Deck 5: Consciousness

Question 1

Regarding hypnosis, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Hypnosis was introduced by the Austrian physician, Karl Zener.
B) Hypnosis is characterized by brain wave patterns similar to sleep.
C) Hypnosis is an altered state characterized by narrowed attention and increased openness to suggestion.
D) Hypnosis is a state in which the subjects are induced to perform actions against their will.

Answer 1

Hypnosis is an altered state characterized by narrowed attention and increased openness to suggestion.

Question 2

Which of the following actions will a hypnotized person probably NOT act out?

A) harm someone
B) smell ammonia and act like it is a wonderful perfume
C) dance to imaginary music
D) act like a young child

Answer 2

harm someone

Question 3

When Eric first looked over the rim of the Grand Canyon, he experienced deep feelings of insignificance and awe. In that instant, he was fully aware that he was experiencing a deeply moving moment. This is an example of:

A) manifest content.
B) the hidden observer.
C) consciousness.
D) cognition.

Answer 3

consciousness.

Question 4

The difficulty of knowing other minds is why the technique of introspection was replaced with more objective measures by the early

A) psychoanalysts.
B) behaviorists.
C) humanists.
D) structuralists.

Question 5

Hilgard refers to the part of hypnotized subjects' consciousness that reports pain but remains in the background as the

A) reality observer.
B) phantom observer.
C) hidden observer.
D) alter ego.

Question 6

In describing his hypnotic session, Jarrod said that he felt like he was floating, like his feet were about to leave the floor, and that his arms were so light it was like balloons were pulling them toward the ceiling without Jarrod having to do anything to raise his own arms. Jarrod is describing

A) the hidden observer effect.
B) hypnotic psychokinesis.
C) the basic suggestion effect.
D) the relaxation response.

Question 7

We spend most of our lives in a state of consciousness that is organized, meaningful, and clear and is referred to as

A) a state of ASCs.
B) waking consciousness.
C) an altered state of consciousness.
D) microsleeps.

Question 8

To be conscious means

A) that one is awake.
B) that one is aware.
C) that one is completely alert.
D) that one is not intoxicated.

Question 9

You have agreed to be hypnotized. You can expect the hypnotist to encourage you to do all of the following EXCEPT

A) accept suggestions easily.
B) relax and feel tired.
C) use vivid imagination.
D) alternate tensing and releasing of your muscles.

Question 10

What do Buddhists engaging in meditation practices, Navaho elders drinking peyote tea, and New Zealand Maori priests performing nightlong rituals to communicate with the mythical period the Aborigines call "Dreamtime" all have in common?

A) They are used as a rite of passage for the young men in each culture.
B) They are all meant to cleanse the mind and body and bring about altered awareness and personal revelation.
C) They are all considered illegal practices in most Western cultures.
D) They are all used to induce a relaxation response.

Question 11

Tests of susceptibility to hypnosis

A) include the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale .
B) are administered by stage hypnotists at the very beginning of their act.
C) are, in effect, tests of a subject's problem-solving abilities.
D) were initially developed by Franz Mesmer .

Question 12

Many theorists believe that all hypnosis is really self-hypnosis because

A) a deeply hypnotized person relaxes personal restraint or behavior, so that normal "willpower," or self-control, is reduced.
B) little or no hypnosis is needed to do a good stage hypnosis act.
C) people essentially hypnotize themselves after being taught how to do so .
D) a person must cooperate with a hypnotist to become hypnotized, and so the hypnotist acts as a guide to the hypnotized person.

Question 13

You tie a short length of string to a small ring and hold this ring at eye level, about a foot from your face. By focusing on the ring, you are able to make the ring swing back and forth. You are surprised by this movement. You most likely have experienced

A) autosuggestion.
B) psychokinesis.
C) a physical phenomenon involving the gravitational pull of the earth.
D) a fraudulent gadget used by stage hypnotists.

Question 14

Which of the following proposed the best-known state theory of hypnosis and argued that hypnosis caused a dissociative state or "split" in awareness?

A) Franz Mesmer
B) James Braid
C) Ernest Hilgard
D) Martin Orne

Question 15

Long-distance running, listening to music, sleep, and daydreaming are just some of the everyday ways to produce

A) preconsciousness.
B) altered states of consciousness.
C) sensory enhancement.
D) simulated information processing.

Question 16

One thing that cocaine, "highway hypnosis," high fever, and meditation all have in common is that they produce

A) hypnagogic images.
B) relaxation.
C) euphoria.
D) ASCs.

Question 17

Mesmer's strange "treatments" are related to hypnosis because they relied on

A) animal magnetism.
B) a deep sleep or trance-like state of consciousness.
C) the power of suggestion.
D) intentional fraud and deception.

Question 18

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be used by stage hypnotists?

A) actual induction of hypnosis
B) audience response to the antics on stage bringing out the "ham" in many people
C) subjects being responsive because they don't want to "spoil the act."
D) tricks and deception

Question 19

During an altered state of consciousness (ASC), a person may experience distinct shifts in which of the following?

A) perceptions and emotions
B) memories and time sense
C) feelings of self-control and suggestibility
D) all of these

Question 20

Whether a person can be hypnotized or not depends mainly on

A) the skill of the hypnotist.
B) the willingness of the person to be hypnotized.
C) the intelligence level of the person to be hypnotized.
D) how well the person and hypnotist can fake the "hypnosis."

Question 21

While meditating, Bernard tries to achieve a total non-judgmental awareness of the world. Bernard is using __________ meditation.

A) latent content
B) dissociative
C) concentrative
D) mindfulness

Question 22

Regarding hypnosis and its uses, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Hypnosis has no more effect on physical strength than instructions that encourage a person to make his or her best effort.
B) No state has barred persons from testifying in court if they were hypnotized to improve their memory of the crime they witnessed.
C) When a person is told not to remember something heard during hypnosis, a brief memory loss does seem to occur.
D) Most theorists now believe that "age-regressed" subjects are only acting out a suggested role.

Question 23

Regarding meditation, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) PET and fMRI scans reveal changes in the activity of the frontal lobes of the brain during meditation.
B) Concentrative meditation is more difficult to attain than mindfulness meditation.
C) Concentrative meditation often utilizes a mantra.
D) People who use meditation to reduce stress often report less daily physical tension and anxiety.

Question 24

The two major forms of meditation are

A) ascetic and prothetic.
B) endogeneous and exogeneous.
C) concentrative and mindfulness.
D) behavioral and humanistic.

Question 25

A mantra would most commonly be used in

A) Perls' method of dream interpretation.
B) sensory deprivation research.
C) inducing hypnosis.
D) concentrative meditation.

Question 26

The main purpose of meditative exercises is to

A) increase energy and creativity.
B) focus attention and interrupt the typical flow of thoughts.
C) solve problems and relieve worries.
D) sharpen normal consciousness.

Question 27

Kira spent an hour in a flotation tank that will restrict sensory stimuli and will likely produce

A) REM rebound.
B) hallucinations, delusions, and other psychotic symptoms.
C) a decrease in blood pressure and muscle tension.
D) increased numbers of beta waves.

Question 28

Which of the following is most likely to occur because of hypnosis?

A) increases in strength to superhuman levels
B) genuine regression to earlier age levels
C) altered sensory experiences
D) increased accuracy of memory that is accepted in courts in all U.S. states

Question 29

Which of the following is a mental exercise for producing relaxation or heightened nonjudgmental awareness?

A) REM rebound
B) imagery rehearsal
C) meditation
D) depersonalization

Question 30

Diane is sitting cross-legged and concentrating only on her breathing. She is practicing

A) concentrative meditation.
B) mindfulness meditation.
C) imagery rehearsal.
D) lucid dreaming.

Question 31

According to Benson's research on relaxation, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Most people have forgotten how to relax deeply.
B) In producing the relaxation response, people are taught to focus on upsetting thoughts, to solve them quickly, and then set them aside.
C) The relaxation response is responsible for the beneficial effects of meditation.
D) People can be taught to produce the relaxation response by progressively relaxing their muscles and becoming aware of their breathing.

Question 32

Which of the following is a mental exercise that focuses attention, interrupts the flow of thoughts and worries, and reduces physical tension and anxiety?

A) hypnopompic imagery.
B) sensory adaptation.
C) lucid dreaming.
D) meditation.

Question 33

Meditation techniques that involve focusing your attention on an image, a phrase, or your own breathing are referred to as __________ meditation.

A) mindfulness
B) concentrative
C) dissociative
D) inhibition

Question 34

Of those listed, hypnosis has been shown to be LEAST effective

A) in helping people make better progress during therapy.
B) as a way of controlling pain.
C) in modifying behaviors, such as smoking or overeating.
D) as a tool for inducing relaxation.

Question 35

Taylor is using a technique in which she focuses her attention on a specific object or word to block out distractions and enhance her well-being. This technique is called

A) lucid dreaming.
B) imagery rehearsal.
C) concentrative meditation.
D) mindfulness meditation.

Question 36

You are asked to close your eyes and told that your left arm is becoming more and more rigid and that it will not bend. If you cannot bend your arm during the next ten seconds, you have shown

A) hypnopompic imaging.
B) hypnotic susceptibility.
C) a feature of concentrative meditation.
D) transient narcolepsy.

Question 37

Which of the following has been shown to help people relax, feel less pain, and make better progress in therapy?

A) stimulus control
B) hypnosis
C) lucid dreaming
D) the use of microsleeps

Question 38

Brief periods of sensory deprivation often produce

A) cataplexy.
B) the relaxation response.
C) tryptophanic images.
D) REM symbolizations.

Question 39

Which of the following has NOT be shown to be an outcome of the regular use of meditation?

A) the development of self-awareness, maturity, and psychological skills, such as clarity and concentration
B) the relief of a variety of psychological disorders, from insomnia to excessive anxiety
C) a reduction in aggression and in the use of psychoactive drugs
D) an effective treatment for sleep apnea and narcolepsy

Question 40

Prisoners in solitary confinement, arctic explorers, and long-distance truck drivers, who are faced with limited or monotonous stimulation for long periods of time tend to experience

A) mindfulness.
B) the relaxation response.
C) bizarre or distorted perceptions.
D) functional "waking" coma states.

Question 41

Very few cultures or religions recognize and accept alterations of consciousness.

Question 42

Mild sensory deprivation has shown promise as a way to stimulate creative thinking and to enhance sports and music performance skills.

Question 43

A test in which a person is given a series of suggestions, such as being told that his or her "left arm is becoming more and more rigid and that it will not bend," is most likely taking the Stanford __________ Scale.

Question 44

Everyone experiences some altered state of consciousness every day.

Question 45

In their studies of the brain and behavior, psychologists rely on introspective reports from people who are hypnotized to understand how the brain produces hypnosis.

Question 46

While meditating, Bradley tries to achieve a total non-judgmental awareness of the world. Bradley is using __________ meditation.

Question 47

Interest in hypnosis began in the 1700s when an Austrian doctor believed he could cure diseases with magnets. This Austrian doctor was  __________.

Question 48

According to research, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Sitting quietly and "resting" can be as effective as meditation and mild sensory deprivation for some people.
B) Stress reduction occurs when people set aside time daily to engage in positive daydreaming or leisure reading.
C) If a person finds it difficult to ignore upsetting thoughts, then concentrative meditation would be a good way to promote relaxation.
D) Mindfulness involves being "spaced out" or having occasional moments of reduced awareness in order to reduce anxiety and promote relaxation.

Question 49

About 50 percent of people can be hypnotized with only about 20 percent being considered good hypnotic participants.

Question 50

Which of the following can "loosen" belief systems and make it easier to change bad habits, like smoking or overeating?

A) mild sensory deprivation
B) imagery rehearsal
C) sleep deprivation
D) REM rebound

Question 51

Regarding mindfulness and meditation, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Being mindful involves being laid-back, carefree, and sleepwalking through life.
B) Cancer patients who are taught mindfulness meditation have lower levels of distress.
C) In general, mindfulness is associated with self-knowledge and well-being.
D) Being mindful makes it easier to quit smoking.

Question 52

The detached part of the hypnotized person's awareness that silently views the events occurring during hypnosis is called the __________.

Question 53

Stage hypnotists use tricks and deception more often than the actual induction of hypnosis.

Question 54

You tie a short length of string to a small ring and hold this ring at eye level, about a foot from your face. By focusing on the ring, you are able to make the ring swing back and forth. You are surprised by this automatic micromovement of your fingers. You most likely have experienced a(n) __________.

Question 55

Medical researcher Herbert Benson believed that the core of meditation involved an innate physiological pattern that opposes your body's fight-or-flight mechanisms and is called the __________ response.

Question 56

Concentrative meditation is more difficult to attain than mindfulness meditation.

Question 57

Mindfulness involves being "spaced out" or having occasional moments of reduced awareness in order to reduce anxiety and promote relaxation.

Question 58

Mental awareness of sensations and perceptions of external events as well as self-awareness of internal events including thoughts, memories, and feelings about experiences and the self makes up one's __________.

Question 59

Hypnosis can alter color vision, hearing sensitivity, time sense, and one's perception of illusions.

Question 60

Which of the following has NOT been shown to be an effect of mild sensory deprivation?

A) enhancing musical and sports performance skills
B) loosening "belief" systems so that it is easier for people to lose weight
C) reducing psychotic symptoms
D) reducing the use of alcohol and drugs

Question 61

Sleep spindles are short bursts of brain activity generated by the

A) amygdala.
B) thalamus.
C) reticular formation.
D) corpus callosum.

Question 62

An hour after you go to sleep, a loud noise awakens you. You emerge from sleep confused and do not remember the noise. You were in which stage of sleep?

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4

Question 63

LaMonte had trouble concentrating in class today. His roommate noticed that LaMonte's hands are trembling; his speech is slurred; and he is having trouble even naming common objects. LaMonte is most likely suffering from

A) sleep loss.
B) somnambulism.
C) lucid dreaming.
D) narcolepsy.

Question 64

Each of us will spend approximately how many years of life asleep?

A) five
B) 15
C) 20
D) 25

Question 65

Which statement is true regarding the sleep needs of humans and other animals?

A) Dolphins do not sleep because they would drown.
B) Humans sleep on one side of the brain at a time which is why they are not totally unresponsive while sleeping .
C) Sunlight and darkness are external time markers that tie humans to a 24-hour sleep-waking cycle.
D) All animals need sleep.

Question 66

Discuss the two theories of hypnosis, including Hilgard's demonstration involving the painful use of ice water.

Question 67

If you are sleeping fewer hours than your natural sleep need, then you

A) are at risk for developing chronic sleep deprivation psychosis.
B) have trained yourself to be a short sleeper.
C) are building a sleep debt.
D) most likely have chronic insomnia that needs to be treated.

Question 68

What is the natural sleep pattern ratio regarding time awake to time asleep?

A) one to one
B) two to one
C) three to one
D) undetermined

Question 69

You are struggling to stay awake while driving and realize that you may have "dozed off" for a few seconds. This shift in your brain activity is called

A) a sleep spindle.
B) a microsleep.
C) somnambulism.
D) a sensory deprivation.

Question 70

Compare and contrast the two major forms of meditation; explain the benefits of meditation; and discuss mild sensory deprivation and its therapeutic uses.

Question 71

If you suffered a couple of days of sleep deprivation, which of the following would most likely occur?

A) hallucinations and delusions
B) loss of ability to pay attention and perform simple routine tasks
C) loss of ability to do interesting and complex mental tasks
D) decreased pain sensitivity

Question 72

Throughout the lifespan, total sleep time

A) decreases as we get older.
B) increases as we get older.
C) decreases between ages 25 and 50, then increases after age 50.
D) remains the same.

Question 73

Concerning altered states of consciousness, (a) describe characteristics of an altered state of consciousness, (b) describe four everyday situations in which people experience these altered states, and (c) describe the intentional uses and meanings of the altered states within two other cultures.

Question 74

Which brain waves are associated with being awake and alert?

A) alpha waves
B) beta waves
C) delta waves
D) EEG waves

Question 75

Which waves are characteristic of Stage 1 or light sleep?

A) beta waves
B) large regular waves with some sleep spindles
C) small irregular waves with some alpha waves
D) delta waves

Question 76

Frenchman Michel Siffre has spent months at a time living in caves deep underground without the usual external markers of night and day. He found that without these markers, his sleep cycles tended to

A) stay exactly the same as his sleep cycle at home.
B) get longer with one stay settling into a 48-hour sleep-waking cycle.
C) get shorter with most stays settling into a 20-hour sleep-waking cycle.
D) become erratic with his sleep-waking cycles ranging from a short 20 hours to a longer 36-hour cycle.

Question 77

By using small isolation tanks in which a participant floats in shallow body-temperature water containing hundreds of pounds of Epsom salts, psychologists have explored the possible benefits of mild __________.

Question 78

Describe what effect(s) hypnosis has on the following areas: physical strength, memory, amnesia, pain relief, age regression, and sensory changes.

Question 79

In sleep labs, changes in tiny electrical signals generated by the brain are usually amplified and recorded with

A) electroencephalography.
B) magnetic resonance imaging.
C) positron emission tomography.
D) computed tomographic scanning.

Question 80

Any repeating cycle of biological activity, such as sleep and waking cycles or changes in body temperature, is known as a(n)

A) ASC.
B) biological rhythm.
C) diurnal pattern
D) REM rebound.