Deck 33: Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Question 1

Which tissue system of the plant body is largely responsible for photosynthesis?

A) Ground tissue system
B) Vascular tissue system
C) Dermal tissue system
D) Primary tissue system
E) Secondary tissue system

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is often dead at maturity?

A) Parenchyma tissue
B) Sclerenchyma tissue
C) Collenchyma tissue
D) Dermal tissue
E) Meristematic tissue

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What two tissues transport materials throughout the entire plant body?

A) Sclerenchyma and xylem
B) Phloem and xylem
C) Parenchyma and xylem
D) Sclerenchyma and collenchyma
E) Epidermis and xylem

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Alpha-galacturonic acid is a six-carbon molecule that is a derivative of glucose, and is the monomer unit of which of the following?

A) Cellulose
B) Xyloglucan
C) Lignin
D) Glucagon
E) Pectin

Question 5

The most abundant polymer in the world is:

A) cellulose.
B) glucose.
C) hemicellulose.
D) lignin.
E) pectin.

Question 6

Which of the following cells are elongated, which is evident in longitudinal section?

A) Parenchyma
B) Sclerenchyma
C) Collenchyma
D) Hypomatic
E) Meristematic

Question 7

All woody plants are:

A) annuals.
B) biennials.
C) perennials.
D) deciduous.
E) evergreen.

Question 8

Which of the following polymers accounts for about 40% to 60% of the dry weight of plant cell walls?

A) Xylose
B) Dextrin
C) Cellulose
D) Starch
E) Glycogen

Question 9

The plant vascular system performs which of the following functions?

A) Photosynthesis
B) Conducts water, dissolved minerals, and food
C) Storage
D) Covers the plant body
E) Embryonic differentiation

Question 10

Roots, stem, leaves, flower parts, and fruits are referred to as:

A) apical meristems.
B) dermal tissues.
C) vascular tissues.
D) organs.
E) ground tissues.

Question 11

The plant ground tissue system consists of three tissues that can be distinguished by which of the following?

A) Mitochondrial shape
B) Cell wall structures
C) Lysosomal content
D) Enzymatic activity
E) Amino acid composition

Question 12

Which of the following plants is an annual?

A) Carrot
B) Queen Anne's Lace
C) Foxglove
D) Cabbage
E) Iris

Question 13

A secondary cell wall would be:

A) located inside the cytoplasm.
B) embedded within the primary wall.
C) embedded within the plasma membrane.
D) located inside the plasma membrane.
E) located inside the primary cell wall.

Question 14

Which of the following are just under the plant stem epidermis?

A) Parenchyma
B) Sclerenchyma
C) Collenchyma
D) Filipenchyma
E) Basterochyma

Question 15

A plant that requires two years to complete its life cycle is referred to as a(n):

A) biennial.
B) annual.
C) perennial.
D) dicot.
E) monocot.

Question 16

The cell walls of woody plant secondary tissues contain which of the following?

A) Melanin
B) Inulin
C) Saccharin
D) Pectin
E) Lignin

Question 17

In plants, parenchyma cells typically secrete which of the following?

A) Resins
B) Water
C) Starch grains
D) Oil droplets
E) Salts

Question 18

A main function of a plant's root system is to:

A) photosynthesize.
B) absorb dissolved nutrients and water.
C) absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide.
D) capture sunlight.
E) bear seed-containing fruits.

Question 19

Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma are classified as tissues in the:

A) dermal tissue system.
B) vascular tissue system.
C) ground tissue system.
D) primary tissue system.
E) secondary tissue system.

Question 20

The thick secondary cell walls of sclerenchyma cells are chemically distinct from parenchyma and collenchyma cells. Sclerenchyma cells contain all of the following EXCEPT:

A) lignin.
B) cellulose.
C) hemicellulose.
D) pectin.
E) dextrin.

Question 21

Sugar is conducted in solution through specialized cells known as:

A) fibers.
B) companion cells.
C) sieve tube elements.
D) tracheids.
E) vessels.

Question 22

Which statement about meristematic tissue is true?

A) It causes determinate growth in leaves and flowers.
B) It is found at the base of all stems and roots.
C) It is capable of continually dividing throughout the life of the plant.
D) Its cells differentiate soon after development.
E) Its cells are dead at functional maturity.

Question 23

Growth that results in an increase in stem or root length occurs in which specific area of the plant?

A) Lateral meristem
B) Apical meristem
C) Vascular cambium
D) Cork cambium
E) Periderm

Question 24

Specialized epidermal outgrowths that remove excess salt accumulated in seashore plants are an example of:

A) plasmodesmata.
B) guard cells.
C) stomata.
D) sclereids.
E) trichomes.

Question 25

Roots, stems, leaves, flower parts, and fruits are composed of all three tissue systems. All five are therefore which of the following?

A) Organs
B) Organelles
C) Fascia
D) Organoid
E) Vascular

Question 26

Growth that results in an increase in the length of a plant is referred to as:

A) horizontal growth.
B) longitudinal growth.
C) primary growth.
D) radial growth.
E) secondary growth.

Question 27

Growth that results in an increase in the girth of a plant is referred to as:

A) horizontal growth.
B) longitudinal growth.
C) primary growth.
D) radial growth.
E) secondary growth.

Question 28

Bark, the outermost covering over woody stems and roots, consists of all plant tissues located outside which of the following?

A) Cork cells
B) Secondary xylem
C) Cork cambium
D) Cork parenchyma
E) Vascular cambium

Question 29

What tissue conducts water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the stems and leaves?

A) Collenchyma
B) Epidermis
C) Periderm
D) Xylem
E) Phloem

Question 30

Mature vessel elements:

A) form sieve tubes in the vascular tissue.
B) have pits in their side walls, which allow water to be transported laterally.
C) are alive and contain cytoplasm.
D) are given support by companion cells.
E) occur in pairs, forming stomata in the epidermis.

Question 31

Figure 33-1 ​

In the accompanying figure, the region that is composed of secondary xylem is:

A) outer bark.
B) inner bark.
C) wood.
D) bark.
E) vascular cambium.

Question 32

What are the conducting elements in phloem?

A) Tracheids
B) Vessel elements
C) Fibers
D) Parenchyma
E) Sieve tube elements

Question 33

Which of the following are areas extending along the entire length of the stems and roots except at the tips?

A) Apical meristems
B) Lateral meristems
C) Vascular cambium
D) Cork cambium
E) Fiber cells

Question 34

Figure 33-1 ​

Refer to the accompanying figure. The labeled structure that is responsible for secondary growth is:

A) outer bark.
B) inner bark.
C) wood.
D) bark.
E) vascular cambium.

Question 35

Which of the following are living but lack a nucleus and other organelles at maturity?

A) Xylem
B) Tracheid
C) Vessel element
D) Companion cell
E) Sieve tube element

Question 36

Which of the following is a chloroplast-containing cell that occurs in pairs?

A) Guard cell
B) Epidermal cell
C) Trichome
D) Cork cell
E) Companion cell

Question 37

The stem apical meristem gives rise to:

A) leaf primordia.
B) lateral meristems.
C) root caps.
D) root hairs.
E) cork cells.

Question 38

A root cap:

A) protects the fragile meristematic cells at the root tip.
B) pushes the root tip deeper into the soil.
C) protects the cells located in the lateral meristem.
D) arises from the stem apical meristem.
E) will differentiate into primary tissues of the adult plant.

Question 39

Tracheids and vessel elements both undergo which of the following?

A) Paraptosis
B) Entosis
C) Apoptosis
D) Necrotaxis
E) Metastasis

Question 40

What tissue comprises the outer bark of woody plants?

A) Ground tissue
B) Epidermis
C) Phloem
D) Periderm
E) Xylem

Question 41

Vessel elements and tracheids, while differing slightly in structure, both conduct carbohydrates.

Question 42

The preprophase band is specific to plant cells and:

A) appears after mitosis begins.
B) forms inside the nucleus.
C) determines the plane of cell division.
D) is found in both plant and animal cells.
E) is composed of cellulose.

Question 43

. What is the dermal tissue system? Differentiate between the epidermis and periderm.

Question 44

The "strings" of celery are composed of sclerenchyma tissue.

Question 45

In one sentence, explain how it is possible for genetically identical plant cells to become different from each other.

Question 46

The secondary plant cell walls contain large amounts of lignin, which is a polymer of amino acids.

Question 47

Primary growth involves:

A) an increase in length.
B) an increase in girth.
C) production of secondary xylem.
D) production of cork cells.
E) division of vascular cambium cells.

Question 48

Leaves and flowers exhibit indeterminate growth.

Question 49

In Arabidopsis , the monopteros gene regulates:

A) positional effects in leaves.
B) the activity of the vascular cambium.
C) the differentiation of wounded parenchyma cells into tracheids.
D) apical-basal pattern formation.
E) the location of the preprophase band.

Question 50

Some trichomes function as protective stinging needles.

Question 51

Differentiate between primary and secondary growth in plants. Be sure to include the results of each and where each type of growth would be most likely to occur.

Question 52

An Arabidopsis plant that contains a mutant mp gene would most likely:

A) lack a primary root.
B) develop into callus.
C) produce buds but not leaves.
D) produce flowers but not fruits.
E) lack a stem.

Question 53

Hemicellulose is more soluble than cellulose.

Question 54

Vessel elements and tracheids develop and become specialized hollow cells via the process of programmed cell death, also called apoptosis.

Question 55

Which organelle increases in size, causing plant cells to elongate?

A) Chloroplast
B) Mitochondrion
C) Nucleus
D) Ribosome
E) Vacuole

Question 56

Hemicellulose contains chains of xylose molecules.

Question 57

The growth process that allows cells to become specialized to carry out specific functions is:

A) cell division.
B) cell elongation.
C) cell differentiation.
D) primary growth.
E) secondary growth.

Question 58

Leaves are attached randomly (regularly) to stems and play a role in photosynthesis.

Question 59

The plant physiologist F. C. Steward demonstrated that:

A) the preprophase band is important in plant cell division.
B) orchids can be generated from pollen grains.
C) an entire plant can be generated from a single callus cell.
D) the monopteros gene codes for a transcription factor.
E) the shoot apical meristem gives rise to leaf and bud primordia.

Question 60

Use a tabular format to compare and contrast the structure and function of xylem and phloem.

Question 62

Explain what morphogenesis is and the steps involved.

Question 63

The preprophase band consists of chromosomes aligned in a particular pattern.

Question 65

When the cork cambium divides, it produces cork cells toward the inside.

Question 67

Explain how the structures of tracheids and vessel elements are specialized for their conduction of water and dissolved minerals.

Question 72

Bark consists of all tissues outside the cork cambium.

Question 75

What are the three types of tissues comprising the ground tissue system, and what are their functions?

Question 76

Although the epidermis lacks chloroplasts, it plays an essential role in photosynthesis. What features of the epidermis contribute to the overall photosynthetic success of a plant?

Question 77

Plants, like animals, grow at all points of their body.

Question 78

When the microfibrils in the cell wall are oriented in the same direction, the cell will expand in a direction parallel to the microfibrils.
____________________

Question 79

Pattern formation in plants involves signaling molecules that specify positional information.

Question 80

A mass of undifferentiated plant cells is called a callus.