Deck 29: The Fungi

Question 1

Which of the following correctly describes fungal spores?

A) When a spore germinates, it gives rise to sporangia.
B) When a spore germinates, it gives rise to a mycelium, which then develops into hyphae.
C) Most fungal cells do not contain haploid nuclei.
D) They are motile and reproduce sexually only.
E) They are nonmotile and reproduce either sexually or asexually.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which is an example of a member of phylum Zygomycota?

A) Yeast
B) Morels
C) Puffballs
D) Black bread mold
E) Portobella mushrooms

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Designate the hyphae of two different mating types of black bread mold as "+" (plus) and "−" (minus). Mating of these two types is correctly classified as which of the following?

A) Heterozygous
B) Heterothallic
C) Heterotrophic
D) Mycotoxic
E) Coenocytic

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The hypha, a filament that makes up the vegetative body of most fungi, serves which of the following functions?

A) Cell division
B) Intercellular communication
C) Cellular locomotion
D) Nutrient absorption
E) Apoptosis

Question 5

In a fungus, a complex multicellular reproductive structure is called a(n):

A) hypha.
B) gametangium.
C) fruiting body.
D) oogonium.
E) antheridium.

Question 6

In most fungi, hyphae are divided by cross walls, termed which of the following?

A) Sporocarps
B) Sporangia
C) Zygospores
D) Septa
E) Coenocytes

Question 7

Hyphae that contain two genetically distinct, sexually compatible nuclei within each cell are described as:

A) twins.
B) couplets.
C) dikaryotic.
D) polykaryotic.
E) double hyphae.

Question 8

Which unicellular fungus is probably in most kitchens?

A) Mold
B) Mushroom
C) Yeast
D) Rust
E) Dirt

Question 9

Figure 29-1 ​

Refer to the accompanying figure. The structure labeled as 1 is a:

A) spore.
B) hypha.
C) conidium.
D) basidium.
E) perforated septum.

Question 10

When bread gets moldy with visible black or blue spots, you are looking at masses of the colored:

A) thalli.
B) spores.
C) hyphae.
D) mycelia.
E) ascocarps.

Question 11

What makes up most of the mass of an individual mushroom?

A) Underground ascocarp
B) Underground mycelium
C) Above-ground ascocarp
D) Above-ground mycelium
E) Underground fruiting body

Question 12

The cell walls of fungi are composed of:

A) lipids.
B) chitin.
C) cellulose.
D) glycogen.
E) chlorophyll.

Question 13

The sac fungi are characterized by sexual reproductive structures called:

A) asci.
B) basidia.
C) conidia.
D) gemmae.
E) conidiophores.

Question 14

Fungi that lack septa are called:

A) coenocytic.
B) unicellular.
C) ascomycete.
D) monokaryotic.
E) sporophyllous.

Question 15

Allomyces has an unusual life cycle in that it spends part of its life as a multicellular haploid thallus and part as a multicellular diploid thallus. This life cycle is known as which of the following?

A) Klepton
B) Parthenocarpy
C) Alternation of generations
D) Cytomixis
E) Apomixis

Question 16

Figure 29-1 ​

Refer to the accompanying figure. What is missing in the filament labeled as A?

A) Septa
B) Nuclei
C) Spores
D) Hyphae
E) mycelia

Question 17

Which statement about microsporidia is FALSE?

A) They are parasitic.
B) Some divide by binary fission.
C) They are classified with the zygomycetes.
D) They have mitochondria and Golgi complexes.
E) They have a feeding stage and a reproductive stage.

Question 18

Which fungal group is coenocytic and reproduce asexually via blastospores?

A) Zygomycetes
B) Glomeromycetes
C) Basidiomycetes
D) Ascomycetes
E) Chytridiomycetes

Question 19

Ascomycetes reproduce sexually by forming:

A) asci.
B) basidia.
C) conidia.
D) hyphae.
E) ascospores.

Question 20

Which process marks the start of the dikaryotic stage ( n + n ) in the fungal reproductive cycle?

A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) Karyogamy
D) Fertilization
E) Plasmogamy

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT true of lichens?

A) Lichens tolerate extremes of temperature and moisture.
B) Lichens secrete acid.
C) Some lichens produce colored pigments.
D) Lichens can all be seen with an unaided eye.
E) Lichens all grow very slowly.

Question 22

'Which of the following correctly describes basidiomycetes?

A) They are sometimes called "spade fungi."
B) Basidia serve a function that is distinct from that of the asci of ascomycetes.
C) Each basidium undergoes meiosis to form two basidiospores.
D) Basidiospores develop on the inside of the basidium.
E) Hyphae of a primary mycelium consist of monokaryotic cells.

Question 23

Puffballs and bracket fungi are most closely related to:

A) yeast.
B) molds.
C) truffles.
D) black bread mold.
E) common edible mushrooms.

Question 24

Figure 29-2 ​

Refer to the accompanying figure. The structure labeled as 4 is a:

A) zygote.
B) gamete.
C) zoospore.
D) sporangium.
E) zoosporangium.

Question 25

Asomycetes are NOT used for which of the following applications?

A) Flavor cheese
B) Bake bread
C) Prepare vinegar
D) Produce antibiotics
E) Biological research

Question 26

Like fungi, chytrid cell walls contain which of the following?

A) Chitin
B) Chitobiose
C) Lorica
D) Sporopollenin
E) Tectin

Question 27

What is an example of a plant disease caused by a basiodiomycete?

A) Wheat rust
B) Ergot of rye
C) Chestnut blight
D) Dutch elm disease
E) Verticillium wilt on potatoes

Question 28

Figure 29-2 ​

What is the process occurring at point 3 in the accompanying figure?

A) Asexual reproduction
B) Zygote germination
C) Fertilization
D) Meiosis
E) Mitosis

Question 29

Figure 29-2 ​

The structure labeled as 9 in the accompanying figure was produced by:

A) the fertilization of two zygotes.
B) meiosis in the zoosporangium.
C) mitosis in the zoosporangium.
D) mitosis in the resting sporangium.
E) meiosis in the resting sporangium.

Question 30

One ancestral characteristic remaining in representatives of the Chytridiomycota is:

A) both sexual and asexual reproduction.
B) gametes formed by mitosis.
C) alternation of generations.
D) flagellated cells.
E) cell walls.

Question 31

Lichens reproduce mainly by asexual means, usually by which of the following?

A) Budding
B) Fission
C) Vegetative propagation
D) Fragmentation
E) Sporogenesis

Question 32

The club fungi typically reproduce by producing:

A) asci.
B) basidia.
C) zygospores.
D) ascospores.
E) mycorrhizae.

Question 33

Yeasts reproduce asexually by:

A) meiosis.
B) budding.
C) ascospores.
D) binary fission.
E) forming a secondary mycelium.

Question 34

Which one of the following is mismatched?

A) Sac fungi−ascomycetes
B) Bread mold−zygomycetes
C) Mushrooms-basidiomycetes
D) Allomyces -chytridiomycetes
E) Dutch elm disease-glomeromycetes

Question 35

Which process takes place within the young basidia on the gills of the mushroom?

A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) Karyogamy
D) Fertilization
E) Plasmogamy

Question 36

Which statement about mycorrhizae is FALSE?

A) They are symbiotic associations between a fungus and a plant root.
B) They increase the uptake of nutrient minerals by the plant.
C) Arbuscular mycorrhizae are extracellular.
D) Endomycorrhizae are intracellular.
E) Members of the Glomeromycota may be involved.

Question 37

Chytrids produce which of the following cells at some point during their life cycle, which is an indicator of fungal evolution?

A) Flagellate
B) Spores
C) Hyphae
D) Ascocarps
E) Conidia

Question 38

Mushrooms that we eat are technically referred to as:

A) basidiospores.
B) basidiocarps.
C) myceliae.
D) hyphae.
E) gills.

Question 39

How do mycorrhizae benefit plants?

A) Mycorrhizae increase a plant's flowering.
B) Mycorrhizae increase the surface area of the leaves.
C) Mycorrhizae increase a plant's rate of photosynthetic.
D) Mycorrhizae increase a plant's absorptive surface area of roots.
E) Mycorrhizae increase the number of chloroplasts within a plant.

Question 40

Of the following, which would be predicted to grow at the slowest rate?

A) Yeasts
B) Lichens
C) Sac fungi
D) Mushrooms
E) Bread molds

Question 41

Lichens are currently thought to be an example of which of the following?

A) Inhibition
B) Mutualism
C) Controlled parasitism
D) A fungus and a chemoautotroph
E) An algae and a photoautotroph

Question 42

What is a fungal chemical that shows promise as an anticancer agent because of its ability to inhibit the formation of new blood vessels?

A) Penicillin
B) Fumigallin
C) Aflatoxin
D) Psilocybin
E) Ergot compounds

Question 43

Thrush, a painful yeast infection of the mouth, throat and vagina, is caused by a member of the genus:

A) Aspergillus.
B) Candida.
C) Claviceps.
D) Penicillium.
E) Psilocybe.

Question 44

Identify the parts of a typical fungal body plan and briefly explain the function of each of the structures you identified.

Question 45

Describe the importance of fungi as decomposer.

Question 46

List the major types of foods and beverages for which fungi are responsible, and give an example of the particular fungus involved in each.

Question 47

What are the two main types of mycorrhizae, and how do they differ? List three ways in which mycorrhizal associations are beneficial to plants.

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement regarding fungal infections of plants?

A) Fungi are responsible for about 70% of all major crop diseases.
B) Fungal infections often result in complete crop failure.
C) All plants are apparently susceptible to some fungal infection.
D) Damage is always systemic and spread throughout the plant.
E) A plant often becomes infected through a pore or a wound.

Question 49

List the characteristics suggesting that fungi should be assigned to the opisthokont clade.

Question 50

Conidia are asexual spores.

Question 51

Microsporidia are unicellular parasites of animals.

Question 52

Chytrids produce spores that lack a flagellum.

Question 53

Consuming even a single mushroom of the genus ____ can be fatal.

A) Agaricus
B) Shiitake
C) Portobello
D) Amanita
E) Oyster

Question 54

Which genus is used to produce beer and wine?

A) Agaricus
B) Aspergillus
C) Amanita
D) Rhizopus
E) Saccharomyces

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT an example of an animal disease caused by an ascomycete?

A) Histoplasmosis
B) Ringworm
C) Aspergillosis
D) Tuberculosis
E) Sick-building syndrome

Question 56

In zygomycetes such as Rhizopus , the zygospore is haploid.

Question 57

The fungus that causes black stem rust of wheat belongs to which fungal group?

A) Ascomycetes
B) Zygomycetes
C) Basidiomycetes
D) Chytridiomycetes
E) Glomeromycetes

Question 58

Saccharomyces cerevisiae are useful for which of the following?

A) Baking
B) Penicillin production
C) Cheese flavoring
D) Soybean fermentation
E) Inducing hallucinations

Question 59

Lichens are most typically formed by the symbiotic association of an alga or cyanobacterium and a(n):

A) zygomycete.
B) ascomycete.
C) basidiomycete.
D) glomeromycete.
E) chytridiomycete.

Question 60

The cell walls of fungi are composed of cellulose.

Question 64

Endomycorrhizal fungi penetrate the plasma membranes of root cells.

Question 68

Discuss the sexual and asexual reproduction of Rhizopus , the black bread mold. Include the names of the structures involved.

Question 69

What are some way in which the relationship between a plant root and a mycorrihizal fungus is mutualistic?

Question 72

What is the economic importance of fungi? Name at least 10 products made utilizing fungi.

Question 73

The primary mycelium of basidiomycetes is dikaryotic.

Question 75

A lichen is a combination of a fungus and a photoautotroph.

Question 77

In mushrooms, karyogamy occurs within the basidium.

Question 78

Blastospores are produced by glomeromycetes.