policing. All of the following changes likely took place in your city and department in the years following 9/11 except:

A)a reduction of civil liberties.
B)a merging of immigration control and traditional law enforcement.
C)federal funding for community-policing projects doubled or tripled.
D)patrol officers received training regarding the prevention of and response to terrorist incidents.

Question 28

Which of the following statements about human rights-based policing is false?

A)Human rights-based policing standards are monitored by the United Nations.
B)Proponents of human rights-based policing fear police oppression of the powerless.
C)Human rights-based policing recognizes that some acts are never justified.
D)Human rights-based policing is not utilitarian.

Question 29

The Protect America Act was passed in 2007, allowing the government:

A)to interrogate, without counsel present, anyone suspected of being linked to a terrorist group.
B)to wiretap, without a warrant, anyone suspected of being linked to a terrorist group.
C)to detain indefinitely anyone suspected of being linked to a terrorist group.
D)to arrest anyone suspected of being linked to a terrorist group.

Question 30

You are a colonel in the U.S. Army, responsible for running an Afghanistan prison that houses captured Taliban and al-Qaeda soldiers. A newly captured soldier is found to be in possession of documents that indicate an imminent operation targeting American soldiers. Traditional interrogation of the soldier has not yielded any results, and you are concerned that lives will be lost if the captive soldier cannot be made to reveal what he knows about the imminent attack. Believing that time is running out, you consider authorizing the use of brutality in order to hopefully extract the information before lives are lost. Your dilemma is known as:

A)the principle of double effect.
B)the Dirty Harry problem.
C)"just means."
D)the Jack Bauer solution.

Question 31

Who conducted the investigation of Abu Ghraib?

A)Antonia Taguba
B)Edward Snowden
C)Alberto Mora
D)John McCain

Question 32

The values and ethics associated with the ________________ approach focus on human rights and the fundamental duty of all public servants to protect those rights.

A)crime control
B)rights-based
C)due process model
D)public control

Question 33

In 2003, President Bush determined that it was vital to the national security of the United States to invade Iraq and force the removal of Saddam Hussein's government. In addition to the brutality Hussein inflicted on his people, including the use of chemical weapons, the Bush Administration believed Hussein was in possession of weapons of mass destruction. Colin Powell appeared before the United Nations to show aerial photographs that were interpreted as proof that Iraq was pursuing a nuclear weapon. Hussein's refusal to cooperate with international inspectors lent credence to this belief. Further, the President accused Hussein of cooperating with al-Qaeda. According to "just war" theorists, the belief that a nation is justified in going to war when they have suffered unjust injuries (such as 9/11)and to protect the state (such as against a nuclear weapon)is rooted in:

A)positivist law.
B)natural law.
C)the principle of double effect.
D)the "front page" test.

Question 34

A basic premise of rights-based law enforcement is that

A)the end justifies the means.
B)the rights of the state supersede all other rights.
C)some acts are never justified.
D)compared to the government, the individual has no rights.

Question 35

You are the police chief in a large American city. Prior to 9/11, your city's crime rates had been declining steadily, due in part to a commitment to community-oriented policing. Your department discovered a local resident meeting with a suspected intelligence officer from a foreign nation operating in your city. Your department is planning a joint operation with the FBI to investigate, and it is decided that a wiretap would be appropriate. Because the resident is a U.S. citizen, the wiretap must be approved by:

A)the Supreme Court.
B)the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.
C)the Federal Circuit Court with jurisdiction over your city.
D)no court approval is needed, as long as the FBI is officially part of the investigation.

Question 36

A secret court that consisted of seven federal district court judges appointed by the Supreme Court's Chief Justice was created by the passing of the ________________ Act in 1978.

A)Patriot
B)Protect America
C)Foreign Intelligence Surveillance
D)National Security

Question 37

You are a colonel in the U.S. Army, responsible for running an Afghanistan prison that houses captured Taliban and al-Qaeda soldiers. Under the doctrine of "command responsibility,"

A)you are responsible for making decisions that meet strict ethical standards.
B)you are responsible for training the soldiers under your command in the subject of ethics.
C)you are responsible for war crimes committed by your soldiers.
D)you are required to receive written approval from your superiors before engaging the enemy.

Question 38

The major problem with the utilitarian approach to law enforcement is that

A)we can't know what the ultimate outcome of our actions will be.
B)it is more expensive than other approaches.
C)some people refuse to be helped.
D)there is disagreement on how best to train officers on the approach.

Question 39

In 2003, President Bush determined that it was vital to the national security of the United States to invade Iraq and force the removal of Saddam Hussein's government. In addition to the brutality Hussein inflicted on his people, including the use of chemical weapons, the Bush Administration believed Hussein was in possession of weapons of mass destruction. Colin Powell appeared before the United Nations to show aerial photographs that were interpreted as proof that Iraq was pursuing a nuclear weapon. Hussein's refusal to cooperate with international inspectors lent credence to this belief. Further, the President accused Hussein of cooperating with al-Qaeda. Which of the following conditions is not required to justify war, according to Bellamy?

A)The violations must be knowable to all.
B)The violations must be widespread and systematic.
C)Approval to move forward must be unanimous among other nations.
D)The force used must save more lives than it injures.

Question 40

Which of the following approaches to policing is considered utilitarian?

A)Crime control approach
B)Rights-based approach
C)Public service approach
D)Deontological service

Question 41

The Supreme Court based its rulings on the rationale that Guantanamo is considered to be a legal territory of the United States and therefore is subject to U.S. law.

Question 42

According to the text, ultimately ethics is about facing a(n)_______________ and making a decision.

Question 43

If one undertakes an action that is a good but that also results in a negative end, as long as the negative end was not the intent of the actor, then the good action and good end can be considered a good. This is called the _______________________.

Question 44

The concept of command responsibility says that an officer is responsible for _____________committed by his subordinates.

Question 45

Under rights-based law enforcement, any act might be justified, depending on the situation.

Question 46

Edward Snowden worked for the CIA.

Question 47

Military interrogators were trained with materials derived from descriptions of techniques used by the Chinese against American soldiers in the Korean War.

Question 48

The "front page test" suggests that some ethical systems rank higher than others, depending on the situation, and one should follow whichever is on the "front page" at that time.

Question 49

Each of the criminal justice subsystems examined in this book has in common the presence of authority, power, ________________, and force.

Question 50

In the case of Boumediene v. Bush , the Supreme Court ruled that the military commissions established by Congress were not sufficient to ensure due process.

Question 51

Renditions are kidnapping.

Question 52

The just war debate is concerned with the inevitability of war.

Question 53

The CIA agent who was fired after exposing the existence of secret prisons was Mary McCarthy.

Question 54

In the case of Clark v. Martinez , the Supreme Court held that the United States could not indefinitely hold illegal aliens without some form of due process.

Question 55

The FISA court was in response to government operations that spied on citizens in the 1970s.

Question 56

The principle of double effect would justify a bombing that resulted in the death of civilians if the target was a legitimate military target.

Question 57

The major problem in the utilitarian ethical system is that at the time we make the decision, we are unable to know what the outcome of our actions will be.

Question 58

European law enforcement seems to be more committed to a rights-based policing model even though they have been dealing with terrorism longer than the United States.

Question 59

According to the text, relativism is the most pervasive ethical system used in the war on terror.

Question 60

The name of the Iraqi prison that was the site of pictures taken of extreme torture-tactics by Americans against Iraqi citizens was ________________.

Question 61

The policing approach called the ____________________ model recognizes the police as servants of the public good and states that although crime control is important, protection of civil liberties should be the fundamental mission.

Question 62

In the case of _______________ the Supreme Court unanimously decided that police must obtain a warrant in order to search an arrestee's cell phone .

Question 63

Discuss the reaction to whistleblowers in the Obama administration.

Question 64

The FBI lawyer who publicly reported that officials in Washington ignored reports from the field about Zacarias Moussaoui was named ________________.

Question 65

In the case of ________________________, the Supreme Court held that U.S. citizens could not be held indefinitely without charges even if they were labeled enemy combatants.

Question 66

Government agents could demand citizens relinquish information not supported by subpoena or warrant by the use of ________________________ in an effort to investigate threats of national security.

Question 67

Discuss the various ways in which the federal government has responded to terrorism.

Question 68

The term means-end thinking is used to describe a utilitarian principle that justifies a bad action if it produces a ________.

Question 69

What is the argument in support of torture? What is the argument against it? Be sure to refer to the applicable ethical systems.

Question 70

Individuals, usually employees, who expose corruption or illegal behavior within a government or organization are known as _______________ .

Question 71

A(n)____________________ is a facility that gathers and analyzes intelligence collected by law enforcement agencies.

Question 72

Explain how the nation's response to 9/11 has impacted local law enforcement.

Question 73

Present a method to resolve the ethical dilemmas of surveillance in a free society.

Question 74

When faced with a dilemma, one should consider the applicable law or policy, then consider the ____________________.

Question 75

Briefly explain why utilitarianism can be considered the most pervasive ethical system used in the war on terror.

Question 76

Discuss whether the war in Iraq meets the definition of "just war."

Question 77

Briefly describe how utilitarianism can be used to both support and reject the use of torture in interrogations.

Question 78

Explain the impacts of the cases known as Hamdi v. Rumsfeld , Rasul v. Bush , and Clark v. Martinez . ANSWER:

Question 79

The ____________________ was passed in response to 9/11, and created greater investigative powers for law enforcement and government agencies.

Question 80

Explain why "means-end" thinking can lead to criminal or corrupt acts.