Deck 2: Foundations of Criminal Justice Research

Question 1

Which type of research frequently involves the inductive method?

A) field research
B) experiments
C) surveys
D) use of existing data such as the Uniform Crime Reports

Answer 1

field research

Question 2

In the concentric zone theory of the "Chicago School" the zone of transition is characterized by:

A) the citizens that formed the core of morality for the city
B) the wealthiest citizens of Chicago
C) low-income immigrants from Europe initially
D) people who relocated from the suburbs

Answer 2

low-income immigrants from Europe initially

Question 3

In using scientific inquiry, in deduction we reason toward observations; in induction we reason from observations.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

If a number of social scientists agree that a phenomenon exists, they are using intersubjective agreement for objectivity.

Question 5

A hypothesis is a specified expectation about an empirical reality derived from axioms.

Question 6

Which of the following is not an example of a concept?

A) delinquency
B) peer group
C) indoor temperature
D) social disorganization

Question 7

Observation involves all of the following except:

A) conducting experiments
B) interviewing people
C) watching people and detailing what you see
D) statistical manipulation

Question 8

The "Chicago School" founded by Burgess and Park was influential in our understanding of why children failed in schools.

Question 9

Grounded theory is used to describe the deductive method of theory construction.

Question 10

A paradigm and a theory refer to two different things. The paradigm is a fundamental model or scheme that organizes our view of something.

Question 11

Much of the current research in criminal justice and criminology focuses upon which of the following?

A) basic building blocks of a concept
B) a concept's theoretical counterpart
C) a systematic explanation of the observed facts and laws that relate to a particular aspect of life
D) a principle or law

Question 12

Socrates is mortal and observing a number of other people. All the observed people are mortals. All people are mortal. This is an example of what type of logic?

A) deductive
B) observation
C) inductive
D) hypothesis

Question 13

Research on criminal justice policy is an example of applied research.

Question 14

Which of the following constitute facts related to variables?

A) the empirical counterpart to a concept
B) variables can only be one value
C) more broad than concepts
D) cannot be observed

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of subjectivity?

A) which rap singer you like the best
B) your score on your first research methods exam
C) whether Judge Wilson has more mistrials than Judge Hughey
D) how much tuition your university charges full-time students

Question 16

Much of the current social science research has moved from description to:

A) exploration
B) explanation
C) understanding
D) theory

Question 17

Criminal justice and human behavior can be studied scientifically.

Question 18

In deductive reasoning, one starts from a general law and applies that law to a particular instance.

Question 19

The ecological approach to understanding crime suggests that human behavior is partially the result of the physical and social environment where the behavior takes place.

Question 20

Which of the following is not an example of a type of statement?

A) laws
B) propositions
C) axioms
D) objectives

Question 21

Which of the following is an example of a concept?

A) height
B) peer group
C) weight
D) age

Question 22

This term represents a set of concepts and the proposed relationships among these; a structure that is intended to represent or model something about the world.

A) a paradigm
B) a law
C) a theory
D) a fact

Question 23

Research on a criminal justice related policy is an example of

A) explanatory research
B) descriptive research
C) applied research
D) exploratory research

Question 24

You count the number of students registered for your research methods class. This is an example of:

A) objectivity
B) subjectivity
C) intersubjectivity
D) theory

Question 25

Which of the following is not an example of a hypothesis?

A) Males score higher in math than females.
B) Poor children have higher delinquency rates than middle-class children.
C) Why is the sky dark at night?
D) Those who study daily will have the highest grades.

Question 26

The more a person drinks and drives the more likely they are to be pulled over for DUI. This is an example of:

A) a theory
B) a law
C) a hypothesis that results in a negative relationship
D) a hypothesis that results in a positive relationship

Question 27

Which of the following are not efforts that you can employ as situational crime prevention techniques?

A) keeping your car doors locked when you park
B) using a steering wheel lock every time you exit your car
C) calling the police immediately after you realize that your car has been vandalized
D) using removable stereo systems

Question 28

When the relationship between two variables is drawn from a theory, it is said to be:

A) a fact
B) a hypothesis
C) a mini theory
D) a paradigm

Question 29

Conclusions drawn about the relationships among concepts, based on the logical interrelationship among the axioms is:

A) a law
B) a proposition
C) an axiom
D) a statement

Question 30

Which of the following is another word for objectivity?

A) subjectivity
B) intersubjective agreement
C) attitudes
D) religiosity

Question 31

Independent of opinion is a definition of:

A) an analysis
B) subjectivity
C) objectivity
D) a hypothesis

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of a variable?

A) social disorganization
B) crime
C) social class
D) annual family income

Question 33

In an inductive approach to policy development, the final step is

A) monitoring results
B) collecting data
C) analysis of situation
D) systematic study

Question 34

Which of the following cannot be studied scientifically in the field of criminal justice?

A) the relationship between the number of police officers on the street and the crime rate
B) the relationship between the number of police officers on the street and citizen satisfaction
C) the role that an act of a deity plays on being arrested for a criminal offense
D) the role that age plays in slowing one's criminal activities

Question 35

Which of the following best applies to the statement that science is always objective?

A) this only happens in the study of economics
B) objectivity is a matter of intersubjective agreement
C) objectivity can never happen when engaged in scientific research
D) objectivity is always present when a researcher knows all of the variables impacting their study

Question 36

All people are mortal, therefore Socrates is mortal is an example of which type of logic?

A) deductive
B) observation
C) inductive
D) hypothesis

Question 37

Which of the following illustrates situational crime prevention?

A) use of management, design, or the manipulation of the environment to reduce crime
B) using prison to reduce crime by keeping offenders away from the public
C) increasing police presence in high-crime areas
D) offender home checks

Question 38

Dr. Quinn is interested in who is least likely to show up for their trial; those who bond out of jail with the help of a bondsman or those placed in a court sponsored pre-trial release program. The results of the study indicate that those inmates released using a bail bondsmen had a lower failure to appear at trial rate than those using court sponsored pre-trial release. The findings of the study are used to close the expensive court run pre-trial release program. This study is an example of what type of research?

A) theory building
B) applied research
C) basic or pure research
D) a paradigm shift

Question 39

Dr. Smith is doing an observational study in a local jail and discovers that inmates who are respectful to the correctional officers get more telephone calls than inmates who are disrespectful. What technique has been employed in the study?

A) evaluation research
B) inductive logic
C) deductive logic
D) theory construction

Question 40

Which of the following is accurate with respect to paradigms?

A) paradigms consist of groups of hypotheses
B) paradigms are ways of organizing our views
C) paradigms are hypotheses linked in a logical framework
D) all these statements are accurate

Question 41

Grounded theory is used to:

A) measure how much common sense went into a specific theory
B) describe the inductive method of theory construction
C) describe the deductive method of theory construction
D) assess the elements that make up dirt

Question 42

Which of the following is accurate with respect to induction?

A) induction begins with a theory
B) induction starts with observed data
C) induction ends with relationships
D) induction begins with generalizations

Question 43

The idea of defensible space can be traced to the work of:

A) Shaw and McKay
B) Newman
C) David Takeuchi
D) Maxfield and Babbie

Question 44

Operationalization involves which of the following?

A) testing hypotheses
B) testing theories
C) identifying how you will measure a variable
D) developing a theory

Question 45

Grounded theories refer to which of the following?

A) testing a theory to see if the data fits
B) theories that have been constructed by faculty just beginning their careers
C) the inductive method of theory construction
D) the deductive method of theory construction

Question 46

Which of the following is not a concept?

A) juvenile delinquency
B) peer group
C) a person's grade in research methods
D) religiosity

Question 47

The "Chicago School" was noted for the study of crime in various sections of the city of Chicago. Which of the following was used to study where crime happened?

A) concentric zones
B) asking people why they left Chicago for other Northern cities
C) interviews with police officers
D) content analysis of newspapers

Question 48

What is the final step in the traditional model of science?

A) operationalization
B) theory development
C) data collection
D) observation

Question 49

Defensible space is:

A) the current U.S. policy for protecting Americans
B) an attempt to understand the link between urban design and crime
C) a movie that demonstrates how to protect yourself
D) the U.S. missile-defense system

Question 50

Paradigm shifts are:

A) shifted to resemble concepts
B) concepts shifted to paradigms
C) previously agreed on paradigms that are discarded in favor of new ones
D) previously agreed upon paradigms that are changed over to a hypothesis

Question 51

The second step in the traditional model of science is which of the following?

A) concepts
B) observation
C) operationalization
D) methodology

Question 52

Which of the following characterizes the statement: "criminal justice and human behavior often can be studied scientifically"?

A) the statement is wishful thinking
B) the statement is correct
C) the statement is inaccurate
D) the statement fails to address problems in studying human behavior

Question 53

The three main elements in the traditional model of science include theory, operationalization, and:

A) statistics
B) hypotheses
C) observation
D) conclusions

Question 54

Operationalization means:

A) the part of a theory that tells us how variables are related
B) the procedures we go through to identify and measure variables
C) the procedures we go through before we can develop a hypothesis
D) the part of a theory that tells us what statistics we can use

Question 55

The concept of "observation" in the language of science means

A) looking at the world and making value judgments
B) looking at the world and making measurements of what is seen
C) looking at the world and making changes in what is seen
D) looking at the world through rose-colored glasses

Question 56

Which of the following is most accurate?

A) theory must always come before observation
B) observation must always come before theory
C) theory may precede observation; just as observation may precede theory
D) theory and observation are not related

Question 57

The results of Burgess and Park's study using the concentric circles in the city of Chicago resulted in:

A) the finding that wherever the poorest people live will have the least amount of crime
B) the finding that where the most wealthy people live will have the highest rates of property crime
C) the finding that the crime rate will be the highest in the areas characterized by transition
D) the finding that when people move from one zone to another, they take their criminal tendencies with them

Question 58

Which of the following is not true concerning theory, research and policy relationships?

A) theory structures research
B) policies can be examined to determine if they accomplish their goals
C) theory should never be used to develop public policy
D) research is consulted to develop public policy

Question 59

Which of the following cannot be studied scientifically?

A) physical attributes of humans
B) the purpose of life
C) changes in the number of elephants in the wild
D) astronomy

Question 60

The primary distinction between a paradigm and theory is based on:

A) intersubjective agreement
B) a hypothesis
C) organization and structure
D) operationalization

Question 61

Identify a theory that is based upon deductive reasoning and one that is based upon inductive reasoning. Explain why each falls into the category that you suggest.

Question 62

A(n)  __________  is a fundamental model or scheme that organizes our view of something.

Question 63

When one moves from particular  instances to general principles  -  from facts to theories, one is using______________________ reasoning.

Question 64

The process of specifying steps, procedures, or operations for actually identifying and measuring variables to be observed is  __________.

Question 65

When a researcher monitors and evaluates results of a program to determine if it is achieving its goals, this step is similar to  __________  testing in basic research.

Question 66

Which of the following illustrates the relationship between a theory and a paradigm?

A) theories are collections of hypotheses, while a paradigm uses just one hypothesis
B) a paradigm is more specific than a theory
C) a theory is more specific than a paradigm
D) a theory is a paradigm

Question 67

The zone of transition in Chicago characterized by weak families, social institutions and substandard housing produced a phenomenon called  __________  disorganization.

Question 68

When crime prevention policies try to reduce the opportunities for crime to occur,  __________  crime prevention is being employed.

Question 69

Using the deductive model, research is used to test  __________.

Question 70

The two pillars of science are observation and  __________.

Question 71

According to ecological theory, which of the following is not a fundamental principle?

A) crime is more common in urban transition zones
B) crime is more common is suburban transition zones
C) crime is more common where there is a great deal of crowding
D) crime is more common where there is much poverty

Question 72

__________  logic moves from specific data to general assumptions.

Question 73

Using the inductive model,  __________  are developed from the analysis of research data.

Question 74

Another word for intersubjective agreement is  __________.

Question 75

If grades go up as the number of study hours go up, this is called what type of relationship?

A) negative
B) positive
C) inverse
D) a fluke

Question 76

The logic of social scientific inquiry is based in the use of  __________  to guide the inquiry.

Question 77

__________  logic moves from the general to the specific.

Question 78

Scientific inquiry in practice typically involves a relationship between:

A) theory and policy
B) concepts and paradigms
C) hypothesis and hypotheses
D) deduction and induction

Question 79

The three main elements in the traditional model of science are theory, operationalization, and observation. Identify a piece of research discussed in class and identify each of the elements listed above for that research.

Question 80

Research in criminology has moved from descriptive studies to those that place a greater emphasis on systematic __________.