Deck 9: Moving Into the Adult Social World: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence

Question 1

While in the ____ identity status stage, a person is examining numerous alternatives but finds none totally satisfactory.

A) diffusion
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) achievement

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to Erikson, a teenager is MOST likely to achieve their identity by:

A) becoming more egocentric.
B) using learned helplessness.
C) becoming crystallized.
D) using hypothetical reasoning skills.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Aniston's decision to stay home from school because she thinks everyone will notice a pimple she recently discovered on her chin serves as an excellent example of:

A) an imaginary audience.
B) role confusion.
C) a personal fable.
D) hypothetical-deductive thinking.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

According to Erikson, the key adolescent crisis involves:

A) generativity versus stagnation.
B) intimacy versus isolation.
C) identity versus role confusion.
D) integrity versus despair.

Question 5

The phenomenon whereby an individual believes that he or she is like an actor on a stage, who is under constant watch by others, is referred to as:

A) the personal fable.
B) the imaginary audience.
C) learned helplessness.
D) diffusion status.

Question 6

The attitudes, behaviors, and values that we believe make us unique individuals are called our:

A) self-esteem.
B) self-recognition.
C) self-efficacy.
D) self-concept.

Question 7

Which statement BEST describes the thought process underlying adolescent egocentrism?

A) Adolescents cannot believe that others have different perspectives than them.
B) Adolescents are much more interested in their own feelings than those of others.
C) Adolescents believe that everyone is ignoring them.
D) Adolescents tend to do whatever their parents say.

Question 8

Sixteen-year-old Paris's motto is, "It's all about me!" This belief fits well with the concept of adolescent:

A) egocentrism.
B) learned helplessness.
C) secular growth.
D) foreclosure.

Question 9

Erikson hypothesized that adolescents achieve an identity by:

A) doing only what their parents tell them to do.
B) testing a few identities to see which one fits them best.
C) unconsciously relying on their genetic makeup.
D) simply progressing naturally from their preteen years.

Question 10

Marlin wants to learn more about identity formation in adolescents. Given this interest, he would be BEST served by reading the works of:

A) Erikson.
B) Ainsworth.
C) Piaget.
D) Gibson.

Question 11

Aaron is upset because his state tournament qualifying tennis doubles teammate Clay just transferred to a new high school across town that has a top-flight tennis program. When his coach attempts to console Aaron, he tells him, "It's no use-you couldn't possibly know how I feel. No one knows how I feel!" Aaron's statement is an example of:

A) an imaginary audience.
B) a personal fable.
C) moratorium.
D) learned helplessness.

Question 12

After exploring a number of career options, Antonio chooses to become an accountant. According to Marcia, what level of identity status is Antonio exhibiting?

A) Diffusion
B) Moratorium
C) Foreclosure
D) Achievement

Question 13

Adolescent egocentrism is characterized by excessive:

A) convergence.
B) achievement.
C) self-absorption.
D) depression.

Question 14

The defining feature of the personal fable is a feeling of:

A) superiority.
B) uniqueness.
C) helplessness.
D) diffusion.

Question 15

Which individual is exhibiting a moratorium in the process of developing an identity?

A) Greg, who refuses to consider different career paths
B) Jan, who is doing what her parents want her to do
C) Cindy, who has changed careers several times
D) Bobby, who has been in the same career for 25 years

Question 16

In the ____ stage of identity status, an individual is overwhelmed yet does little to accomplish the task of identity formation.

A) diffusion
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) achievement

Question 17

The belief that misfortunes only happen to others is referred to as the illusion of:

A) foreclosure.
B) helplessness.
C) crystallization.
D) invulnerability.

Question 18

Sixteen-year-old Felix is ready to skydive and standing at the open door of the plane with his instructor next to him. He thinks to himself, "Only dummies have problems with their parachutes, and I am no dummy, so I will skydive even though I am not sure it's safe." Felix's thoughts BEST exemplify the concept of:

A) an imaginary audience.
B) a personal fable.
C) an illusion of invulnerability.
D) learned helplessness.

Question 19

Abby is 16, and Andy is 5. Both exhibit egocentrism. How is this egocentrism MOST likely to differ between them?

A) Andy is going to exhibit more self-interest.
B) Abby has reached achievement in most areas.
C) Abby knows that other people have different perspectives than her own.
D) Andy is more likely to exhibit the illusion of vulnerability.

Question 20

When asked, "What do you want to be when you grow up?" ten-year-old Sanjay says, "My dad says I should be a doctor, so I guess that's what I'll be." According to Marcia, Sanjay is best thought of as being in a state of identity:

A) diffusion.
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure.
D) achievement.

Question 21

When immigrant parents maintain strong feelings of ethnic identity that their children don't share:

A) problems can develop when their children embrace their new culture.
B) their children assimilate into the new culture more quickly.
C) their children see them as problems for their new culture.
D) they are less happy in their new culture than their children.

Question 22

The third phase of ethnic identity achievement involves:

A) creating a distinct ethnic self-concept.
B) rejecting one's heritage.
C) deciding to not explore one's ethnic roots.
D) wondering about one's ethnic heritage.

Question 23

Which parents are MOST likely to raise a teenager with strong identity achievement status?

A) Jill and Tim, who encourage autonomy in their children
B) Lois and Hal, who encourage conformity in their children
C) Gloria and Jay, who discourage experimentation in their children
D) Frankie and Mike, who continue to strictly enforce childhood rules

Question 24

Who is MOST likely to have the highest self-esteem?

A) A 4-year-old
B) An 8-year-old
C) A 12-year-old
D) A 16-year-old

Question 25

Learning about one's culture and heritage sets the foundation for a person's ____ identity.

A) ethnic
B) crystallized
C) index
D) imaginary

Question 26

Which statement BEST exemplifies the second phase of ethnic identity achievement?

A) "I don't need to listen to the tape on Scottish legends."
B) "I feel a strong sense of Scottish heritage."
C) "I don't want to be considered a Scottish American; I just want to be an American."
D) "I wonder what kinds of events take place at a festival celebrating Scottish heritage."

Question 27

Shoni is Native American and has absolutely no interest in learning anything about her family's Navajo culture. Shoni is MOST likely to:

A) have authoritative parents.
B) have higher self-esteem than most of her peers.
C) be a young adolescent.
D) have a well-developed ethnic identity.

Question 28

Which statement concerning ethnic identity development is TRUE?

A) A sense of ethnic identity does not appear to correlate to school performance.
B) Identification with a mainstream culture weakens one's ethnic identity.
C) Adolescents who have achieved an ethnic identity tend to have greater self-esteem.
D) Biracial identities do not exist in our modern-day world.

Question 29

Which statement BEST indicates that a teenager is in the third stage of ethnic identity development?

A) "I am curious about where my ancestors lived."
B) "I'll think about my ethnicity when I am older."
C) "I see myself as a Dutch-Asian American."
D) "I need to match my identity to that of all others in my ethnic group."

Question 30

About one-_____ of adolescents/young adults living in the United States are members of an ethnic minority group.

A) half
B) third
C) quarter
D) fifth

Question 31

What is the BEST description of the relationship between strength of ethnic identity and self-esteem?

A) S purious correlation
B) P ositive correlation
C) N egative correlation
D) N o correlation

Question 32

Which adolescent would likely have the highest level of self-esteem?

A) Aniyah, who is African American
B) Reba, who is European American
C) Camila, who is Hispanic American
D) As ethnicity does not impact self-esteem, all of these adolescents would have similar levels of self-esteem.

Question 33

Which elementary-school-age child would likely have the highest level of self-esteem?

A) Ruby, who is African American
B) Opal, who is European American
C) Topaz, who is Hispanic American
D) As ethnicity does not impact self-esteem, all of these children would have the same level of self-esteem.

Question 34

Jinfa was born in the United States. His father is African and his mother is Japanese. If he is in the third state of ethnic identity development, he would MOST likely consider himself as an:

A) American.
B) African American.
C) Japanese.
D) American with roots in both Africa and Japan.

Question 35

Which statement indicates that Margareta is in the initial stage of ethnic identity development?

A) "Who cares if I am Latino?"
B) "My ancestors were in America before white settlers."
C) "I am Hispanic and proud of it."
D) "I would like to go to the fine arts center because this evening it is featuring dancers from my family's heritage."

Question 36

Which BEST summarizes research findings about the development of self-esteem?

A) Boys tend to have lower self-esteem than girls.
B) School transitions appear to have little impact on self-esteem.
C) Developmental changes in self-esteem vary by domain.
D) Boys have higher levels of self-esteem than girls across all domains.

Question 37

A child who believes that they are good at science will MOST likely:

A) perform well at science.
B) have a positive academic self-concept concerning science.
C) hold a positive academic self-concept toward all academic domains.
D) have an extremely differentiated self-concept.

Question 38

The emphasis in the second phase of ethnic identity formation is on:

A) exploring one's heritage.
B) moving away from one's heritage.
C) finding a new heritage.
D) developing a distinct ethnic self-concept.

Question 39

The drop in self-esteem often found when children first enter middle school appears to be due to:

A) the acquisition of concrete operational thinking.
B) peer comparisons.
C) changes in ethnic identity.
D) the illusion of invulnerability.

Question 40

Cersei sets random rules for her children to follow and enforces them without explanation. This parenting style will MOST likely result in Cersei's teenage children displaying a(n) ____ identity status.

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 41

A typical American teenage male is MOST likely to describe his first sex partner as:

A) his love.
B) a casual date.
C) a stranger.
D) his steady girlfriend.

Question 42

Statistically speaking, which of these female members of an ethnic group has the lowest risk of teenage pregnancy?

A) a teenage African American
B) a teenage Hispanic American
C) a teenage European American
D) The risk for all is the same as ethnicity is unrelated to teen pregnancy rates.

Question 43

Cross-cultural studies of adolescent self-perception indicate that:

A) most teenagers feel good about themselves.
B) teenagers in industrialized nations have the highest rate of self-dissatisfaction.
C) females feel significantly better about themselves than males.
D) most teenagers feel bad about themselves.

Question 44

Nicholas and Alexandra are typical American teenagers. How would their descriptions concerning their first sexual experience MOST likely differ?

A) Nicholas would be more likely to describe his first partner as someone whom he loves.
B) Nicholas would be more likely to feel guilty about his first sexual experience.
C) Alexandra's peers would be more likely to express some disapproval concerning her behavior.
D) Alexandra would be more likely to view the experience in terms of recreation rather than romance.

Question 45

About one in ____ adolescent American girls becomes pregnant each year.

A) two
B) four
C) six
D) eight

Question 46

Which group of adolescents report that they are usually happy?

A) None
B) Only those adolescents in Western nations
C) Only those adolescents in Eastern nations
D) Most adolescents around the world

Question 47

Consider the following factors: doing well in school, having parents who discipline, and being liked by one's peers. How many contribute to an adolescent's level of self-esteem?

A) none
B) one
C) two
D) three

Question 48

Young adults are especially susceptible to acquiring AIDS because compared to older adults, they are:

A) more likely to be homosexual.
B) more likely to use intravenous drugs.
C) less likely to engage in unprotected sex.
D) less likely to possess functional immune systems.

Question 49

Teenagers are less likely to engage in sexual activity when parents:

A) actively encourage sexual activity.
B) monitor their activities.
C) remain emotionally detached.
D) encourage independence.

Question 50

The MOST effective pregnancy prevention programs focus:

A) exclusively on abstinence.
B) exclusively on teaching about biological reproduction.
C) exclusively on teaching about responsible sexual behavior.
D) on the biological aspects of sex and sexual responsibility.

Question 51

Which statement concerning self-esteem is TRUE?

A) Adolescents' levels of self-esteem do not vary by context.
B) Parental rules lead to lower levels of self-esteem in adolescents.
C) Levels of parental affection are inversely related to self-esteem levels in adolescents.
D) A harmonious child-parent relationship tends to lead to higher levels of self- esteem in adolescents.

Question 52

Who has the LEAST effective plan for decreasing the probability of teenage pregnancy in a school population?

A) Ira, who says, "We need to convince our young people that teenage pregnancy can happen to them."
B) Denise, who says, "Teenage women should be more informed about how difficult it is to be a teenage parent."
C) Afi, who says, "We must do a better job of informing our students about contraception."
D) Dmitri, who says, "To eliminate teenage pregnancy, we must limit access to contraceptives."

Question 53

When Molly hears that several people in her geometry class think she's great, it is likely to:

A) increase her self-esteem.
B) decrease her self-esteem.
C) have no effect on her self-esteem.
D) alter her ethnic identity.

Question 54

Why do Asian-American and Latino-American teens tend to begin dating at a later age than European-American teens?

A) F ewer available partners
B) S tronger family ties
C) L ess disposable income
D) G reater need for social isolation

Question 55

Which of these STDs is caused by bacteria?

A) G enital herpes
B) HIV
C) H epatitis B
D) G onorrhea

Question 56

Which STD is MOST prevalent in the United States?

A) HIV
B) G enital herpes
C) G onorrhea
D) C hlamydia

Question 57

Which sexually transmitted disease is caused by a viral infection?

A) Herpes
B) C hlamydia
C) S yphilis
D) G onorrhea

Question 58

James is a typical adolescent. You would expect that he:

A) does not feel loved by his parents.
B) relies on his parents for advice.
C) has low self-esteem.
D) is conflicted with regard to gender identity.

Question 59

Which statement is TRUE?

A) HIV typically leads to AIDS.
B) AIDS typically leads to HIV.
C) HIV and AIDS are the same disorder.
D) AIDS and HIV are unrelated.

Question 60

The text characterized the notion of adolescence's being a time of great "storm and stress" as a:

A) trend.
B) fact.
C) myth.
D) certainty.

Question 61

According to Super, a key element of the specification phase of career development involves:

A) starting to obtain required training.
B) taking the job.
C) setting no limits.
D) a feeling of uniqueness.

Question 62

After carefully examining which careers might be best for him, Stanley takes a job with a plumbing company. Though he likes the money, he is not ready for the kinds of responsibilities often asked of regular employees.  Stanley is probably in Super's ____ stage of career development.

A) specification
B) implementation
C) crystallization
D) investigative

Question 63

During the implementation phase of career development, a person:

A) first begins to think about career options.
B) selects the career of their parents.
C) becomes more educated about career options.
D) takes a job and learns firsthand about a career.

Question 64

Transgender youth were once thought to be confused about their gender identity and they received treatment to:

A) strengthen their transgendered sexual identity.
B) neutralize their sexual identity.
C) change their biochemistry to align with their gender identity.
D) align their gender identity with their biological sex.

Question 65

Newer dating violence prevention programs take a:

A) male teen-based approach.
B) community-based approach.
C) female teen-based approach.
D) parent-based approach.

Question 66

Seventeen-year-old Orion develops an interest in astronomy. If he is in Super's specification stage of career development, his next step would MOST likely involve:

A) taking a full-time job at an observatory.
B) signing up for a course in basic astronomy.
C) determining whether he has a personality type suited for work as an astronomer.
D) trying to get a handle on other aspects of his life (e.g., relationships).

Question 67

Which factor is thought to increase the risk of a male or female perpetrating dating violence?

A) Having a brother
B) B eing exposed to violence at home
C) B eing in depression
D) B eing popular among same-age peers

Question 68

Which statement concerning the origins of sexual orientation is TRUE?

A) A "lesbian gene" has been found.
B) Lesbian attraction to other females tends to occur later than gay male same-sex attraction.
C) Gay males tend to reject anything that they classify as "feminine."
D) Interest in the same sex tends to occur much later in males.

Question 69

Which theorist proposes that identity is a primary force in an adolescent's choice of a career?

A) Erikson
B) Marcia
C) Super
D) Holland

Question 70

While there are different types of dating violence, threats are an example of ____ violence.

A) emotional
B) physical
C) sexual
D) spiritual

Question 71

Which of these is NOT a contributing factor in teen dating violence?

A) Antisocial behavior
B) Aggressive behavior
C) Success at school
D) Drug use

Question 72

Which statement BEST describes the basic premise of Super's implementation phase of career development?

A) "I'll take the job and see what happens."
B) "I am going to visit the career service office."
C) "I might make a good mortician."
D) "Who cares about work?"

Question 73

The "Families for Safe Dates" program can BEST be described as a:

A) parent-teen-based prevention program designed to limit dating abuse.
B) chaperone program designed to limit dating abuse.
C) school-based prevention program involving teens to limit dating abuse.
D) parent education program designed to limit dating abuse.

Question 74

The main assumption of Holland's theory is that people:

A) develop career goals at different rates.
B) will be happiest in work environments that match their personalities.
C) should take tests to determine which career is best for them.
D) should choose a career based on economic needs and not in order to fulfill their lifelong goals.

Question 75

According to Holland's ____ theory, the key factor in determining whether a job will be fulfilling is how the important features of the job fit your personal characteristics.

A) personality-type
B) Piagetian
C) sociocultural
D) cognitive-developmental

Question 76

Twenty-one-year-old Martina lists her sexual orientation as "lesbian."  Given the current state of research on the origins of sexual orientation, which statement is MOST likely to be TRUE?

A) Martina probably had a close female relative (e.g., aunt, mother) who was also a lesbian.
B) Martina's brothers are "at risk" for being homosexual.
C) Martina is likely attracted to several women.
D) The origin of Martina's, and all sexual-minority youth's, sexual orientation is poorly understood.

Question 77

Crystallization involves using one's emerging identity as the basis for assessing:

A) intelligence.
B) risk for mental illness.
C) self-esteem.
D) possible careers.

Question 78

Which of these is NOT an outcome associated with participation in the One Act program to reduce dating violence?

A) Students are less tolerant of dating violence.
B) Students are more willing to intervene in dating violence situations.
C) Potential dating violence offenders take a pledge to stop dating violence before it starts.
D) Students are better able to intervene in dating violence situations.

Question 79

While counseling a friend who is having trouble with his girlfriend, 13-year-old Frasier decides that he has a talent for helping people deal with their problems and decides that he should pursue a career as a clinical psychologist. Frasier's response matches Super's ____ stage of career development.

A) implementation
B) specification
C) realistic
D) crystallization

Question 80

Sixteen-year-old Karl has recently identified himself as gay. Which statement is MOST likely to be TRUE?

A) Karl had a domineering mother.
B) Karl was the eldest child who took responsibility for his siblings.
C) Karl had a weak father.
D) Karl may begin to show interest in gender-atypical behaviors.