Deck 1: Morality, Ethics, and Human Behavior

Question 1

Which of the following is not an example of an ethical issue as defined in the text?

A)Whether to legally recognize same-sex marriages
B)How to deal with an influx of immigrants
C)Whether to abolish the death penalty
D)How to punish one's teenage child for skipping school

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Required behaviors or actions that the responsibilities are attached to a specific role are known as:

A)duties.
B)supererogatories.
C)ethical dilemmas.
D)ethics.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following situations is not an example of an ethical issue?

A)A legislature deciding what sentences to attach to certain crimes
B)A governor signing a bill that would decriminalize the use of soft drugs
C)A chief of police enacting a policy meant to reduce racial profiling
D)A prosecutor deciding which charges to file in a particular case

Answer 3

D

Question 4

_____________ ethics determines what people ought to do and defines moral duties based on ethical systems or other means of analysis.

A)Applied
B)Normative
C)Professional
D)Conventional

Question 5

Most behaviors that might be judged as ethical or unethical for criminal justice professionals fall into four major categories. Which of the following is not one of these four categories?

A)Theft
B)Malfeasance
C)Harassment
D)Off-duty drug use

Question 6

According to the text, ethical issues involve broad social questions, often concerning the government's social control mechanisms and _____________.

A)the cost to the public
B)the impact on those being governed
C)the influence of religion
D)public opinion

Question 7

The power and authority to choose one of two or more alternative behaviors is known as:

A)discretion.
B)coercion.
C)value analysis.
D)duty.

Question 8

Employing ethical principles to address specific issues such as social research or medical practice is called ___________________.

A)meta-ethics
B)normative ethics
C)applied ethics
D)practical ethics

Question 9

______________ actions that are commendable but not required in order for a person to be considered moral.

A)Duties
B)Supererogatories
C)Ethical dilemmas
D)Ethics

Question 10

An on-duty lifeguard who runs into the ocean to rescue a drowning child, risking his or her own life to do so, has performed a(n)____________________.

A)professional duty
B)imperfect duty
C)supererogatory action
D)values-driven duty

Question 11

The term ethics is referred as:

A)the principles of right and wrong.
B)the study and analysis of what constitutes good or bad conduct.
C)the discipline that investigates the meaning of ethical systems.
D)the application of ethical principles to specific issues.

Question 12

All of the following statements are included in dilemmas of criminal justice professionals EXCEPT:

A)a prosecutor's decision on whether and what to charge.
B)a defense attorney's decision to take a case or not.
C)a probation officer's decision on whether to file a violation report on a probationer.
D)requiring mandatory DNA collection for all misdemeanant arrestees.

Question 13

While duties are what you are expected to do, ______________ are commendable but not required actions.

A)functions
B)supererogatories
C)imperfect duties
D)obligations

Question 14

Which of the following is not one of Braswell's reasons to study ethics?

A)Develop critical thinking skills
B)Become aware and open to ethical issues
C)Develop hindsight
D)Become more personally responsible

Question 15

According to the text, the last step necessary to clarify any dilemma is to _______________________.

A)identify of potential values involved
B)review all the facts
C)identify all possible moral dilemmas
D)resolve the ethical dilemma by using some means of decision making

Question 16

Which of the following statements is false according to values?

A)Values can be defined as duties that are not fully explicated or detailed.
B)Values only become clear when there is a choice to be made.
C)Some believe that honesty is always more important than other values such as pleasure.
D)Values imply a choice or a judgment.

Question 17

The term _____________ refers to what is judged as good conduct.

A)values
B)morality
C)honor
D)goodness

Question 18

The discipline investigating the meaning of ethical systems and whether they are relative or are universal is known as ____________________.

A)normative ethics
B)applied ethics
C)forensic ethics
D)meta-ethics

Question 19

According to the text, which of the following represents the first step in the process of ethical analysis?

A)Considering the possible outcomes
B)Collecting input from others
C)Reviewing any relevant policies
D)Determining if there is any relevant law

Question 20

According to the text, the first step necessary to clarify any dilemma is to _________________.

A)identify of potential values involved
B)review all the facts
C)identify all possible moral dilemmas
D)interview all those involved

Question 21

Larry's house has caught fire, and he is trapped inside. The neighbors called 911. Two firefighters and one of the neighbors (an accountant)entered the house in an attempt to save Larry. Another neighbor tore away the screening around Larry's porch so that his dog could run to safety. The neighbor who tore away the screening hesitated at first because he was of the belief that it was wrong to destroy another's property. At the same time, he also was of the belief that he should attempt to rescue the dog. These conflicting beliefs constituted a(n)_______________.

A)"contradiction of values"
B)supererogatory duty
C)ethical dilemma
D)legal contradiction

Question 22

According to the text, humans are uniquely capable of behaving morally because of our capacity for ___________________.

A)reason
B)language
C)long-term memory
D)religion

Question 23

Officer Smith is patrolling a city park at night. He comes across a man and woman kissing in a parked car, and tells them that it is not legal to be in the park after dark and that they need to move along. Later, he comes across two men in a parked car. Instead of telling them to move on, Officer Smith writes a citation for the driver. By allowing the first couple to leave without being cited, despite the fact that technically they were guilty of an infraction, the Officer Smith was exhibiting _____________________.

A)normative ethics
B)malfeasance
C)discretion
D)an ethical dilemma

Question 24

To be critical thinker one must ask which of the following types of questions?

A)Is there another way to interpret the information?
B)What implication or consequence might be the result of this conclusion?
C)What information do I need to settle the question?
D)All of these are correct.

Question 25

We usually discuss moral or immoral behavior only in cases in which the behavior significantly ___________________.

A)threatens nature
B)affects another person or persons
C)deviates from the norm
D)deviates from a person's usual behavior

Question 26

John, a mentally handicapped adult, is charged with arson. Upon hearing the court-appointed psychologist's report and reviewing the defendant's documented history of mental illness, the judge dismisses the criminal charges. The judge has determined that John is not to be held responsible because he (John)lacks ____________________.

A)wholesight.
B)discretion.
C)a proper value system.
D)free will.

Question 27

Which of the following might not be included in the discussion regarding the ethics of defense attorneys?

A)Whether to devote more effort to private cases than appointer cases
B)Whether to allow perjury
C)Whether to take gratuities
D)Whether to attack the character of a victim to defend a client

Question 28

The use of facts and objective reasoning to most effectively reach a decision or understand a problem is known as ________________.

A)qualitative analysis
B)discretion
C)ethical balance
D)critical thinking

Question 29

John, a mentally handicapped adult, is charged with arson. Upon hearing the court-appointed psychologist's report and reviewing the defendant's documented history of mental illness, the judge dismisses the criminal charges. By relating his ethical principles to this specific issue, the judge is providing an example of ____________________.

A)meta-ethics
B)normative ethics
C)applied ethics
D)universal ethics

Question 30

Which of the following would not be considered a moral judgment?

A)Abortion results in the death of a fetus.
B)Capital punishment is justified in certain circumstances.
C)Rich people should give back to the community.
D)People who are capable of work should not be given welfare.

Question 31

Larry's house has caught fire, and he is trapped inside. The neighbors called 911. Two firefighters and one of the neighbors (an accountant)entered the house in an attempt to save Larry. Another neighbor tore away the screening around Larry's porch so that his dog could run to safety. The neighbor who entered the burning house was frightened but had always valued the concept of heroism. Now faced with the opportunity, he chose to act heroically. In this example, heroism is an example of a(n)________________.

A)imperfect duty
B)universal obligation
C)personal obligation
D)moral obligation

Question 32

Officer Smith is patrolling a city park at night. He comes across a man and woman kissing in a parked car, and tells them that it is not legal to be in the park after dark and that they need to move along. Later, he comes across two men in a parked car. Instead of telling them to move on, Officer Smith writes a citation for the driver. The officer's perception of correct behavior and his "moral duty" is based on his ethical system. This is known as ____________________.

A)professional ethics
B)normative ethics
C)supererogative duty
D)imperfect duty

Question 33

According to the text, there are four elements to those behavioral decisions that can be judged under ethical standards. Which of the following is one of these elements?

A)The person evaluating the action must be a direct witness in order to judge the act in question.
B)Value systems are similar throughout the world.
C)Coerced actions may be judged.
D)Behavior must stem from free will in order to be judged under ethical standards.

Question 34

Officer Smith is patrolling a city park at night. He comes across a man and woman kissing in a parked car, and tells them that it is not legal to be in the park after dark and that they need to move along. Later, he comes across two men in a parked car. Instead of telling them to move on, Officer Smith writes a citation for the driver. By allowing his personal views to result in unequal treatment of members of the public, Officer Smith is in violation of his ___________________.

A)professional ethics
B)normative ethics
C)supererogative duty
D)imperfect duty

Question 35

John, a mentally handicapped adult, is charged with arson. Upon hearing the court-appointed psychologist's report and reviewing the defendant's documented history of mental illness, the judge dismisses the criminal charges. By obtaining the facts and then using objective reasoning to most effectively reach a decision, the judge is exhibiting ______________________________.

A)wholesight
B)critical thinking
C)legal discretion
D)a value system

Question 36

Larry's house has caught fire, and he is trapped inside. The neighbors called 911. Two firefighters and one of the neighbors (an accountant)entered the house in an attempt to save Larry. Another neighbor tore away the screening around Larry's porch so that his dog could run to safety. As opposed to the neighbor, the firefighters who attempted to save Larry were performing a(n)___________________.

A)duty
B)discretionary act
C)imperfect duty
D)supererogatory act

Question 37

If personal qualities such as honesty or kindness are important to you, these traits would be:

A)ethics.
B)values.
C)morals.
D)supererogatories.

Question 38

Which of the following statements about values is false?

A)An explicit value system is a part of every ethical system.
B)Our behavior is influenced by our value system.
C)Values cannot be empirically verified.
D)The value of survival is unique to Western ethical systems.

Question 39

Larry's house has caught fire, and he is trapped inside. The neighbors called 911. Two firefighters and one of the neighbors (an accountant)entered the house in an attempt to save Larry. Another neighbor tore away the screening around Larry's porch so that his dog could run to safety. The neighbor who entered the burning house was performing a ________________.

A)moral imperative duty
B)supererogatory action
C)professional duty
D)discretionary duty

Question 40

Acts that can be judged as ethical or unethical, moral, or immoral involve how many elements?

A)Five
B)Three
C)Four
D)Six

Question 41

The term __________ refers to the power to make a decision or choice.

Question 42

We make ethical judgments using rationales derived from traditional and historical ethical systems.

Question 43

Police officers have the power to deprive people of their liberty and the power to decide which individuals to investigate.

Question 44

The idea of critical thinking is to be more cognizant of facts as opposed to concepts, assumptions.

Question 45

Moral culpability is assigned to all human adults since we all have the ability to exercise free will.

Question 46

In common usage, the terms ethical and moral are often considered as being interchangeable.

Question 47

Many people suffer from personal crises when their ___________ are in conflict with their consciences.

Question 48

Ethical __________ are broad social questions, often concerning the government's social control mechanisms and the impact on those governed.

Question 49

Moral judgments must involve an actual act, not just a thought or belief.

Question 50

Imperfect duties are general duties that should be upheld but do not have a specific application as to when or how.

Question 51

An applied ethics approach presumes that individuals generally prefer to do what is right.

Question 52

The primary distinction between ethical issues and ethical dilemmas is that issues are broad and dilemmas are specific.

Question 53

We use _________________ when the right thing to do is not clear.

Question 54

Protection of public morality is the rationale for some laws, which involves drugs, gambling, and prostitution.

Question 55

Values cam be defined as elements of desirability, worth, or importance.

Question 56

Values are capable of scientific proof.

Question 57

The Supreme Court held that it's not compulsory that all states must license and recognize same-sex marriages, eliminating any contradiction between states.

Question 58

A prosecutor's primary ethical duty is to pursue a conviction.

Question 59

According to the text, ____________ is usually the reason given for criminalizing certain forms of behavior.

Question 60

Exploring with one's heart as well as one's mind is known as "wholesight."

Question 61

Define and describe the difference between duties and supererogatories, and give examples of how the distinction between them might be different depending on one's job, one's identity, and one's position in society.

Question 62

List and discuss Felkenes's reasons why it is important for criminal justice professionals to study ethics. Pay particular attention to the aspects of criminal justice occupations that make it so critical that we study and understand ethics.

Question 63

Discuss the concept of eudaimonia , as interpreted by each of the following Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. How can this concept be applied to the Emoluments Clause of the Constitution and the potential conflict of interest President Trump's roles as businessman and public servant?

Question 64

The term ____________ refers to applied ethics relevant to a particular occupation or profession.

Question 65

____________ are broad social questions, often concerning the government's social control mechanisms and the impact on those governed.

Question 66

refers to the use of ethical principles to resolve specific issues.

Question 67

_______________ is the discipline investigating the meaning of ethical systems and whether they are relative or universal.

Question 68

___________ defines moral duties based on ethical systems.

Question 69

List and discuss the four branches of ethics presented in the text.

Question 70

Analyze what makes ethics specific to humanity and not a province of the animal world. A bat who shares its food is not said to exhibit ethical behavior, but a human toddler who refuses to share a toy cannot be said to be unethical. Why is this?

Question 71

Compare and contrast morals and ethics.

Question 72

Power and authority to choose one of two or more alternative behaviors is defined as_______________.

Question 73

Compare and contrast ethical issues and ethical dilemmas. Provide an example of each.

Question 74

List and discuss the five steps used to clarify any ethical dilemma that are presented in the text.

Question 75

List and discuss the elements that all professionals in the criminal justice system have in common.

Question 76

______________ have the power to define behavior as illegal and, therefore, punishable.

Question 77

The term ____________ refers to exploring issues with one's heart as well as one's mind.

Question 78

______________ are situations in which it is difficult for an individual to decide, either because the right course of action is unclear or it carries some negative consequences.

Question 79

According to the text, most behaviors might be judged as ethical or unethical for criminal justice professionals fall into four major categories. List and discuss these four categories and provide an example of each.

Question 80

The study and analysis of what constitutes good or bad conduct is called ____________.