Deck 1: Introducing Psychology

Question 1

How interesting you find a college course depends more on your attitude than on how entertaining the instructor makes his or her lectures.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A memory aid that links new information to ideas or images that are easy to remember is called a

A) LISAN device.
B) signal word.
C) retriever.
D) mnemonic.

Answer 2

mnemonic.

Question 3

Which step in the SQ4R method involves skimming through the module before reading this module in depth?

A) search
B) selection
C) survey
D) sequence

Answer 3

survey

Question 4

PsycINFO is offered by the American Psychological Association (APA) and provides summaries of the scientific and scholarly literature in psychology.

Question 5

Regarding general test-taking skills, it is recommended that students answer the difficult questions first and then the easy ones.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a good guideline for taking tests?

A) Read all directions and questions carefully.
B) Quickly survey the test before you begin.
C) Answer the more difficult questions before the easy ones.
D) Ask the teacher for clarification when necessary.

Question 7

According to the authors of your textbook, which of the following would be considered a GOOD study strategy?

A) using mnemonics
B) recopying lecture notes
C) massed practice
D) group study sessions

Question 8

Actively thinking about what you have just experienced describes experiential processing.

Question 9

The best way to prepare for short-answer tests is to overlearn the details of the course and to pay special attention to lists of related terms.

Question 10

The S in the SQ4R method stands for sequential thinking.

Question 11

The fourth R in the SQ4R method stands for

A) recite.
B) reflect.
C) review.
D) read.

Question 12

In the psychology textbook, a running glossary is located

A) at the beginning of each module.
B) at the end of each module.
C) near the end of the book.
D) in the lower right-hand corner of the module pages.

Question 13

Dermont is studying lists of items and definitions of specific terms. He is trying to overlearn these details because he will be taking a test in which the questions themselves will contain very little information. So, if he doesn't know the answer, he won't get much help from the questions on this test. Dermont will most likely be taking a(n) __________ test.

A) projective
B) objective
C) multiple choice
D) short-answer

Question 14

If you accept the challenge of reflecting on what you read, the words in your textbook will be considered "live words," which means

A) coming from secular topics.
B) becoming spiritual topics.
C) about a subject.
D) coming from personal experience.

Question 15

As Marty is being interviewed for a job, he actively and carefully listens to the interviewer's questions and puts serious effort into thinking through the implications of answering each question in different ways before he responds. He is both focused and controlled throughout the interview. Marty is exhibiting __________ processing.

A) reactive
B) reflective
C) contextual
D) experiential

Question 16

While taking notes in class, LaShonda tries to anticipate what the teacher will say and looks for the core of ideas that will make up this lecture. She listens for signal words that will tell her what direction her instructor is taking, and she sits where she can get involved and ask questions. Lastly, LaShonda is selective in writing down only the key points of the lecture, so she can focus on what the professor is saying. LaShonda is engaged in the

A) experiential approach.
B) LISAN method.
C) SQ4R method.
D) use of mnemonics.

Question 17

Most students take reasonably good notes, but then they do not use them until just before a test.

Question 18

You spent an evening watching television. The next day a friend asks what you watched on TV last night, and you cannot remember. You were engaging in __________ processing.

Question 19

According to your textbook, people who avoid distractions and skillfully gather ideas are referred to as analytical listeners.

Question 20

Students who are reflective learners set goals that are

A) specific and measurable.
B) broad-based and flexible.
C) contingent and analytic.
D) experiential and context-driven.

Question 21

If you are conducting research to determine why people tend to be more aggressive when they are uncomfortable, then you are attempting to meet which goal in psychology?

A) prediction
B) description
C) control
D) understanding

Question 22

According to your textbook, astrology

A) has repeatedly been shown to have no scientific validity.
B) has scientific validity if you correct for planetary drift.
C) is a useful guide for making personal decisions.
D) is only valid in very specific and unusual situations.

Question 23

Amanda is creating a written plan that allocates her time for study, work, sleep, eating, and leisure activities. Amanda is creating a(n) __________ schedule.

Question 24

Critical thinking involves

A) using conventional wisdom and common sense.
B) a reliance on the opinions of experts.
C) a willingness to actively reflect on ideas.
D) all of these.

Question 25

According to the LISAN method, phrases that instructors use, such as "there are three reasons why," "the most important step," and "on the contrary" would be examples of __________.

Question 26

Explain why so many students procrastinate and why perfectionism can lead to procrastination, list two remedies for avoiding procrastination and describe how to construct and use a weekly time schedule and a term schedule.

Question 27

Regarding commonsense theories of behavior, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Commonsense theories tend to work best after the fact or in hindsight.
B) Commonsense theories tend to be vague and inconsistent.
C) Commonsense theories are most often based on scientific observation.
D) Commonsense statements often depend on limited personal observations.

Question 28

Important terms in the psychology textbook are defined in the lower right-hand corner of the pages in each module with these definitions referred to as a running __________.

Question 29

For most psychologists, control refers to

A) punishment of unwanted responses.
B) legal limitations on the use of conditioning principles.
C) techniques for reducing personal freedom of choice.
D) altering conditions that influence behavior.

Question 30

Describe how each of the six steps of the SQ4R method would be used in reading a textbook.

Question 31

Raul is writing his psychology term paper on "attention deficit disorder." To find information about his topic, he goes to a specialized online database offered by the American Psychological Association. He searches for his topic by entering the key words with each record in this database consisting of an abstract plus notes about the author, title, and source. Raul is using the online database known as __________.

Question 32

Which of the following is the best example of covert behavior?

A) blinking in response to a light
B) imitating a friend's gesture
C) remembering a pleasant experience
D) rapid eye movements while sleeping

Question 33

One of the reasons to study psychology is to

A) better understand human behavior.
B) learn how to manipulate others for personal gain.
C) utilize it in combination with the field of astrology in predicting human behavior.
D) have the answers to all of life's questions.

Question 34

When she studies, Mia continues to study even after she thinks that she has mastered the topic, a strategy known as ___________.

Question 35

When a psychologist uses scientific observation, these observations must

A) involve logic and commonsense reasoning.
B) be conducted using animals rather than humans.
C) be carefully planned and be able to be confirmed by more than one observer.
D) involve all of these.

Question 36

Your friend Amy has just failed her psychology test and does not understand how this could have happened. She reminds you that she looked over her notes while you were both watching television last night and then stayed up three more hours cramming in all those "terms" that are so hard to remember by recopying her notes. Amy finally says that "perhaps she studied too much and got confused." After reading about the reflective study strategies, explain how Amy can improve her study habits.

Question 37

To find out whether it really is "the thought that counts" when giving a gift, Gino and Flynn asked gift recipients to rate how much they would appreciate getting a gift they requested as opposed to one chosen by the gift giver. According to the empirical evidence gathered, these researchers found that the

A) recipients were more appreciative of a requested gift.
B) recipients were more appreciative of an unrequested gift.
C) recipients were equally appreciative of the gift whether requested or unrequested.
D) gift givers believed that recipients would be significantly more likely to appreciate a requested gift.

Question 38

A powerful way to be more reflective is to pause to evaluate, compare, analyze, critique, and synthesize what one is reading, which is referred to as __________ thinking.

Question 39

Jody is taking an objective test. One of the answers, which he must decide whether it is true or false, includes superlatives such as most, least, best, worst, largest, or smallest. Jody is test-wise and knows that answers with superlatives are usually ___________.

Question 40

Describe six recommendations for improving one's general test-taking skills.

Question 41

In the definition of psychology, a ny directly observable action or response, such as eating, sleeping, talking, or sneezing, is referred to as a(n) __________ behavior.

Question 42

In order for covert behaviors to be observed and studied scientifically, they must be __________ defined.

Question 43

The heart of critical thinking is a willingness to actively __________ on ideas

Question 44

To be scientific, our observations must be

A) systematic.
B) intuitive.
C) haphazard.
D) related to common sense.

Question 45

Milgram's study of obedience to authority, where subjects thought they were shocking another subject, raised questions about which two ethical concerns?

A) deception and invasion of privacy
B) invasion of privacy and lasting harm to subjects
C) lasting harm to subjects and deception
D) confidentiality and invasion of privacy

Question 46

In which section of a research report is the outcome of the investigation presented with data being graphed, summarized in tables, or statistically analyzed?

A) method
B) results
C) introduction
D) discussion

Question 47

Three research assistants were assigned the task of counting the number of times a particular student exhibited inattentive behaviors during a 30-minute math class. The first research assistant counted five inattentive behaviors, the second recorded eight, and the third observed only two. Assuming the three research assistants are equally accurate in what they observed, the most likely explanation for this discrepancy in recordings would be that the inattentive behavior

A) was not the correct hypothesis.
B) was not observed for a long enough period of time.
C) was not operationally defined.
D) would require at least five observers for an accurate count.

Question 48

Critical thinking is a type of reflection that involves asking whether a particular belief can be supported by scientific theory and observation.

Question 49

Rather than focusing solely on the overall amount of evidence, one should, when critically thinking, give greater weight to the __________ of the evidence.

Question 50

When a person remembers or notices only things that backs up his or her expectations and forgets the rest, he or she is experiencing the confirmation bias.

Question 51

An empirical investigation structured to answer questions about the world in a systematic and intersubjective fashion is known as a(n) __________.

Question 52

Psychology is best defined as the study of personality and emotional well-being.

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT one of the six elements of the scientific method?

A) making observations
B) intuitive analysis
C) proposing a hypothesis
D) theory building

Question 54

The predicted outcome of an experiment or an educated guess about the relationship between variables is called a theory.

Question 55

Kelly is writing a paper on conformity for her psychology class. In order to find the research articles she needs for the paper, the first step for her would be to get an overview of each of the articles that come up in her search. She should first read which part of each article?

A) abstract
B) introduction
C) method
D) discussion review

Question 56

The predicted outcome of an experiment or an educated guess about what is controlling a behavior is called a(n)

A) theory.
B) law.
C) hypothesis.
D) experiment.

Question 57

Conlon and his colleagues conducted an experiment and found that goal-focused individuals lost more weight than did either achievement-focused or no-focus control individuals.These researchers also found that goal-focused individuals were more committed to reaching their goal weights. They interpreted their results as consistent with the findings of other studies on motivation and relevant to the design of health intervention programs. At this point in their research, Conlon and his associates are

A) proposing a hypothesis.
B) hypothesis testing.
C) operationally defining terms.
D) theory building.

Question 58

Regarding ethics in research, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Although the APA has set up guidelines for experiments with humans, they have yet to provide guidelines for research with animals.
B) Researchers are not required by the APA guidelines to provide results or interpretations to participants at the end of the experiment.
C) Researchers do not have to describe all risks to potential participants, and once a subject begins an experiment, his or her continued participation is no longer voluntary.
D) Most university psychology departments have ethics committees that oversee the research done at the college to help ensure ethical guidelines are followed.

Question 59

Remembering your social security number would be considered an overt behavior.

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic ethical guidelines for psychological researchers?

A) Use deception only when absolutely necessary.
B) Maintain confidentiality.
C) Provide results and interpretations to participants.
D) Minimize the placebo effect.

Question 61

Psychology became a science in 1879 when psychologists began to

A) avoid deductive thinking.
B) understand the relationship between humans and animals.
C) use machines to record the behaviors of organisms.
D) make observations, perform experiments, and seek information.

Question 62

Which of the following theorists is associated with Gestalt psychology?

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) B.F. Skinner
C) Max Wertheimer
D) John Watson

Question 63

A system of ideas designed to interrelate concepts and facts in a way that summarizes existing data and predicts future observations is called a(n) __________.

Question 64

Which school of thought in psychology is known for developing the proper use of reward, punishment, and conditioning to change problems?

A) behaviorism
B) Gestalt psychology
C) humanistic psychology
D) psychoanalysis

Question 65

According to Freud, unconscious thoughts are often revealed by

A) dreams, emotions, and slips of the tongue.
B) self-actualization and peak experiences.
C) stimulus-response connections.
D) behaviors conditioned through reinforcement and punishment.

Question 66

Describe critical thinking and the five principles which form the foundation of it.

Question 67

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow belong to which school of thought in psychology?

A) humanistic psychology
B) psychoanalytical psychology
C) behaviorism
D) Gestalt psychology

Question 68

Which of the following best describes Maslow's concept of self-actualization?

A) the need to protect one's self-image through self-deception
B) the need to have a higher self-esteem
C) the need to develop one's potential fully
D) the need for power

Question 69

List and describe the five parts of a research report.

Question 70

Which of the following statements regarding the process of introspection is FALSE?

A) People often disagreed regarding the perceptions they obtained during introspection.
B) Introspection was the main technique utilized by the behaviorists.
C) Wundt first used the method of introspection in his lab to probe his reactions to various stimuli.
D) Introspection is still used today as one source of insight in studies of hypnosis, meditation, problem solving, and moods.

Question 71

Which school of thought in psychology emphasizes the study of overt, observable behavior?

A) Gestalt psychology
B) behaviorism
C) structuralism
D) functionalism

Question 72

Your client, Linda, who is a Native American, tells you that spirits live in the trees near her home. To be an effective counselor, you will need to judge Linda's behavior in relation to the values of the Native American culture. This example illustrates the idea of

A) social accommodation.
B) ethnocentrism.
C) cultural relativity.
D) cultural assimilation.

Question 73

Francis Cecil Sumner is best known

A) as a comparative psychologist, who wrote an influential book on animal behavior, titled The Animal Mind .
B) for writing the first American psychology textbook and teaching the first psychology course.
C) as the first President of the American Psychological Association.
D) as the first African-American man to earn a doctoral degree in psychology in 1920 and chair of the Psychology Department at Howard University.

Question 74

Which of the following would NOT be considered a neo-Freudian?

A) William James
B) Karen Horney
C) Carl Jung
D) Alfred Adler

Question 75

Psychology's history as a science began in

A) 1848 at Harvard University.
B) 1879 in Leipzig, Germany.
C) 1895 in Vienna, Austria.
D) 1905 in Paris, France.

Question 76

The father of psychology and founder of the first psychological laboratory was

A) Wilhelm Wundt.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) John B. Watson.
D) B.F. Skinner.

Question 77

Sandra claims that Antoine's anxiety originates from unresolved sexual conflicts residing in his unconscious. Sandra's interpretation of Antoine's condition is consistent with the __________ perspective.

A) behaviorist
B) humanistic
C) psychodynamic
D) cognitive

Question 78

Psychologists who advocate the evolutionary view explain behavior through

A) stimuli and responses.
B) natural selection.
C) unconscious impulses.
D) interactionist processes.

Question 79

Research reports begin with a brief summary of the study and its findings called the __________.

Question 80

Dr. Causey is interested in how the effects of dopamine levels impact schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Dr. Causey is most likely a

A) cognitive psychologist.
B) biopsychologist.
C) social psychologist.
D) forensic psychologist.