Deck 8: The Minerals and Water a Functional Approach

Question 1

Iodine has a role in maintaining the basal metabolic rate.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A sedentary lifestyle can lead to bone loss.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Osteoclasts are the bone-building cells of the body.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Soy sauce, poultry, and cocoa are all good sources of calcium.

Question 5

Regular sessions of weight-bearing exercise slow and possibly prevent bone loss.

Question 6

Major minerals contribute energy (calories) in the diet.

Question 7

When selecting a calcium supplement, one should avoid those supplements derived from dolomite, oyster shell, or bone meal, because some have been found to be contaminated with lead.

Question 8

Ninety-nine percent of the calcium in the body is in the bones.

Question 9

The DASH diet resembles a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet.

Question 10

Smoking no more than one pack of cigarettes per day is recommended to reduce the risk for osteoporosis.

Question 11

One teaspoon of iodized salt meets the entire adult RDA for iodine.

Question 12

Pregnancy and lactation decrease the calcium reserves in bones whenever calcium intake is inadequate.

Question 13

Vitamins are inorganic compounds whereas minerals are organic compounds.

Question 14

Calcium is required for transmission of nerve impulses.

Question 15

Bone loss slows down at menopause.

Question 16

Condiments such as mustard, barbecue sauce, and ketchup are often high in sodium.

Question 17

Eating no more than 3,500 milligrams of sodium a day helps reduce the risk of high blood pressure.

Question 18

Basically, the DASH diet is the same as an overall healthful diet.

Question 19

All public water in the United States is fluoridated.

Question 20

Since iron is widespread in food sources, deficiencies are rare.

Question 21

The term "contamination iron" refers to the ____.

A) iron added to fortified foods
B) amount of iron that is toxic when too much is ingested
C) iron added to multivitamin supplements
D) iron children ingest when eating paint chips
E) dietary iron obtained when cooking in iron cookware

Question 22

Two natural compounds found in food that inhibit mineral absorption from the gastrointestinal tract are ____.

A) amino acids and phytates
B) oxylates and polysaccharides
C) table salt and vitamin D
D) phytates and oxalates
E) pectin and vitamin C

Question 23

Intake of what item contributes most of the sodium in the typical U.S. diet?

A) Unprocessed foods
B) Salt added during cooking
C) Processed foods
D) Soft water
E) Milk

Question 24

A cofactor ____.

A) assists protein carriers
B) inhibits zinc absorption
C) substitutes for a coenzyme
D) facilitates enzyme action
E) enhances nutrient absorption

Question 25

Sodium, potassium, chloride, and phosphorus play a major role in ____.

A) carbohydrate metabolism
B) the distribution of water inside and outside body cells
C) regulating insulin production
D) the production of thyroid hormones
E) muscle contraction and relaxation

Question 26

Of the two forms of iron found in foods, nonheme iron is more reliably absorbed than is heme iron.

Question 27

Fresh and canned vegetables vary in zinc content, depending on the soil in which they are grown.

Question 28

In comparison to major minerals, trace minerals occur in the body in minute quantities and are needed in smaller amounts in the daily diet.

Question 29

Iron absorption is impaired by ____.

A) heme
B) tannins
C) sodium
D) vitamin C
E) vitamin E

Question 30

Iron overload is more common in women than in men.

Question 31

Which food provides iron in the most absorbable form?

A) spinach
B) hamburger
C) rice
D) peas
E) iron-fortified baby cereal

Question 32

Today, there is an increasing use of noniodized salt in manufactured foods.

Question 33

Which nutrient works closely with insulin to help the cells take up glucose?

A) zinc
B) selenium
C) chromium
D) iodine
E) phosphorus

Question 34

People from which ethnic background tend to have the lowest risk for osteoporosis?

A) Chinese
B) Japanese
C) African American
D) British
E) Northern European

Question 35

Since zinc is stored in the liver, it can be replenished by consuming good sources only occasionally.

Question 36

Skin, hair, and nails tend to have high sulfur content.

Question 37

With increasing obesity, age, and blood pressure levels comes an increasing probability that a person will become salt sensitive.

Question 38

Hypertension is ____.

A) high salt concentration
B) plaque build-up in the arteries
C) high blood pressure
D) excessive muscular contraction
E) high blood sugar

Question 39

Aside from malnutrition, blood loss is the primary reason for iron deficiency.

Question 40

Some of the first symptoms of iron deficiency are muscle cramps and bone pain.

Question 41

Which description is a sure way to tell that you have high blood pressure?

A) You stand up and get a bit dizzy.
B) Your arm is numb when you wake up in the morning.
C) Your parents had high blood pressure.
D) You have it measured and it is rated as elevated.
E) You eat salty snacks two or more times per week.

Question 42

If a woman has a severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy, her child may have ____.

A) anemia
B) spina bifida
C) cretinism
D) blindness
E) allergies

Question 43

An iodine deficiency can cause ____.

A) anemia
B) hypertension
C) goiter
D) gout
E) depression

Question 44

Jim is trying to eat foods with less sodium in hopes that his blood pressure will decrease to a healthy measurement. Which food should he avoid?

A) grilled chicken
B) pickles
C) bananas
D) sweet potatoes
E) honey

Question 45

Which drug can be administered as a nasal spray to inhibit bone resorption activity of osteoclasts?

A) calcitonin
B) prednisone
C) DEXA
D) teriparatide (Forteo)
E) oxytocin

Question 46

What binder that is found in milk hinders zinc absorption?

A) chlorine
B) calcium
C) EDTA
D) casein
E) iron

Question 47

Fluoride deficiency is best known to cause ____.

A) mottling of teeth
B) osteoporosis
C) muscular dystrophy
D) dental decay
E) heart disease

Question 48

The most reliable source of fluoride is ____.

A) meats and whole-grain cereals
B) iodized salt
C) dark green vegetables
D) public water
E) milk and milk products

Question 49

The DASH eating pattern is high in ____ but low in ____.

A) fruits; whole grains
B) calcium; potassium
C) fiber; whole grains
D) sodium; saturated fat
E) vegetables; whole-fat dairy

Question 50

What mineral is critical to the synthesis of thyroid hormones?

A) iron
B) copper
C) magnesium
D) iodine
E) zinc

Question 51

Sharon is an 18-year-old college student who drinks soda at lunch, at dinner, and with snacks. You notice that she rarely drinks milk and suggest that she start because the calcium recommendation for someone 9-18 years of age is ____.

A) 500 mg per day
B) 800 mg per day
C) 1,000 mg per day
D) 1,300 mg per day
E) 1,600 mg per day.

Question 52

Which group is least susceptible to iron-deficiency anemia?

A) Women of childbearing age
B) Children
C) Older infants
D) People with low incomes
E) Men 20-45 years of age

Question 53

Which food is fortified with iodine to prevent deficiencies?
Which food is fortified with iodine to prevent deficiencies?

A) salt
B) milk
C) butter and margarine
D) breads and cereals
E) orange juice

Question 54

Which nutrient enhances iron absorption from the intestinal tract?

A) biotin
B) vitamin A
C) vitamin D
D) calcium
E) vitamin C

Question 55

A diet which overemphasizes ____ is likely to lead to an iron deficiency in children.

A) cereals
B) milk
C) vegetables
D) dried beans
E) meat

Question 56

Which calcium supplement is better absorbed, especially by older people whose secretion of stomach acid tends to be reduced?

A) oyster shell calcium
B) calcium citrate
C) calcium lactate
D) calcium bicarbonate
E) calcium phosphate

Question 57

A deficiency of ____ in children is associated with retarded growth and sexual development.

A) chromium
B) fluoride
C) zinc
D) iodine
E) cadmium

Question 58

Which individual would be at the lowest risk for osteoporosis?

A) Joe, who walks for one hour, 3 times each week
B) Jill, who has a glass of wine every day after work
C) Stephanie, whose mother and grandmother broke their hips
D) Mark, who had a kidney transplant two years ago
E) Rachel, who has athletic amenorrhea

Question 59

A cup of milk contains approximately ____ milligrams of calcium.

A) 100
B) 300
C) 500
D) 750
E) 1,000

Question 60

Brodie's doctor wants his blood pressure to be reduced because his systolic pressure is too high. What does systolic pressure measure?

A) The force exerted by the heart as it contracts to pump blood throughout the body.
B) The pressure the blood exerts on artery walls between heart beats.
C) The force the blood exerts as it flows through the lungs.
D) The pressure of the blood as it rushes to the brain.
E) The ratio of contracted heart pressure to artery wall pressure.

Question 61

What item is a good food source of copper?

A) whole grains
B) nuts
C) citrus fruits
D) deep orange vegetables
E) dairy products

Question 62

Which mineral helps muscles to relax after contraction and tooth enamel to retain calcium?

A) fluoride
B) potassium
C) magnesium
D) zinc
E) iodine

Question 63

The sudden deaths that occur during fasting, severe diarrhea, or severe vomiting are thought to be due to heart failure caused by a loss of ____.

A) potassium
B) magnesium
C) selenium
D) chloride
E) chromium

Question 64

Vignette While waiting for a prescription to be filled, Dan decides to measure his blood pressure using the automated machine in the pharmacy. His blood pressure reading is 140 over 92 millimeters of mercury. He knows he has a few pounds to lose but has never known his blood pressure. Before returning home he goes to a fast-food restaurant and enjoys a cheeseburger and fries. At home, Dan tells his wife, Tracy, about his findings and waits for her response. Let's see if you know as much as Tracy about the implications of blood pressure.
What is the main risk factor linked to hypertension?

A) Drinking alcohol
B) Obesity
C) Sodium intake
D) High calcium intake
E) Exercising only twice per week

Question 65

What controls the water balance between body cells and their environment?

A) temperature
B) vitamins
C) minerals
D) fiber
E) glucose

Question 66

Vignette While waiting for a prescription to be filled, Dan decides to measure his blood pressure using the automated machine in the pharmacy. His blood pressure reading is 140 over 92 millimeters of mercury. He knows he has a few pounds to lose but has never known his blood pressure. Before returning home he goes to a fast-food restaurant and enjoys a cheeseburger and fries. At home, Dan tells his wife, Tracy, about his findings and waits for her response. Let's see if you know as much as Tracy about the implications of blood pressure.
For what symptoms of high blood pressure should Dan be aware?

A) Rapid heartbeat and respiration
B) Lightheadedness and jitteriness
C) Apathy and loss of appetite
D) Heart flutters and chest pains
E) There are no symptoms.

Question 67

What proportion of muscle is composed of water?

A) 10 percent
B) 20 percent`
C) 35 percent
D) 50 percent
E) 75 percent

Question 68

Vignette While waiting for a prescription to be filled, Dan decides to measure his blood pressure using the automated machine in the pharmacy. His blood pressure reading is 140 over 92 millimeters of mercury. He knows he has a few pounds to lose but has never known his blood pressure. Before returning home he goes to a fast-food restaurant and enjoys a cheeseburger and fries. At home, Dan tells his wife, Tracy, about his findings and waits for her response. Let's see if you know as much as Tracy about the implications of blood pressure.
How would Dan's blood pressure be interpreted?

A) Low blood pressure
B) Optimal blood pressure
C) Prehypertension
D) High blood pressure (hypertension)
E) Near-optimal pressure

Question 69

Some diuretics cause the excretion of ____, increasing dietary need for this mineral.

A) iron
B) potassium
C) sodium
D) calcium
E) selenium

Question 70

Which nutrient is most needed by the body?

A) calcium
B) phosphorus
C) iron
D) water
E) potassium

Question 71

How do body cells keep the right amount of water inside themselves?

A) By releasing hormones to regulate fluid balance
B) By changing their electrical charges
C) By pumping ions across their membranes
D) By pumping water across their membranes
E) By adjusting the pH level of interstitial fluids

Question 72

Cortical bone is ____.

A) relied on first as a source of calcium for the blood
B) sponge-like in appearance
C) the thick, ivory-like outer portion of bone
D) the lacy network of crystals forming the interior of bone
E) the site where new blood cells are produced

Question 73

Which minerals help make hemoglobin in red blood cells?

A) Iron and zinc
B) Selenium and phosphorus
C) Chromium and magnesium
D) Sulfur and iodine
E) Phosphorus and chromium

Question 74

Dietary proteins, the hormone insulin, thiamin, and biotin all contain ____.

A) iron
B) iodine
C) sodium
D) sulfur
E) molybdenum

Question 75

Which mineral is vital to lipid transport in the blood and to cell membrane structure?

A) phosphorus
B) iodine
C) zinc
D) potassium
E) chromium

Question 76

Copper is used by the body to help manufacture ____.

A) thyroid hormone
B) white blood cells
C) insulin
D) HDL cholesterol
E) collagen

Question 77

What mineral helps maintain the strong acidity in the stomach and the appropriate balance of acids and bases in the blood?

A) phosphorus
B) selenium
C) chloride
D) sodium
E) chromium

Question 78

Selenium is required for the production of the active form of ____ and also functions as a(n) ____.

A) vitamin D; antioxidant
B) thyroid hormone; electrolyte
C) vitamin E; cofactor
D) thyroid hormone; antioxidant
E) heme iron; stimulant

Question 79

Peak bone mass is reached at approximately ____ years of age.

A) 13
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40
E) 50

Question 80

Gertrude has a young son named Ben, and wants to know how to make sure he grows strong bones. Ben's pediatrician advises her to include calcium-rich foods in his daily diet so he can attain a high bone mass. Why is this so important?

A) Calcium is only deposited in the bones during childhood.
B) Bone mass is the main factor influencing bone health.
C) Calcium intake is the only factor that significantly affects bone health.
D) Bones are rigid structures that never change once they grow.
E) Bone mass can be steadily increased throughout the course of a lifetime.