Deck 1: Key Nutrition Concepts and Terms

Question 1

An example of a nonessential nutrient is _____.

A) calcium
B) cholesterol
C) iron
D) folate
E) sodium

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Broccoli is an example of energy-dense food.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Which of the following is a result of vitamin A deficiency in the diet?

A) impaired wound healing
B) weight loss and depression
C) weak bones and bowed legs
D) mouth ulcers and loss of teeth
E) impaired ability to see in dim light

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Inadequate diets generally produce a spectrum of signs and symptoms related to multiple nutrient deficiencies.

Question 5

The current RDAs referenced in the DRIs reflect nutrient intake levels that protect _____ from developing deficiency disease and that also reduce the risk of common chronic diseases.

A) almost all healthy individuals
B) patients recovering from surgery
C) individuals on strict weight-loss diets
D) individuals with chronic health problems
E) individuals over the age of 55

Question 6

Many children living in food-insecure households may be adequately nourished; however, as a group, they are at higher risk of poor school performance as well as social and behavioral problems.

Question 7

Nutrition is an interdisciplinary science that includes biological, chemical, physical, and food sciences, as well as mathematics and statistics.

Question 8

Essential nutrients are nutrients that are synthesized by the body from components of food in our diet.

Question 9

Vitamins and minerals supply a major portion of calories to the body and are called energy nutrients.

Question 10

Calories are a unit of measure, and they do not qualify as nutrients.

Question 11

Essential nutrients _____.

A) are obtained from the food we consume
B) should be consumed in lower amounts than nonessential nutrients
C) are generally manufactured by the body
D) are less important than nonessential nutrients
E) are not obtained from the food we consume

Question 12

Selenosis, a toxicity disease, occurs because of excessive intake of _____.

A) selenium
B) selenocysteine
C) silicon
D) sellaite
E) sodium

Question 13

Those at higher risk of becoming inadequately nourished include _____.

A) pregnant and breastfeeding women
B) women and men between the ages of 65 and 80
C) athletes and individuals who exercise regularly
D) teenage boys and young adult men
E) teenage girls and young adult women

Question 14

The body can protect itself from excessively high levels of vitamin _____ by excreting the excess in the urine.

A) A
B) C
C) D
D) E
E) K

Question 15

Food security is access at all times to a sufficient supply of safe and nutritious foods.

Question 16

Empty-calorie foods provide few calories and high amounts of nutrients.

Question 17

Plant foods such as grains and vegetables leave a higher carbon footprint compared to animal foods such as dairy and meats.

Question 18

"DRIs" is the general term used for nutrient intake standards for healthy people.

Question 19

An example of malnutrition is _____.

A) rheumatoid arthritis
B) migraine headaches
C) scurvy
D) asthma
E) lupus

Question 20

Intake of energy-dense diets is related to the development of overweight and diabetes.

Question 21

Various types of sulfur-containing phytochemicals present in vegetables such as _____ help prevent a number of different types of cancer in people with specific gene types.

A) potatoes
B) carrots
C) onions
D) cauliflower
E) radish

Question 22

An example of an essential nutrient is _____.

A) creatine
B) fiber
C) cholesterol
D) folate
E) glucose

Question 23

EARs are defined as _____.

A) the desired level of nutrient intake that meets the needs of nearly all healthy individuals
B) an estimate of the safe upper limit of a nutrient
C) tentative RDAs based on less conclusive evidence than the RDAs
D) the nutrient intake values that are estimated to meet the requirements of half the healthy individuals in a group
E) an estimate of the safe lower limit of a nutrient

Question 24

Which of the following is a function of folate?

A) It synthesizes fatty acids.
B) It enhances mineral absorption.
C) It metabolizes carbohydrates.
D) It prevents vitamin B₁₂ toxicity.
E) It aids in protein synthesis.

Question 25

Which sequence of events correctly describes the development of a nutrient deficiency?

A) tissue stores of the nutrient are depleted; blood levels of the nutrient decrease; physical signs and symptoms; long-term impairment of health
B) physical signs and symptoms; tissue stores of the nutrient are depleted; impaired cellular functions; long-term impairment of health
C) long-term impairment of health; physical signs and symptoms; tissue stores of the nutrient are depleted; blood levels of the nutrient decrease
D) decreased nutrient availability to cells; long-term impairment of health; physical signs and symptoms; tissue stores of the nutrient are depleted
E) impaired cellular functions; blood levels of the nutrient decrease; tissue stores of the nutrient are depleted; physical signs and symptoms

Question 26

Which of the following foods is an example of empty-calorie foods?

A) cheese twists
B) yogurt
C) lean meat
D) dried beans
E) collards

Question 27

Which of the following phytochemicals imparts a blue color to blueberries?

A) beta-carotene
B) xanthophyll
C) anthocyanin
D) phycocyanin
E) lycopene

Question 28

Which of the following foods is a nutrient-dense food?

A) sausages
B) eggs
C) full-fat dairy products
D) yogurt
E) biscuits

Question 29

Proteins are made up of "building blocks" called _____.

A) starches
B) fatty acids
C) amino acids
D) cholesterol
E) fiber

Question 30

Low-calcium diets and poor vitamin D status are related to the development of _____.

A) hyperlipidemia
B) osteoporosis
C) hyperglycemia
D) tooth decay
E) asthma

Question 31

AIs _____.

A) are established for a few nutrients for which too few reliable scientific studies have been done to establish an RDA
B) are established for nutrients that are less important for growth and health than other nutrients
C) are established for nutrients that are needed in very small amounts in the diet
D) are recommended intakes for nutrients for which there are no ULs
E) are recommended intakes for people with chronic diseases

Question 32

DRIs are _____.

A) based on less conclusive scientific information than are the RDAs
B) used to assess adequacy of intakes of population groups
C) used to reduce the risk of acute illnesses
D) the general term used for nutrient intake standards for healthy people
E) "tentative" RDAs

Question 33

Which nutrient is a source of fuel for the body?

A) vitamins
B) minerals
C) proteins
D) fiber
E) water

Question 34

Which of the following foods is an example of energy-dense food?

A) low-fat soy milk
B) eggs
C) collards
D) bananas
E) breads

Question 35

Chronic diseases _____.

A) are contagious
B) can always be cured
C) usually develop quickly
D) include hypertension and cancer
E) are not influenced by diet

Question 36

Which of the following phytochemicals imparts an orange color to carrots?

A) lycopene
B) beta-carotene
C) anthocyanin
D) phycocyanin
E) kaempferol

Question 37

The equivalent of 1 ounce is _____ tablespoons (liquid).

A) 1.5
B) 2.0
C) 2.5
D) 3.0
E) 3.5

Question 38

The primary endpoint used to estimate the carbohydrate RDA is the amount _____.

A) that maximizes its function in protecting cells from damage
B) that corresponds to optimal functioning of the thyroid gland
C) that maintains normal red blood cell levels
D) shown to provide the greatest protection against heart disease
E) needed to supply optimal levels of energy to the brain

Question 39

Which of the following phytochemicals imparts a red color to tomatoes and acts as an antioxidant?

A) anthocyanin
B) beta-carotene
C) kaempferol
D) ellagic acid
E) lycopene

Question 40

DRIs are _____.

A) Dietary Reference Intakes
B) Daily Required Intakes
C) Daily Recommended Intakes
D) Dietary Recommended Ingestion
E) Dietary Reference Ingestion

Question 41

Adults living in food-insecure households are more likely to _____.

A) be underweight
B) be obese
C) have liver disease
D) have kidney disease
E) have hypotension

Question 44

During her freshman year of college, Rhonda experienced many environmental changes that influenced her diet and lifestyle. She was fearful of gaining "the freshman fifteen" and also had a limited food budget. To save money and avoid gaining unwanted weight, she decided that she would only eat fruits for breakfast and salads for lunch and skip dinner. Soon she found herself getting very hungry in the evenings, and she would then overeat food from the vending machines and cheap fast food. She often snacked on cookies, fried foods, pasta, ice cream, and diet soda. As the school year progressed, Rhonda had recurrent bouts of respiratory illness and felt chronically fatigued. Upon visiting the college health service, the doctor diagnosed her with iron-deficiency anemia and speculated that in addition to not getting enough iron she was probably not getting enough protein or B vitamins. It is now the end of the school year, and Rhonda's overall health is poor. She has also gained a significant amount of weight despite not eating dinner and inadequately consuming nutrients overall. Rhonda decides to register for a nutrition class over the summer and learn how to better manage her diet and weight during her sophomore year.
What was most likely the cause of Rhonda's struggle with recurrent illness and chronic fatigue?

A) She was not consuming enough fruits and vegetables
B) She was not consuming an adequate, well-balanced diet.
C) She was consuming an excess of nutrient-dense foods.
D) She was consuming more fat than sugar.
E) She was consuming too many calories in the evening.

Question 45

Which nutrient is required for protein synthesis within cells?

A) potassium
B) vitamin C
C) calcium
D) niacin
E) folate

Question 46

During her freshman year of college, Rhonda experienced many environmental changes that influenced her diet and lifestyle. She was fearful of gaining "the freshman fifteen" and also had a limited food budget. To save money and avoid gaining unwanted weight, she decided that she would only eat fruits for breakfast and salads for lunch and skip dinner. Soon she found herself getting very hungry in the evenings, and she would then overeat food from the vending machines and cheap fast food. She often snacked on cookies, fried foods, pasta, ice cream, and diet soda. As the school year progressed, Rhonda had recurrent bouts of respiratory illness and felt chronically fatigued. Upon visiting the college health service, the doctor diagnosed her with iron-deficiency anemia and speculated that in addition to not getting enough iron she was probably not getting enough protein or B vitamins. It is now the end of the school year, and Rhonda's overall health is poor. She has also gained a significant amount of weight despite not eating dinner and inadequately consuming nutrients overall. Rhonda decides to register for a nutrition class over the summer and learn how to better manage her diet and weight during her sophomore year.
Rhonda had a limited amount of money that she could spend on food, and her ability to get to the supermarket was also limited. Therefore, the quantity and quality of healthy food that she had available were affected. This is an example of _____.

A) food insecurity
B) malnutrition
C) energy density
D) food security
E) nourishment vulnerability

Question 47

During her freshman year of college, Rhonda experienced many environmental changes that influenced her diet and lifestyle. She was fearful of gaining "the freshman fifteen" and also had a limited food budget. To save money and avoid gaining unwanted weight, she decided that she would only eat fruits for breakfast and salads for lunch and skip dinner. Soon she found herself getting very hungry in the evenings, and she would then overeat food from the vending machines and cheap fast food. She often snacked on cookies, fried foods, pasta, ice cream, and diet soda. As the school year progressed, Rhonda had recurrent bouts of respiratory illness and felt chronically fatigued. Upon visiting the college health service, the doctor diagnosed her with iron-deficiency anemia and speculated that in addition to not getting enough iron she was probably not getting enough protein or B vitamins. It is now the end of the school year, and Rhonda's overall health is poor. She has also gained a significant amount of weight despite not eating dinner and inadequately consuming nutrients overall. Rhonda decides to register for a nutrition class over the summer and learn how to better manage her diet and weight during her sophomore year.
What should Rhonda strive to do during her sophomore year to help improve her nutrition and health?

A) avoid "bad foods" that are high in calories
B) make healthier choices at the vending machine and fast food restaurants
C) drink a protein shake and take a multivitamin and an iron supplement each day
D) restrict calories and skip breakfast to help herself lose the weight
E) substitute nutrient-dense foods for energy-dense foods to help balance calories and increase the intake of essential nutrients

Question 48

During her freshman year of college, Rhonda experienced many environmental changes that influenced her diet and lifestyle. She was fearful of gaining "the freshman fifteen" and also had a limited food budget. To save money and avoid gaining unwanted weight, she decided that she would only eat fruits for breakfast and salads for lunch and skip dinner. Soon she found herself getting very hungry in the evenings, and she would then overeat food from the vending machines and cheap fast food. She often snacked on cookies, fried foods, pasta, ice cream, and diet soda. As the school year progressed, Rhonda had recurrent bouts of respiratory illness and felt chronically fatigued. Upon visiting the college health service, the doctor diagnosed her with iron-deficiency anemia and speculated that in addition to not getting enough iron she was probably not getting enough protein or B vitamins. It is now the end of the school year, and Rhonda's overall health is poor. She has also gained a significant amount of weight despite not eating dinner and inadequately consuming nutrients overall. Rhonda decides to register for a nutrition class over the summer and learn how to better manage her diet and weight during her sophomore year.
What type of a diet should Rhonda follow to lose the weight gained during her freshman year?

A) She should follow a diet high in protein and low in fruit and whole grains.
B) She should follow a diet high in phytochemicals and antioxidants and take a multivitamin supplement.
C) She should follow a diet that provides a variety of nutrient-dense foods and is moderately low in calories as suggested by the USDA's Choose MyPlate plan.
D) She should follow a diet that includes plenty of energy-dense, empty-calorie foods.
E) She should follow a vegetarian diet.

Question 49

Severe zinc deficiency _____.

A) causes disturbances in the sense of smell
B) reduces appetite
C) is related to stunted growth
D) is associated with a decline in the body's ability to fight infections
E) is associated with vomiting

Question 50

During her freshman year of college, Rhonda experienced many environmental changes that influenced her diet and lifestyle. She was fearful of gaining "the freshman fifteen" and also had a limited food budget. To save money and avoid gaining unwanted weight, she decided that she would only eat fruits for breakfast and salads for lunch and skip dinner. Soon she found herself getting very hungry in the evenings, and she would then overeat food from the vending machines and cheap fast food. She often snacked on cookies, fried foods, pasta, ice cream, and diet soda. As the school year progressed, Rhonda had recurrent bouts of respiratory illness and felt chronically fatigued. Upon visiting the college health service, the doctor diagnosed her with iron-deficiency anemia and speculated that in addition to not getting enough iron she was probably not getting enough protein or B vitamins. It is now the end of the school year, and Rhonda's overall health is poor. She has also gained a significant amount of weight despite not eating dinner and inadequately consuming nutrients overall. Rhonda decides to register for a nutrition class over the summer and learn how to better manage her diet and weight during her sophomore year.
Which foods in Rhonda's diet were the most energy-dense?

A) fruits and vegetables
B) pasta
C) fried foods, ice cream, and cookies
D) diet sodas
E) salad

Question 51

Generally speaking, adults need 9 tablespoons of _____ each day.

A) carbohydrate
B) protein
C) fat
D) calcium
E) vitamin B₁₂

Question 52

ULs are _____.

A) the minimum level of a nutrient one needs to consume to be healthy
B) used to assess adequacy of intakes of population groups
C) upper limits of nutrient intake compatible with health
D) nutrient intake values for athletes
E) nutrient intake values estimated to meet the requirements of 50% of healthy individuals